Paradigms for Behavioral Assessment in Drosophila Model of Autism Spectrum Disorder

Summary

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is associated with impaired social and communicative behavior and the emergence of repetitive behavior. For studying the interrelation between ASD genes and behavioral deficits in the Drosophila model, five behavioral paradigms are described in this paper for assaying social spacing, aggression, courtship, grooming, and habituation behavior.

Abstract

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) encompasses a heterogeneous group of neurodevelopmental disorders with common behavioral symptoms including deficits in social interaction and ability for communication, enhanced restricted or repetitive behaviors, and also, in some cases, learning disability and motor deficit. Drosophila has served as an unparalleled model organism for modeling a great number of human diseases. As many genes have been implicated in ASD, fruit flies have emerged as a powerful and efficient way to test the genes putatively involved with the disorder. As hundreds of genes, with varied functional roles, are implicated in ASD, a single genetic fly model of ASD is unfeasible; instead, individual genetic mutants, gene knockdowns, or overexpression-based studies of the fly homologs of ASD-associated genes are the common means for gaining insight regarding molecular pathways underlying these gene products. A host of behavioral techniques are available in Drosophila which provide easy readout of deficits in specific behavioral components. Social space assay and aggression and courtship assays in flies have been shown to be useful in assessing defects in social interaction or communication. Grooming behavior in flies is an excellent readout of repetitive behavior. Habituation assay is used in flies to estimate the ability for habituation learning, which is found to be affected in some ASD patients. A combination of these behavioral paradigms can be utilized to make a thorough assessment of the human ASD-like disease state in flies. Using Fmr1 mutant flies, recapitulating Fragile-X syndrome in humans, and POGZ-homolog row knockdown in fly neurons, we have shown quantifiable deficits in social spacing, aggression, courtship behavior, grooming behavior, and habituation. These behavioral paradigms are demonstrated here in their simplest and straightforward forms with an assumption that it would facilitate their widespread use for research on ASD and other neurodevelopmental disorders in fly models.

Introduction

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) encompasses a heterogeneous group of neurological disorders. It includes a range of complex neuro-developmental disorders characterized by multi-contextual and persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction and the presence of restricted, repetitive behavioral and activity patterns and interests¹. According to World Health Organization (WHO), 1 in 100 children is diagnosed with ASD worldwide with a male-to-female ratio of 4.2². The disease becomes evident in the second or third year of life. ASD children show a lack of interest in social-emotional reciprocity, non-verbal....

Protocol

See the Table of Materials for details related to all materials and reagents used in this protocol.

1. Aggression assay

1. Preparing the aggression assay arena
   1. Take a standard 24-well plate (Figure 1A) and use each well of the plate as a single 'arena' (Figure 1B) for fly aggression. Fill half of each well with regular fly food and allow it to dry overnight.
      NOTE: .......

Discussion

Drosophila is used as a fine model organism for research in human neurological disorders due to a high degree of conservation of gene sequences between fly and human disease genes⁹. Numerous robust behavioral paradigms make it an attractive model for studying phenotypes manifested in mutants recapitulating human diseases. As hundreds of genes are implicated in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), no common ASD model exists in any model organism. Hence, for each mutant, researchers must first e.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Aggression arena:
Standard 24-well plate made of transparent polystyrene			12 cm x 8 cm x 2 cm. Diameter of a single well= 18 cm. Sigma-aldrich #Z707791; depth = 1 cm
Transparent plastic/acrylic sheet			Alternative: a perforated lid of a cell culture plate
Social Space Assay:
Binder clips			19 mm
Glass sheets and acrylic sheets of customized sizes			Thickness = 5 mm
Courtship assay:
Nut and bolt with threading
Perspex sheets of customized shapes			i) Lid: A custom-made round transparent Perspex disk (2-3 mm thickness, 70 mm diameter) with one loading hole at the peripheral region and another screw hole at the center (diameter ~ 3 mm for each); ii) A second transparent thicker Perspex disk (3-4 mm thickness, 70 mm diameter), with 6-8 perforations of diameter 15 mm, equidistant from the center; iii) Base: Same as lid except without the loading hole
Grooming assay:
Diffused glass-covered LED panel			10–15-Watt ceiling mountable LED panel
Habituation and Y-maze assay
Climbing chambers			x2, Borosilicate glass
Adapter for connecting Y-maze with entry vial			Perspex, custom made, measurements in Figure 5A
Clear reagent bottles			Borosil #1500017
Gas washing stopper			Borosil #1761021
Glass vial			OD= 25 mm x Height= 85 mm; Borosilicate Glass
Odorant (Ethyl Butyrate)			Merck #E15701
Paraffin wax (liquid) light			SRL #18211
Roller clamps			Polymed #14098
Silicone tubes			OD = 0.6 cm, ID = 0.3 cm; roller clamps for flow control
Vacuum pump			Hana #HN-648 (Any aquarium pump with flow direction reversed manually)
Y-maze			Borosilicate glass
Y-shaped glass tube (borosilicate glass)			Custom made, measurements in Figure 5A
Common items:
Any software for video playback (eg.- VLC media player)			https://www.videolan.org/vlc/
Computer for video data analysis
Fly bottles			OD= 60 mm x Height= 140 mm; glass/polypropylene
Fly vials			OD= 25 mm x Height= 85 mm; Borosilicate Glass
Graph-pad Prism software			https://www.graphpad.com/scientific-software/prism/www.graphpad.com/scientific-software/prism/
ImageJ software			https://imagej.net/downloads
Timer
Video camera with video recording set up			Camcorder or a mobile phone camera will work
For Fly Aspirator:
Cotton			Absorbent, autoclaved
Parafilm			Sigma-aldrich #P7793
Pipette tips			200 µL or 1000 µL, choose depeding on outer diameter of the silicone tube
Silicone/rubber tube			length= 30-50 cm. The tube should be odorless
Composition of Fly food:
Ingredients (amount for 1 L of food)
Agar (8 g)			SRL # 19661 (CAS : 9002-18-0)
Cornflour (80 g)			Organic, locally procured
D-Glucose (20 g)			SRL # 51758 (CAS: 50-99-7)
Propionic acid (4 g)			SRL # 43883 (CAS: 79-09-4)
Sucrose (40 g)			SRL # 90701 (CAS: 57-50-1)
Tego (Methyl para hydroxy benzoate) (1.25 g)			SRL # 60905 (CAS: 5026-62-0)
Yeast Powder (10 g)			HIMEDIA # RM027
Fly lines used in the experiments in this study:
Wild type (Canton S or CS)			BDSC # 64349
w1118			BDSC # 3605
w[1118]; Fmr1[Δ50M]/TM6B, Tb[+]			BDSC # 6930
w[*]; Fmr1[Δ113M]/TM6B, Tb[1]			BDSC # 67403
MB247-GAL4 (Gaurav Das, NCCS Pune, India)			BDSC # 50742
LN1-GAL4			NP1227, NP consortium, Japan
row-shRNA			BDSC # 25971