Sreemanti Basu Şekil 1 için veri sağlamak için teşekkür etmek istiyorum. Bu çalışma NIH hibe AI069358 ve BloodCenter Araştırma Vakfı tarafından kısmen desteklenmiştir.

A. Tavşan Kompleman <ol><li> Stok tavşan tamamlayıcı oda sıcaklığında çözülmüş ve daha sonra 0.5 ve / veya 1 ml hacimleri içine aliquoted ve uzun süreli depolama için -20-80 ° C arasında dondurulup olmalıdır. </li><li> Kompleman Her şey optimal çalışma konsantrasyonunu belirlemek için titre edilmelidir. Tipik olarak, bir seyreltme 1:10-01:20 en uygunudur. </li><li> Tavşan tamamlayıcı hücrelerin nihai kullanımına ilişkin bağlı olarak her zaman, önce satışa presterilized değil, tamamlayıcı aliquoted zaman sterilize filtrelenmiş ve hücrelerin yanı sıra önce dondurulmuş ya da olmalıdır. </li></ol> B. Antikor Seçimi <ol><li> Tüm antikorlar böylece antikorlar ilk etkinliği test edilmelidir, kompleman aktivasyon etkili. </li><li> Fare ve sıçan mAb de kompleman aktivasyon etkilidir. </li><li> IgM antikorlar genellikle IgG takip kompleman kaynaklı hücre parçalama kullanmak için en verimli. Kompleman aktivasyonu için en iyi IgG isotypes türler arasında değişir. </li><li> Her antikor, 10 7 hücre / ml bir hücre yoğunluğu optimal kullanımı için titre edilmelidir . </li></ol> C. Temel Protokolü <ol><li> 5 başlangıç ​​hücre popülasyonu ayarlayın orta içeren ısı inaktive FCS x 10 7 hücre / ml. Hücrelerin son hacmi iki kez başlangıç ​​hacmi olacak. Tükenmesi sayısal böylece bazı hücreler kaydetmeyi unutmayın. </li><li> Her antikor hücre süspansiyonu uygun önceden belirlenmiş bir konsantrasyon veya seyreltme eklenmelidir. Hücreleri de tersine çevirerek karıştırın. </li><li> Gerekli tamamlayıcı miktarını hesaplayın. Oda sıcaklığında tamamlayıcı stok çözülme. Kompleman steril değilse, düşük protein bağlama şırınga ucu filtre kullanılarak sterilize edin. Şırıngaya kompleman ek olarak önce orta birkaç ml ekleyin ve hücreleri ve antikor içeren tüp içine doğrudan filtre. </li><li> Tüpünde son hacim hücreleri 1 x 10 7 hücre / ml olacak şekilde ayarlayın. </li><li> Karıştırma, her 15 dakikada bir, bir saat süreyle 37 ° C&#39;de hücreleri inkübe edin. </li><li> Hücrelerin Santrifüj ve supernatant atın. </li><li> Orta iki kez yıkayın. Hücre enkaz polistiren tüplerin yan sopa. Ölü hücreleri ve enkaz hücre süzgeç veya yoğunluk gradiyenti santrifüj kullanılarak ortadan kaldırılabilir. </li><li> Hücre saflık tükenmesi öncesi ve sonrasında faiz hücre popülasyonu karşılaştırarak kontrol edin. Flow sitometri ve immünohistokimya hücre saflık belirlenmesinde iki yöntem vardır. </li></ol> Temsilcisi Sonuçlar Sonra bir tur sonra tamamlayıcı, hücre tükenmesi aktive yüksek verimli bir mAb kullanırken% 95 daha fazladır. Bu, Şekil 1&#39;de flow sitometri ile TCRβ ifade (eBioscience, San Diego, CA) tarafından tespit edilen% 32.2 αβ T hücreleri oluşur fare dalak ile başlayan gösterilmiştir. Biz T hücreleri kullanarak mAb Thy1 özel, tüm T hücreleri tarafından ifade edilen bir protein, ancak diğer lökosit tükenmiş. Kullanılan antikor Y-19 IgG2c 2 sıçan. Açıklanan prosedürü izleyerek, TCRβ nüfusun% 1.56,% 95 daha fazla azalma azaldı. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1487/1487fig1.jpg" alt="Şekil 1" /> Şekil 1. Thy1, tükenmesi + kompleman aktivasyonu ile dalak T hücreleri Toplam fare dalak, dalak ve eritrosit lizis homojenizasyon elde edildi . Anti-thy1 ve önceden belirlenmiş konsantrasyonlarda bebek tavşan tamamlayıcı son hücre konsantrasyonu 1 x 10 7 hücre / ml olduğu gibi dalak tek bir hücre süspansiyonu eklendi. 37 az 1 saat inkübasyondan sonra ° C, hücreler iki kez yıkanır ve hücre canlılığı tripan mavi dışlama tarafından değerlendirilir. Tükenmesi verimliliği tükenmesi önce (sol panel) ve tükenmesi (sağ panel) sonra TCRβ + hücrelerin yüzdesi karşılaştırarak flow sitometri ile değerlendirildi. Yatay çubuk pozitif boyanma gösterir ve bar yukarıdaki sayı pozitif bir yüzde.

<ol>
	<li>Janeway, C., Travers, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Immune+System+in+Health+and+Disease.">The Immune System in Health and Disease.</a> Immunobiology. , (1994).</li><li>Jones, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+activities+of+antibodies+against+brain-associated+T+cell+antigens+II.+Stimulation+of+T+cell-induced+B+cell+proliferation.">Functional activities of antibodies against brain-associated T cell antigens II. Stimulation of T cell-induced B cell proliferation.</a> Eur J Immunol. 12, 30-37 (1982).</li></ol>

Hücre popülasyonlarının arıtma işlevlerin çalışması için gerekli olan ortak bir işlemdir. Burada antijen-spesifik antikorlar ve kompleman tükenmesi kullanarak hücre popülasyonlarının tüketen bir hızlı ve etkili bir yöntemdir. Kompleman aktive antikor soyundan bir marker varsa, herhangi bir hücre popülasyonunun tükenmesine elde edilebilir. Burada Thy1 için mAb spesifik T hücrelerinin tükenmesi gösterdi, protein, aslında tüm T hücre popülasyonlarının dile getirdi. Biz,% 95 αβ T hücreleri üzerinde tükenmiş ve geri kalan splenositlerin% 68% 98 artmıştır. Bu düzeyde hücre saflık FACS ve manyetik boncuk ayrılması da dahil olmak üzere diğer arıtma stratejilerine benzer. Kompleman tükenmesi başlangıç ​​hücre popülasyonu elde bir kez 1.5 saat yapılabilir hızlı bir tekniktir. Tamamlayıcı tükenmesi diğer bir avantajı, pahalı ekipman ve reaktifler gerektirmez, çünkü herhangi bir laboratuvar tekniği gerçekleştirebilirsiniz. Gerekli ekipman sadece büyük parçalarını, bir su banyosu ve bir santrifüj. Tavşan tamamlayıcı makul bir maliyetle çeşitli satıcılardan satın alınabilir (reaktiflerin tabloya bakınız) ve birçok mAb ATTC alınan ve maliyetleri kontrol etmek için yörede yetiştirilen olabilir. Buna karşılık, FACS altı rakamlar ve pahalı floresan etiketli mAb mal olacak hücre sıralama kapasitesine sahip bir akış sitometresinin gerektirir. Manyetik boncuk ayrılması orta fiyatlı, ama pahalıya mal olabilir bir mıknatıs ve manyetik boncuk, satın gerektirir. Buna ek olarak, bazı manyetik boncuk ayırma stratejileri de sütun satın alınmasını gerektirebilir. Ana engel hücre tükenmesi için tamamlayıcı kullanımı için gerekli olan antijen özgüllüğü mAb aktive kompleman durumu. Insan, fare ve sıçan antikorlar tüm düzeltmek için tamamlayıcı kapasitesi olmasına rağmen, bazı isotypes diğerlerinden daha iyidir. Her üç türün IgM tamamlayıcı tespit son derece etkili olmasına rağmen IgG isotypes değişir. Böylece her mAb ilk etkinliğini belirlemek için bir pilot çalışmada test edilmelidir. Yüksek verimli değildir antikorlar için, iki tur tamamlayıcı tükenmesi kalan hücre popülasyonlarının canlılığı etkilemeden yapılabilir. Maliyet tasarrufu gibi, antikorlar optimal etkinliği için titre edilmelidir. Buna ek olarak, kullanılan antikorların arıtılmış olması gerekmez. Arındırmak için zor IgM antikorlar, özellikle uygun olduğu gibi etkin bir şekilde Hibridoma süpernatantlar ve asit sıvısı iş. Antikorlar gibi, tamamlayıcı bir pilot çalışmada titre şarttır. Konsantrasyonu çok yüksek hedefli olmayan hücre popülasyonlarının canlılığı kaybına neden olacaktır. Ayrıca önemli inkübasyon süresi 60 dakikayı aşmayacak şekilde. Protokolde, antikor ve kompleman birlikte co-kuluçkaya yatmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, hücrelerin antikor ile 15-30 dakika etiketli ve kompleman eklenmeden önce yıkanmış olabilir. Bu stratejiyi kullanarak, yama ve kapaklama veya reseptör içselleştirilmesi, bazı proteinler oluşur, hücre yüzeyinde hücre antijen kaybını önlemek için buz üzerinde antikor inkubasyon gerçekleştirmek için emin olun. Yüksek verimli olmasına rağmen, diğer yöntemlerle karşılaştırıldığında tükenmesi tamamlamak için büyük dezavantajı olumlu seçimi için kullanılan olamaz. Böylece hücre alt popülasyonlar elde etmek zordur. Örneğin, en iyi FACS tarafından yapılabilir foliküler B hücreleri, marjinal zon B hücreleri arındırmak için zor olurdu. Bu durumda, kompleman aktivasyonu sıralanmış olan hücrelerin sayısını azaltmak için T hücreleri tüketmek için kullanılabilir. Bu strateji, tasarruf hangi sıralama zamanı azaltmak ve hücrelerin daha az sert olurdu. Özel hücre popülasyonlarının arıtma ortak bir gereklilik olduğu için bir dizi strateji geliştirilmiştir olmuştur. Tamamlayıcı tükenmesi stratejinin ana avantajları ekonomiklik, teknik kolaylık ve zaman tasarrufu.

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">	
		
		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>3-4 week baby rabbit complement</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Pel-Freez Biologicals</td>
<td>31061-3</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Water bath</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>various</td>
<td>various </td>
<td>An incubator set at 37 &deg;C can also be used.</td>
</tr>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

depletion of specific cell populations by complement depletion

Bağışıklık hücre popülasyonlarının arıtma genellikle kendilerine özgü işlevleri araştırmak için gereklidir. , Yüksek saflıkta hücre popülasyonlarının izolasyonu, özellikle real-time PCR ve mikroarray analizi gibi moleküler yaklaşımlar gerektirir. Yaygın olarak kullanılan arıtma stratejileri floresan aktive edilmiş hücre sıralama (FACS), manyetik boncuk ayırma ve tamamlayacak tükenmesi içerir. Üç strateji, kompleman tükenmesi, hızlı, ucuz, hücreler ve yüksek bir hücre verimi nazik olmanın avantajları sunmaktadır. Kompleman sistemini aktive edildiğinde, hücre ölümü ile sonuçlanan hücre yüzeyinde gözenek oluşturan bir zar-saldırı kompleksinin oluşumu sonuçlanan bir proteolitik kaskad başlatmak plazma proteinlerine çok sayıda oluşur.<sup&gt; 1</sup&gt;. IgM ve IgG antikorları tarafından klasik yolu aktive olur ve ilk bakterilerin öldürülmesi için bir mekanizma olarak tarif edilmiştir. Nesil ile monoklonal antikorlar (mAb), kompleman kaskadını antijene spesifik bir şekilde herhangi bir hücreyi nüfus lyse kullanılabilir. Kompleman kaskadı hücreleri tükenmesi tamamlayıcı sabitleme antijen-spesifik antikorların ve başlangıç ​​hücre popülasyonu tavşan tamamlayıcı eklenmesi ile elde edilir. Hücreler 37 ° C ve parçalanan hücreler, daha sonra iki tur yıkama kaldırılır, bir saat süreyle inkübe edilir. Kompleman fiksasyon için yüksek verimlilik ile MAb genellikle hedeflenen hücre popülasyonunun% 95-100 tüketir. Hedeflenen hücre popülasyonu için arıtma stratejisine bağlı olarak, tamamlayıcı tükenmesi hücre arıtma için ya da, daha sonra, bir sonraki yöntemi ile saflaştırılmış olabilir hücre popülasyonlarının da zenginleşmesi için kullanılabilir.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Depletion of Specific Cell Populations by Complement Depletion at JoVE.com

Depletion of Specific Cell Populations by Complement Depletion

Kendi arıtma genellikle gerekli bağışıklık hücre popülasyonlarının fonksiyonunu etkili bir şekilde incelenmesi. Kompleman tükenmesi, izolasyonu için yüksek saflıkta bağışıklık hücre popülasyonlarının hızlı ve ucuz bir tekniktir.

Kompleman tükenmesi Özel Hücre Populasyonlarının tükenmesi

The purification of immune cell populations is often required in order to study their unique functions.  In particular, molecular approaches such as ...

depletion-of-specific-cell-populations-by-complement-depletion

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

22.0K Görüntüleme.  Blood Research Institute. Kendi arıtma genellikle gerekli bağışıklık hücre popülasyonlarının fonksiyonunu etkili bir şekilde incelenmesi. Kompleman tükenmesi, izolasyonu için yüksek saflıkta bağışıklık hücre popülasyonlarının hızlı ve ucuz bir tekniktir.

Video: Depletion of Specific Cell Populations by Complement Depletion

Purification of Specific Cell Population by Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS)

Experimental and clinical studies often require highly purified cell populations.  FACS is a technique of choice to purify cell populations of known phenotype.  Other bulk methods of purification include panning, complement depletion and magnetic bead separation.  However, FACS has several advantages over other available methods.  FACS is the preferred method when very high purity of the desired population is required, when the target cell population expresses a very low level of the identifying marker or when cell populations require separation based on differential marker density.  In addition, FACS is the only available purification technique to isolate cells based on internal staining or intracellular protein expression, such as a genetically modified fluorescent protein marker.  FACS allows the purification of individual cells based on size, granularity and fluorescence.  In order to purify cells of interest, they are first stained with fluorescently-tagged monoclonal antibodies (mAb), which recognize specific surface markers on the desired cell population (1).  Negative selection of unstained cells is also possible.  FACS purification requires a flow cytometer with sorting capacity and the appropriate software.  For FACS, cells in suspension are passed as a stream in droplets with each containing a single cell in front of a laser.  The fluorescence detection system detects cells of interest based on predetermined fluorescent parameters of the cells.  The instrument applies a charge to the droplet containing a cell of interest and an electrostatic deflection system facilitates collection of the charged droplets into appropriate collection tubes (2).  The success of staining and thereby sorting depends largely on the selection of the identifying markers and the choice of mAb.  Sorting parameters can be adjusted depending on the requirement of purity and yield.  Although FACS requires specialized equipment and personnel training, it is the method of choice for isolation of highly purified cell populations.

Purification of Specific Cell Population by Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting FACS

For many scientific studies requiring a biological and chemical analysis of cell populations the cells must be in a high state of purity. Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) is a superior method in which to obtain pure cell populations.

Floresan Aktive Hücre Ayırma (FACS) Özgül Hücre Nüfus Arıtma

Experimental and clinical studies often require highly purified cell populations.  FACS is a technique of choice to purify cell populations of known ...

İmmünoloji ve Enfeksiyon

Measuring the 50% Haemolytic Complement (CH50) Activity of Serum

The complement system is a group of proteins that when activated lead to target cell lysis and facilitates phagocytosis through opsonisation. Individual complement components can be quantified however this does not provide any information as to the activity of the pathway. The CH50 is a screening assay for the activation of the classical complement pathway (Fig 1) and it is sensitive to the reduction, absence and/or inactivity of any component of the pathway. The CH50 tests the functional capability of serum complement components of the classical pathway to lyse sheep red blood cells (SRBC) pre-coated with rabbit anti-sheep red blood cell antibody (haemolysin). When antibody-coated SRBC are incubated with test serum, the classical pathway of complement is activated and haemolysis results. If a complement component is absent, the CH50 level will be zero; if one or more components of the classical pathway are decreased, the CH50 will be decreased. A fixed volume of optimally sensitised SRBC is added to each serum dilution. After incubation, the mixture is centrifuged and the degree of haemolysis is quantified by measuring the absorbance of the haemoglobin released into the supernatant at 540nm. The amount of complement activity is determined by examining the capacity of various dilutions of test serum to lyse antibody coated SRBC. This video outlines the experimental steps involved in analysing the level of complement activity of the classical complement pathway.

Measuring the 50% Haemolytic Complement CH50 Activity of Serum

The classical pathway is activated by antibody and culminates in target cell lysis. The CH50 assay provides a measure of the complement activity of a serum sample. This video demonstrates the steps involved in determining the CH50 of a serum sample, the calculations and interpreting of results.

Ölçüm% 50 Hemolitik Kompleman (CH 50</subSerum) Faaliyet

The complement system is a group of proteins that when activated lead to target cell lysis and facilitates phagocytosis through opsonisation. Individual ...

Isolation of Fidelity Variants of RNA Viruses and Characterization of Virus Mutation Frequency

RNA viruses use RNA dependent RNA polymerases to replicate their genomes. The intrinsically high error rate of these enzymes is a large contributor to the generation of extreme population diversity that facilitates virus adaptation and evolution. Increasing evidence shows that the intrinsic error rates, and the resulting mutation frequencies, of RNA viruses can be modulated by subtle amino acid changes to the viral polymerase. Although biochemical assays exist for some viral RNA polymerases that permit quantitative measure of incorporation fidelity, here we describe a simple method of measuring mutation frequencies of RNA viruses that has proven to be as accurate as biochemical approaches in identifying fidelity altering mutations. The approach uses conventional virological and sequencing techniques that can be performed in most biology laboratories. Based on our experience with a number of different viruses, we have identified the key steps that must be optimized to increase the likelihood of isolating fidelity variants and generating data of statistical significance. The isolation and characterization of fidelity altering mutations can provide new insights into polymerase structure and function1-3. Furthermore, these fidelity variants can be useful tools in characterizing mechanisms of virus adaptation and evolution4-7.

The present article describes the steps required to isolate and characterize RNA polymerase fidelity variants of RNA viruses and how to use mutation frequency data to confirm fidelity changes in tissue culture.

Virüs mutasyon Frekans RNA Virüsler ve Karakterizasyonu Fidelity Varyantlar izolasyonu

RNA viruses use RNA dependent RNA polymerases to replicate their genomes. The intrinsically high error rate of these enzymes is a large contributor to the ...

Depletion and Reconstitution of Macrophages in Mice

Macrophages are critical players in the innate immune response to infectious challenge or injury, initiating the innate immune response and directing the acquired immune response. Macrophage dysfunction can lead to an inability to mount an appropriate immune response and as such, has been implicated in many disease processes, including inflammatory bowel diseases. Macrophages display polarized phenotypes that are broadly divided into two categories. Classically activated macrophages, activated by stimulation with IFN&gamma; or LPS, play an essential role in response to bacterial challenge whereas alternatively activated macrophages, activated by IL-4 or IL-13, participate in debris scavenging and tissue remodeling and have been implicated in the resolution phase of inflammation. During an inflammatory response in vivo, macrophages are found amid a complex mixture of infiltrating immune cells and may participate by exacerbating or resolving inflammation. To define the role of macrophages in situ in a whole animal model, it is necessary to examine the effect of depleting macrophages from the complex environment. To ask questions about the role of macrophage phenotype in situ, phenotypically defined polarized macrophages can be derived ex vivo, from bone marrow aspirates and added back to mice, with or without prior depletion of macrophages. In the protocol presented here clodronate-containing liposomes, versus PBS injected controls, were used to deplete colonic macrophages during dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. In addition, polarized macrophages were derived ex vivo and transferred to mice by intravenous injection. A caveat to this approach is that clodronate-containing liposomes deplete all professional phagocytes, including both dendritic cells and macrophages so to ensure the effect observed by depletion is macrophage-specific, reconstitution of phenotype by adoptive transfer of macrophages is necessary. Systemic macrophage depletion in mice can also be achieved by backcrossing mice onto a CD11b-DTR background, which is an excellent complementary approach. The advantage of clodronate-containing liposome-mediated depletion is that it does not require the time and expense involved in backcrossing mice and it can be used in mice regardless of the background of the mice (C57BL/6, BALB/c, or mixed background).

Macrophages play a central role in homeostasis and pathology in many tissues. The protocol presented here describes methods for depleting macrophages in vivo, deriving polarized macrophages from bone marrow aspirates, and adoptively transferring macrophages into mice. These techniques allow determination of the role that polarized macrophages play in health and disease.

Farelerde Makrofajlar tükenmesi ve Sulandırma

Macrophages are critical players in the innate  immune response to infectious challenge or injury, initiating the innate immune  response and directing ...

Visualization of the Immunological Synapse by Dual Color Time-gated Stimulated Emission Depletion (STED) Nanoscopy

Natural killer cells form tightly regulated, finely tuned immunological synapses (IS) in order to lyse virally infected or tumorigenic cells. Dynamic actin reorganization is critical to the function of NK cells and the formation of the IS. Imaging of F-actin at the synapse has traditionally utilized confocal microscopy, however the diffraction limit of light restricts resolution of fluorescence microscopy, including confocal, to approximately 200 nm. Recent advances in imaging technology have enabled the development of subdiffraction limited super-resolution imaging. In order to visualize F-actin architecture at the IS we recapitulate the NK cell cytotoxic synapse by adhering NK cells to activating receptor on glass. We then image proteins of interest using two-color stimulated emission depletion microscopy (STED). This results in &#60;80 nm resolution at the synapse. Herein we describe the steps of sample preparation and the acquisition of images using dual color STED nanoscopy to visualize F-actin at the NK IS. We also illustrate optimization of sample acquisition using Leica SP8 software and time-gated STED. Finally, we utilize Huygens software for post-processing deconvolution of images.

Visualization of the Immunological Synapse by Dual Color Time-gated Stimulated Emission Depletion STED Nanoscopy

Here we illustrate the protocol for imaging by two-color STED nanoscopy the cytotoxic immune synapse of NK cells recapitulated on glass. Using this method we obtain sub-100 nm resolution of synapse proteins and the cytoskeleton.

Çift Renkli Zaman-kapılı Uyarılmış Emisyon tükenmesi (STED) Nanoscopy tarafından İmmünoloji Synapse görselleştirme

Natural killer cells form tightly regulated, finely tuned immunological synapses (IS) in order to lyse virally infected or tumorigenic cells. Dynamic ...

Methods for Quantitative Detection of Antibody-induced Complement Activation on Red Blood Cells

Antibodies against red blood cells (RBCs) can lead to complement activation resulting in an accelerated clearance via complement receptors in the liver (extravascular hemolysis) or leading to intravascular lysis of RBCs. Alloantibodies (e.g. ABO) or autoantibodies to RBC antigens (as seen in autoimmune hemolytic anemia, AIHA) leading to complement activation are potentially harmful and can be - especially when leading to intravascular lysis - fatal1. Currently, complement activation due to (auto)-antibodies on RBCs is assessed in vitro by using the Coombs test reflecting complement deposition on RBC or by a nonquantitative hemolytic assay reflecting RBC lysis1-4. However, to assess the efficacy of complement inhibitors, it is mandatory to have quantitative techniques. Here we describe two such techniques. First, an assay to detect C3 and C4 deposition on red blood cells that is induced by antibodies in patient serum is presented. For this, FACS analysis is used with fluorescently labeled anti-C3 or anti-C4 antibodies. Next, a quantitative hemolytic assay is described. In this assay, complement-mediated hemolysis induced by patient serum is measured making use of spectrophotometric&#160;detection of the released hemoglobin. Both of these assays are very reproducible and quantitative, facilitating studies of antibody-induced complement activation.

Here we describe two assays for measuring complement activation induced by antibodies against red blood cells. The major advantage over the current assays is their quantitative and easy-to-interpret nature.

Kırmızı kan hücreleri üzerinde antikor kaynaklı kompleman aktivasyon sayısal tespiti için Yöntemler

Antibodies against red blood cells (RBCs) can lead to complement activation resulting in an accelerated clearance via complement receptors in the liver ...

Killer Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells (KaAPC) for Efficient In Vitro Depletion of Human Antigen-specific T Cells

Current treatment of T cell mediated autoimmune diseases relies mostly on strategies of global immunosuppression, which, in the long term, is accompanied by adverse side effects such as a reduced ability to control infections or malignancies. Therefore, new approaches need to be developed that target only the disease mediating cells and leave the remaining immune system intact. Over the past decade a variety of cell based immunotherapy strategies to modulate T cell mediated immune responses have been developed. Most of these approaches rely on tolerance-inducing antigen presenting cells (APC). However, in addition to being technically difficult and cumbersome, such cell-based approaches are highly sensitive to cytotoxic T cell responses, which limits their therapeutic capacity. Here we present a protocol for the generation of non-cellular killer artificial antigen presenting cells (KaAPC), which allows for the depletion of pathologic T cells while leaving the remaining immune system untouched and functional. KaAPC is an alternative solution to cellular immunotherapy which has potential for treating autoimmune diseases and allograft rejections by regulating undesirable T cell responses in an antigen specific fashion.

Killer Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells KaAPC for Efficient In Vitro Depletion of Human Antigen-specific T Cells

Guidelines are presented for the generation of killer artificial antigen presenting cells, KaAPC, an efficient tool for in vitro depletion of human antigen-specific T cells and an alternative solution to cellular immunotherapy for the treatment of T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases in an antigen-specific fashion without compromising the remaining immune system.

Etkin Killer yapay antijen sunan hücreler (KaAPC)<em&gt; İn Vitro</em&gt; İnsan Antijen-spesifik T hücrelerinin tükenmesi

Current treatment of T cell mediated autoimmune diseases relies mostly on strategies of global immunosuppression, which, in the long term, is accompanied ...

Macrophage Cholesterol Depletion and Its Effect on the Phagocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans

Cryptococcosis is a life-threatening infection caused by pathogenic fungi of the genus Cryptococcus. Infection occurs upon inhalation of spores, which are able to replicate in the deep lung. Phagocytosis of Cryptococcus by macrophages is one of the ways that the disease is able to spread into the central nervous system to cause lethal meningoencephalitis. Therefore, study of the association between Cryptococcus and macrophages is important to understanding the progression of the infection. The present study describes a step-by-step protocol to study macrophage infectivity by C. neoformansin vitro. Using this protocol, the role of host sterols on host-pathogen interactions is studied. Different concentrations of methyl--cyclodextrin (MCD) were used to deplete cholesterol from murine reticulum sarcoma macrophage-like cell line J774A.1. Cholesterol depletion was confirmed and quantified using both a commercially available cholesterol quantification kit and thin layer chromatography. Cholesterol depleted cells were activated using Lipopolysacharide (LPS) and Interferon gamma (IFN&#947;) and infected with antibody-opsonized Cryptococcus neoformans wild-type H99 cells at an effector-to-target ratio of 1:1. Infected cells were monitored after 2 hr of incubation with C. neoformans and their phagocytic index was calculated. Cholesterol depletion resulted in a significant reduction in the phagocytic index. The presented protocols offer a convenient method to mimic the initiation of the infection process in a laboratory environment and study the role of host lipid composition on infectivity.

Macrophage Cholesterol Depletion and Its Effect on the Phagocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans

In this article, a protocol for infection of macrophages with Cryptococcus neoformans is described. Also, a method for sterol depletion from the macrophages is explained. These protocols provide a guide to study fungal infections in vitro and examine the role of sterols in such infections.

Makrofaj Kolesterol tükenmesi ve Fagositoz Üzerine Etkisi<em&gt; Cryptococcus neoformans</em

Cryptococcosis is a life-threatening infection caused by pathogenic fungi of the genus Cryptococcus. Infection occurs upon inhalation of spores, which are ...

Generating De Novo Antigen-specific Human T Cell Receptors by Retroviral Transduction of Centric Hemichain

T cell receptors (TCRs) are used clinically to direct the specificity of T cells to target tumors as a promising modality of immunotherapy. Therefore, cloning TCRs specific for various tumor-associated antigens has been the goal of many studies. To elicit an effective T cell response, the TCR must recognize the target antigen with optimal affinity. However, cloning such TCRs has been a challenge and many available TCRs possess sub-optimal affinity for the cognate antigen. In this protocol, we describe a method of cloning de novo high affinity antigen-specific TCRs using existing TCRs by exploiting hemichain centricity. It is known that for some TCRs, each TCR&#945; or TCR&#946; hemichain do not contribute equally to antigen recognition, and the dominant hemichain is referred to as the centric hemichain. We have shown that by pairing the centric hemichain with counter-chains differing from the original counter-chain, we are able to maintain the antigen specificity, while modulating its interaction strength for the cognate antigen. Thus, the therapeutic potential of a given TCR can be improved by optimizing the pairing between the centric and counter hemichains.

Generating De Novo Antigen-specific Human T Cell Receptors by Retroviral Transduction of Centric Hemichain

Herein we describe a novel method to generate antigen-specific T cell receptors (TCRs) by pairing the TCR&#945; or TCR&#946; of an existing TCR, possessing the antigen-specificity of interest, with complementary hemichain of the peripheral T cell receptor repertoire. The de novo generated TCRs retain antigen-specificity with varying affinity.

Yaratma<em&gt; De Novo</em&gt; Merkezli Hemichain retroviral transdüksiyonu ile antijen-özel insan T hücre reseptörleri

T cell receptors (TCRs) are used clinically to direct the specificity of T cells to target tumors as a promising modality of immunotherapy. Therefore, ...

Visualizing the Actin and Microtubule Cytoskeletons at the B-cell Immune Synapse Using Stimulated Emission Depletion (STED) Microscopy

B cells that bind to membrane-bound antigens (e.g., on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell) form an immune synapse, a specialized cellular structure that optimizes B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling and BCR-mediated antigen acquisition. Both the remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton and the reorientation of the microtubule network towards the antigen contact site are essential for immune synapse formation. Remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton into a dense peripheral ring of F-actin is accompanied by polarization of the microtubule-organizing center towards the immune synapse. Microtubule plus-end binding proteins, as well as cortical plus-end capture proteins mediate physical interactions between the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons, which allow them to be reorganized in a coordinated manner. Elucidating the mechanisms that control this cytoskeletal reorganization, as well as understanding how these cytoskeletal structures shape immune synapse formation and BCR signaling, can provide new insights into B cell activation. This has been aided by the development of super-resolution microscopy approaches that reveal new details of cytoskeletal network organization. We describe here a method for using stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy to simultaneously image actin structures, microtubules, and transfected GFP-tagged microtubule plus-end binding proteins in B cells. To model the early events in immune synapse formation, we allow B cells to spread on coverslips coated with anti-immunoglobulin (anti-Ig) antibodies, which initiate BCR signaling and cytoskeleton remodeling. We provide step-by-step protocols for expressing GFP fusion proteins in A20 B-lymphoma cells, for anti-Ig-induced cell spreading, and for subsequent cell fixation, Immunostaining, image acquisition, and image deconvolution steps. The high-resolution images obtained using these procedures allow one to simultaneously visualize actin structures, microtubules, and the microtubule plus-end binding proteins that may link these two cytoskeletal networks.

Visualizing the Actin and Microtubule Cytoskeletons at the B-cell Immune Synapse Using Stimulated Emission Depletion STED Microscopy

We present a protocol for using STED microscopy to simultaneously image actin structures, microtubules, and microtubule plus-end binding proteins in B cells that have spread on coverslips coated with antibodies to the B-cell receptor, a model for the initial phase of immune synapse formation.

Aktin ve Mikrotubul Cytoskeletons uyarılmış emisyonu tükenmesi (STED) mikroskopi kullanarak B-hücre bağışıklık sinaps, görselleştirme

B cells that bind to membrane-bound antigens (e.g., on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell) form an immune synapse, a specialized cellular structure ...