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1. Fare mesane Duvar Enjeksiyon Fare suşu, yaş ve cinsiyet seçimi, deneysel ihtiyaçlarına göre belirlenir. Bu immünolojik olgunluk, yaşlılık önce bir penceredir bu yana, 8 ile 12 hafta arasında yaş fareler kullanın. Genel bir kural olarak, farelerin stres kaynaklı karıştırıcı faktörlerin önlemek için deneysel manipülasyon en az bir hafta önce gelmelisiniz. <ol><li> Cerrahi masa yüzeyi sabun ve su ile temizleyin. </li><li> Cide Swipes&#39;ı veya antiseptik mendil ile cerrahi masa yüzeyi silin. </li><li> Cerrahi kullanımdan önce temiz cerrahi aletler Otoklav. </li><li> Ayrıca, kullanımı hemen önce sıcak boncuk sterilizatör cerrahi aletlerin sterilize yanı sıra ameliyat sırasında hayvanlar arasında. </li><li> 100 mcL Hamilton şırınga ve 29 veya 30 gauge (1 / 2 inç uzun) İlk kullanımdan önce mutlak alkol ile tekrarlanan aspirasyon ve enjeksiyon ve son cerrahi işlemin sonunda iğne temizleyin. </li><li> Hamilton her hayvan arasındaki fosfat tamponlu salin solüsyonu steril şırıngalar yıkayın ve durulayın. </li><li> Izofluran% 2-5 arasında, izofluran indüksiyon odasında yerleştirerek farelerin anestezisi. </li><li> Genel anestezi sağlandıktan sonra normal vücut ısısını korumaya yardımcı olmak için altında, sıcak bir ped ile yatar pozisyonda odası ve yerden fare kaldırmak. </li><li> Memesi izofluran buharlaştırmak (uygun anestezi korumak için gerekli olarak% 1-3 oranında titre) içeren bir hayvanın burnu koyarak bakım anestezi elde edin. </li><li> Kesme makineleri ile karın cilt Tıraş. </li><li> Ameliyat sırasında dışkı bulaşmasını önlemek için anüs karşılamak için tek kullanımlık, steril cerrahi örtü kullanın. </li><li> (Alt karın) cerrahi alanında karşılamak için ikinci bir tek, steril cerrahi örtü kullanın. </li><li> Hazırlık üç adet Betadine batırılmış gazlı bez ile karın. Bu adımı üç kez tekrarlayın. </li><li> Büyütme diseksiyon mikroskobu kullanarak, daha düşük bir makas ile karın orta hat kesi olun. </li><li> Mesane Açığa. </li><li> Mesane dolu ise, kısmen kubbe hafifçe aşağı doğru basınç sıkıştırın. </li><li> Duvar içine iğne yukarı bakacak şekilde eğim ile mesane kubbesi (içi enjeksiyon), 29 veya 30 iğne ve şırınga kullanılarak, örnek solüsyonu (50 mcL kadar) enjekte edilir. </li><li> Mesane duvar içine örnek solüsyon enjekte etmek için şırınga pistonu itin. İyi lokalize bleb mesane duvar içine hücreleri başarılı enjeksiyon bir göstergesidir. </li><li> Şırınga çıkarın yara klipler ile kesi yakın ve fareyi bir ısıtıcı kurtarmak için izin. </li></ol> 2. Temsilcisi Sonuçlar: Kaçak sıvı değildir ve büyüklüğü sabit kalır iyi lokalize bleb mesane duvar (Şekil 1) içine hücrelerin başarılı bir enjeksiyon bir göstergesidir. Mesane duvarında enjekte edilen hücrelerin varlığını doğrulamak için histolojik analiz yapılabilir. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2523/2523fig1.jpg" alt="Şekil 1"/> Şekil 1 örnek olması için Hindistan mürekkep kullanarak başarılı mesane duvar enjeksiyon örneği. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2523/2523fig2.jpg" alt="Şekil 2"/> Şekil 2 deneysel prosedürleri şematik.

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	<li>Dinney, C. P., Fishbeck, R., Singh, R. K., Eve, B., Pathak, S., Brown, N., Xie, B., Fan, D., Bucana, C., Fidler, I. J., Killion, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+Characterization+of+Metastatic+Variants+from+Human+Transitional+Cell+Carcinoma+Passaged+by+Orthotopic+Implantation+in+Athymic+Nude+Mice.">Isolation and Characterization of Metastatic Variants from Human Transitional Cell Carcinoma Passaged by Orthotopic Implantation in Athymic Nude Mice.</a> The Journal of Urology. 154, 1532-1538 (1995).</li><li>Singh, A. V., Franke, A. A., Blackburn, G. L., Zhou, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Soy+Phytochemicals+Prevent+Orthotopic+Growth+and+Metastasis+of+Bladder+Cancer+in+Mice+by+Alterations+of+Cancer+Cell+Proliferation+and+Apoptosis+and+Tumor+Angiogenesis.">Soy Phytochemicals Prevent Orthotopic Growth and Metastasis of Bladder Cancer in Mice by Alterations of Cancer Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis and Tumor Angiogenesis.</a> Cancer Res. 66, 1851-1858 (2006).</li><li>Yanagiuchi, A., Miyake, H., Nomi, M., Takenaka, A., Fujisawa, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modulation+of+the+Microenvironment+by+Growth+Factors+Regulates+the+In+Vivo+Growth+of+Skeletal+Myoblasts.">Modulation of the Microenvironment by Growth Factors Regulates the In Vivo Growth of Skeletal Myoblasts.</a> BJU International. 103, 1569-1573 (2009).</li><li>Miyake, H., Hara, I., Yamanaka, K., Gohji, K., Arakawa, S., Kamidono, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Overexpression+of+Bcl-2+Enhances+Metastatic+Potential+of+Human+Bladder+Cancer+Cells.">Overexpression of Bcl-2 Enhances Metastatic Potential of Human Bladder Cancer Cells.</a> British Journal of Cancer. 79, 1651-1656 (1999).</li><li>Chancellor, M. B., Yokoyama, T., Tirney, S., Mattes, C. E., Ozawa, H., Yoshimura, N., Groat, W. C. d. e., Huard, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preliminary+Results+of+Myoblast+Injection+into+the+Urethra+and+Bladder+Wall:+a+Possible+method+for+the+Treatment+of+Stress+Urinary+Incontinence+and+Impaired+Detrusor+Contractility.">Preliminary Results of Myoblast Injection into the Urethra and Bladder Wall: a Possible method for the Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence and Impaired Detrusor Contractility.</a> Neurourol Urodyn. 19, 279-287 (2000).</li><li>Dinney, C. P., Tanguay, S., Bucana, C. D., Eve, B. Y., Fidler, I. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravesical+Liposomal+Muramyl+Tripeptide+Phosphatidylethanolamine+Treatment+of+Human+Bladder+Carcinoma+Growing+in+Nude+Mice.">Intravesical Liposomal Muramyl Tripeptide Phosphatidylethanolamine Treatment of Human Bladder Carcinoma Growing in Nude Mice.</a> J Interferon Cytokine Res. 15, 585-592 (1995).</li><li>Mohamedali, K. A., Kedary, D., Sweeney, P., Kamaty, A., Davisy, D. W., Evey, B. Y., Huangy, S., Thorpez, P. E., Dinney, C. P., Rosenblum, M. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Vascular-targeting+Fusion+toxin+VEGF121/rGel+Inhibits+the+Growth+of+Orthotopic+Human+Bladder+Carcinoma+Tumors.">The Vascular-targeting Fusion toxin VEGF121/rGel Inhibits the Growth of Orthotopic Human Bladder Carcinoma Tumors.</a> Neoplasia. 7, 912-920 (2005).</li><li>Slaton, J. W., Perrotte, P., Inoue, K., Dinney, C. P., Fidler, I. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interferon-&#945;-mediated+Down-Regulation+of+Angiogenesis-related+Genes+and+Therapy+of+Bladder+Cancer+Are+Dependent+on+Optimization+of+Biological+Dose+and+Schedule.">Interferon-&#945;-mediated Down-Regulation of Angiogenesis-related Genes and Therapy of Bladder Cancer Are Dependent on Optimization of Biological Dose and Schedule.</a> Clinical Cancer Research. 5, 2726-2734 (1999).</li><li>Yokoyama, T., Huard, J., Pruchnic, R., Yoshimura, N., Qu, Z., Cao, B., De Groat, W. C., Kumon, H., Chancellor, M. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Muscle-Derived+Cell+Transplantation+and+Differentiation+into+Lower+Urinary+Tract+Smooth+Muscle.">Muscle-Derived Cell Transplantation and Differentiation into Lower Urinary Tract Smooth Muscle.</a> Urology. 57, 826-831 (2001).</li><li>Chan, E., Patel, A., Heston, W., Larchian, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+Orthotopic+Models+for+Bladder+Cancer+Research.">Mouse Orthotopic Models for Bladder Cancer Research.</a> BJU International. 104, 1286-1291 (1988).</li><li>Russell, P. J., Jelbart, M., Wills, E., Singh, S., Wass, J., Witherspoon, J., Raghavan, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Establishment+and+characterization+of+a+new+human+bladder+cancer+cell+line+showing+features+of+squamous+and+glandular+differentiation.">Establishment and characterization of a new human bladder cancer cell line showing features of squamous and glandular differentiation.</a> Int. J. Cancer. 41, 74-74 (1988).</li><li>Ahlering, T. E., Dubeau, L., Jones, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+in+vivo+model+to+study+invasion+and+metastasis+of+human+bladder+carcinoma.">A new in vivo model to study invasion and metastasis of human bladder carcinoma.</a> Cancer Res. 41, 6660-6660 (1987).</li><li>Heaney, J. A., Omellas, E. P., Daly, J. J., Lin, J. C., Rout, G. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+growth+of+human+bladder+cancer+cell+lines.">In vivo growth of human bladder cancer cell lines.</a> Invest. Urol. 15, 380-380 (1978).</li><li>Hadaschik, B., Black, P., Sea, J., Metwalli, A., Fazli, L., Dinney, C., Gleave, M., So, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+validated+mouse+model+for+orthotopic+bladder+cancer+using+transurethral+tumor+inoculation+and+bioluminescence+imaging.">A validated mouse model for orthotopic bladder cancer using transurethral tumor inoculation and bioluminescence imaging.</a> BJU International. 100, 1377-1384 (2007).</li></ol>

Fare mesane duvarında enjeksiyon mesane duvar tanımlanmış alanlara belirli hücrelerin implantasyonu için sağlar. Bu teknik, mesane kanseri, düz kas ve kök hücre biyolojisi fare modelleri için geniş bir uygulama alanı vardır. Büyüme ve farklılaşma fizyolojik ilgili anatomik bağlamında ele böylece tanımı gereği, fare mesane duvar enjeksiyon ortotopik bir konuma mesane kanseri ya da kök hücrelerin giriş kolaylaştırır. Aslında, Dinney ve ark. ilk çıplak farelerin 1 ortotopik insan...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Reaktifin Adı </td><td> Şirket </td><td> Katalog numarası </td></tr><tr><td> İsofluranın (Aerrane) </td><td> Baxter </td><td> NDC 10019-773-60 </td></tr><tr><td> 29 veya 30 insülin iğnesi </td><td> Hamilton </td><td> 7803-06 ve 7803-07 </td></tr><tr><td> 100 mikrolitrelik şırınga </td><td> Hamilton </td><td> 7656-01 </td></tr></tbody></table>

mouse bladder wall injection

Fare mesane duvarında enjeksiyonu, kök hücre, düz kas ve kanser biyolojisi dahil olmak üzere mesane olgu, orthotopically incelemek için yararlı bir tekniktir. Enjeksiyonlar başlamadan önce, cerrahi alanda, su ve sabunla ve antiseptik solüsyon ile temizlenmesi gerekir. Cerrahi teçhizat kullanımdan önce ve her hayvan arasında sterilize edilmelidir. Her bir fare inhale izofluran anestezi altında yerleştirilir (indüksiyon için% 2-5, bakım için% 1-3) ve mesane makas ile karın orta hat kesi yaparak maruz kalmaktadır. Mesane doluysa, iki parmak arasında sıkarak nazik tarafından kısmen sıkıştırılmış. Ilgi hücre süspansiyonu intramural 29 veya 30 iğne ve 1 cc ya da daha küçük bir şırınga kullanarak mesane kubbe duvarın içine enjekte edilir. Sonra yara yara klipleri ve ısıtıcı kurtarmak için izin fare kullanılarak kapatılır. Mesane duvar enjeksiyon, hassas bir mikrocerrahi tekniği uygulama ile hakim olabilir.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Mouse Bladder Wall Injection at JoVE.com

Mouse Bladder Wall Injection

Fare mesane duvar enjeksiyon orthotopically mesane kök hücre ve kanser biyolojisi incelemek için yararlı bir yaklaşımdır. Bu hassas mikrocerrahi yöntemi dikkatli tekniği ve uygulamaları ile hakim olabilir.

Fare mesane Duvar Enjeksiyon

Mouse bladder wall injection is a useful technique to orthotopically study bladder phenomena, including stem cell, smooth muscle, and cancer biology. ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

23.8K Görüntüleme.  Stanford University School of Medicine. Fare mesane duvar enjeksiyon orthotopically mesane kök hücre ve kanser biyolojisi incelemek için yararlı bir yaklaşımdır. Bu hassas mikrocerrahi yöntemi dikkatli tekniği ve uygulamaları ile hakim olabilir.

Video: Mouse Bladder Wall Injection

An Orthotopic Model of Murine Bladder Cancer

In this straightforward procedure, bladder tumors are established in female C57 mice through the use of catheterization, local cauterization, and subsequent cell adhesion. After their bladders are transurethrally catheterized and drained, animals are again catheterized to permit insertion of a platinum wire into bladders without damaging the urethra or bladder. The catheters are made of Teflon to serve as an insulator for the wire, which will conduct electrical current into the bladder to create a burn injury. An electrocautery unit is used to deliver 2.5W to the exposed end of the wire, burning away extracellular layers and providing attachment sites for carcinoma cells that are delivered in suspension to the bladder through a subsequent catheterization. Cells remain in the bladder for 90 minutes, after which the catheters are removed and the bladders allowed to drain naturally. The development of tumor is monitored via ultrasound. Specific attention is paid to the catheterization technique in the accompanying video.

Bladder tumors are established in female mice in a minimally invasive fashion through catheterization, local cauterization, and subsequent adhesion of carcinoma cells to the burn sites.

Murin Mesane Kanseri bir Ortotopik Model

In this straightforward procedure, bladder tumors are established in female C57 mice through the use of catheterization, local cauterization, and ...

Tıp

Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic Clamps in Conscious, Unrestrained Mice

Type 2 diabetes is characterized by a defect in insulin action. The hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, or insulin clamp, is widely considered the "gold standard" method for assessing insulin action in vivo. During an insulin clamp, hyperinsulinemia is achieved by a constant insulin infusion. Euglycemia is maintained via a concomitant glucose infusion at a variable rate. This variable glucose infusion rate (GIR) is determined by measuring blood glucose at brief intervals throughout the experiment and adjusting the GIR accordingly. The GIR is indicative of whole-body insulin action, as mice with enhanced insulin action require a greater GIR. The insulin clamp can incorporate administration of isotopic 2[14C]deoxyglucose to assess tissue-specific glucose uptake and [3-3H]glucose to assess the ability of insulin to suppress the rate of endogenous glucose appearance (endoRa), a marker of hepatic glucose production, and to stimulate the rate of whole-body glucose disappearance (Rd).
The miniaturization of the insulin clamp for use in genetic mouse models of metabolic disease has led to significant advances in diabetes research. Methods for performing insulin clamps vary between laboratories. It is important to note that the manner in which an insulin clamp is performed can significantly affect the results obtained. We have published a comprehensive assessment of different approaches to performing insulin clamps in conscious mice1 as well as an evaluation of the metabolic response of four commonly used inbred mouse strains using various clamp techniques2. Here we present a protocol for performing insulin clamps on conscious, unrestrained mice developed by the Vanderbilt Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center (MMPC; URL: www.mc.vanderbilt.edu/mmpc). This includes a description of the method for implanting catheters used during the insulin clamp. The protocol employed by the Vanderbilt MMPC utilizes a unique two-catheter system3. One catheter is inserted into the jugular vein for infusions. A second catheter is inserted into the carotid artery, which allows for blood sampling without the need to restrain or handle the mouse. This technique provides a significant advantage to the most common method for obtaining blood samples during insulin clamps which is to sample from the severed tip of the tail. Unlike this latter method, sampling from an arterial catheter is not stressful to the mouse1. We also describe methods for using isotopic tracer infusions to assess tissue-specific insulin action. We also provide guidelines for the appropriate presentation of results obtained from insulin clamps.

The hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, or insulin clamp, is the gold standard for assessing insulin action in vivo. A method for performing insulin clamps in mice is described. This includes a method for arterial catheterization that permits experiments to be performed in conscious, unrestrained mice with minimal stress.

Bilinçli Mesnetlenmemiş Fare hiperinsülinemik öglisemik Kelepçeleri

Type 2 diabetes is characterized by a defect in insulin action. The hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, or insulin clamp, is widely considered the "gold ...

The Use of Cystometry in Small Rodents: A Study of Bladder Chemosensation

The lower urinary tract (LUT) functions as a dynamic reservoir that is able to store urine and to efficiently expel it at a convenient time. While storing urine, however, the bladder is exposed for prolonged periods to waste products. By acting as a tight barrier, the epithelial lining of the LUT, the urothelium, avoids re-absorption of harmful substances. Moreover, noxious chemicals stimulate the bladder's nociceptive innervation and initiate voiding contractions that expel the bladder's contents. Interestingly, the bladder's sensitivity to noxious chemicals has been used successfully in clinical practice, by intravesically infusing the TRPV1 agonist capsaicin to treat neurogenic bladder overactivity1. This underscores the advantage of viewing the bladder as a chemosensory organ and prompts for further clinical research. However, ethical issues severely limit the possibilities to perform, in human subjects, the invasive measurements that are necessary to unravel the molecular bases of LUT clinical pharmacology. A way to overcome this limitation is the use of several animal models2. Here we describe the implementation of cystometry in mice and rats, a technique that allows measuring the intravesical pressure in conditions of controlled bladder perfusion.
	After laparotomy, a catheter is implanted in the bladder dome and tunneled subcutaneously to the interscapular region. Then the bladder can be filled at a controlled rate, while the urethra is left free for micturition. During the repetitive cycles of filling and voiding, intravesical pressure can be measured via the implanted catheter. As such, the pressure changes can be quantified and analyzed. Moreover, simultaneous measurement of the voided volume allows distinguishing voiding contractions from non-voiding contractions3.
	Importantly, due to the differences in micturition control between rodents and humans, cystometric measurements in these animals have only limited translational value4. Nevertheless, they are quite instrumental in the study of bladder pathophysiology and pharmacology in experimental pre-clinical settings. Recent research using this technique has revealed the key role of novel molecular players in the mechano- and chemo-sensory properties of the bladder.

Cystometry is an efficient technique to measure bladder function of small animals in vivo. The bladder is continuously infused at rates controlled through an intravesical catheter, whereas the urethra is left free for micturition. This allows for repetitive filling and emptying of the bladder, while intravesical pressure and voided volume are recorded.

Küçük Kemirgenler sistometri ve Kullanımı: Mesane Chemosensation Çalışması

	The lower urinary tract (LUT) functions as a  dynamic reservoir that is able to store urine and to efficiently expel it at a  convenient time. While ...

An Orthotopic Bladder Tumor Model and the Evaluation of Intravesical saRNA Treatment

We present a novel method for treating bladder cancer with intravesically delivered small activating RNA (saRNA) in an orthotopic xenograft mouse bladder tumor model. The mouse model is established by urethral catheterization under inhaled general anesthetic. Chemical burn is then introduced to the bladder mucosa using intravesical silver nitrate solution to disrupt the bladder glycosaminoglycan layer and allows cells to attach. Following several washes with sterile water, human bladder cancer KU-7-luc2-GFP cells are instilled through the catheter into the bladder to dwell for 2 hours. Subsequent growth of bladder tumors is confirmed and monitored by in vivo bladder ultrasound and bioluminescent imaging. The tumors are then treated intravesically with saRNA formulated in lipid nanoparticles (LNPs). Tumor growth is monitored with ultrasound and bioluminescence. All steps of this procedure are demonstrated in the accompanying video.

Establishing an orthotopic bladder tumor model to evaluate antitumor effects of intravesically delivered saRNA and monitoring tumor growth by ultrasound and bioluminescent imaging.

Bir Ortotopik Mesane Tümörü Model ve intravezikal Sarna Tedavisinin Değerlendirilmesi

We present a novel method for treating bladder cancer with intravesically delivered small activating RNA (saRNA) in an orthotopic xenograft mouse bladder ...

Subretinal Injection of Gene Therapy Vectors and Stem Cells in the Perinatal Mouse Eye

The loss of sight affects approximately 3.4 million people in the United States and is expected to increase in the upcoming years.1 Recently, gene therapy and stem cell transplantations have become key therapeutic tools for treating blindness resulting from retinal degenerative diseases. Several forms of autologous transplantation for age-related macular degeneration (AMD), such as iris pigment epithelial cell transplantation, have generated encouraging results, and human clinical trials have begun for other forms of gene and stem cell therapies.2 These include RPE65 gene replacement therapy in patients with Leber's congenital amaurosis and an RPE cell transplantation using human embryonic stem (ES) cells in Stargardt's disease.3-4 Now that there are gene therapy vectors and stem cells available for treating patients with retinal diseases, it is important to verify these potential therapies in animal models before applying them in human studies. The mouse has become an important scientific model for testing the therapeutic efficacy of gene therapy vectors and stem cell transplantation in the eye.5-8 In this video article, we present a technique to inject gene therapy vectors or stem cells into the subretinal space of the mouse eye while minimizing damage to the surrounding tissue.

This surgical technique illustrates the injection of gene therapy vectors and stem cells into the subretinal space of the mouse eye.

Fare Göz içine Gen Terapisi Vektörler ve Kök Hücre Subretinal Enjeksiyon

The loss of sight affects approximately 3.4 million people in the United States and is expected to increase in the upcoming years.1 Recently, gene therapy ...

Reduction in Left Ventricular Wall Stress and Improvement in Function in Failing Hearts using Algisyl-LVR

Injection of Algisyl-LVR, a treatment under clinical development, is intended to treat patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. This treatment was recently used for the first time in patients who had symptomatic heart failure. In all patients, cardiac function of the left ventricle (LV) improved significantly, as manifested by consistent reduction of the LV volume and wall stress. Here we describe this novel treatment procedure and the methods used to quantify its effects on LV wall stress and function.
Algisyl-LVR is a biopolymer gel consisting of Na+-Alginate and Ca2+-Alginate. The treatment procedure was carried out by mixing these two components and then combining them into one syringe for intramyocardial injections. This mixture was injected at 10 to 19 locations mid-way between the base and apex of the LV free wall in patients.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), together with mathematical modeling, was used to quantify the effects of this treatment in patients before treatment and at various time points during recovery. The epicardial and endocardial surfaces were first digitized from the MR images to reconstruct the LV geometry at end-systole and at end-diastole. Left ventricular cavity volumes were then measured from these reconstructed surfaces.
Mathematical models of the LV were created from these MRI-reconstructed surfaces to calculate regional myofiber stress. Each LV model was constructed so that 1) it deforms according to a previously validated stress-strain relationship of the myocardium, and 2) the predicted LV cavity volume from these models matches the corresponding MRI-measured volume at end-diastole and end-systole. Diastolic filling was simulated by loading the LV endocardial surface with a prescribed end-diastolic pressure. Systolic contraction was simulated by concurrently loading the endocardial surface with a prescribed end-systolic pressure and adding active contraction in the myofiber direction. Regional myofiber stress at end-diastole and end-systole was computed from the deformed LV based on the stress-strain relationship.

This article describes procedures for implanting a novel hydrogel in failing hearts and quantifying its effect on left ventricular wall stress and function. These procedures have been successfully applied in dogs and humans.

Algisyl-LVR kullanarak Hearts başarısız Fonksiyon Sol Ventrikül Duvar Stres ve İyileştirme azalma

Injection of  Algisyl-LVR, a treatment under clinical development, is intended to treat  patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. This treatment was recently ...

An Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model for Gene Delivery Studies

Bladder cancer is the second most common cancer of the urogenital tract and novel therapeutic approaches that can reduce recurrence and progression are needed. The tumor microenvironment can significantly influence tumor development and therapy response. It is therefore often desirable to grow tumor cells in the organ from which they originated. This protocol describes an orthotopic model of bladder cancer, in which MB49 murine bladder carcinoma cells are instilled into the bladder via catheterization. Successful tumor cell implantation in this model requires disruption of the protective glycosaminoglycan layer, which can be accomplished by physical or chemical means. In our protocol the bladder is treated with trypsin prior to cell instillation. Catheterization of the bladder can also be used to deliver therapeutics once the tumors are established. This protocol describes the delivery of an adenoviral construct that expresses a luciferase reporter gene. While our protocol has been optimized for short-term studies and focuses on gene delivery, the methodology of mouse bladder catheterization has broad applications.

Implantation of cancer cells into the organ of origin can serve as a useful preclinical model to evaluate novel therapies. MB49 bladder carcinoma cells can be grown within the bladder following intravesical instillation. This protocol demonstrates catheterization of the mouse bladder for the purpose of tumor implantation and adenoviral delivery.

Gene Teslim Çalışmaları Ortotopik Mesane Kanseri Modeli

Bladder cancer is the second most common cancer of the urogenital tract and novel therapeutic approaches that can reduce recurrence and progression are ...

Minimally Invasive Establishment of Murine Orthotopic Bladder Xenografts

Orthotopic bladder cancer xenografts are the gold standard to study molecular cellular manipulations and new therapeutic agents&#160;in vivo. Suitable cell lines are inoculated either by intravesical instillation (model of nonmuscle invasive growth) or intramural injection into the bladder wall (model of invasive growth). Both procedures are complex and highly time-consuming. Additionally, the superficial model has its shortcomings due to the lack of cell lines that are tumorigenic following instillation. Intramural injection, on the other hand, is marred by the invasiveness of the procedure and the associated morbidity for the host mouse.
With these shortcomings in mind, we modified previous methods to develop a minimally invasive approach for creating orthotopic bladder cancer xenografts. Using ultrasound guidance we have successfully performed percutaneous inoculation of the bladder cancer cell lines UM-UC1, UM-UC3 and UM-UC13 into 50 athymic nude. We have been able to demonstrate that this approach is time efficient, precise and safe. With this technique, initially a space is created under the bladder mucosa with PBS, and tumor cells are then injected into this space in a second step. Tumor growth is monitored at regular intervals with bioluminescence imaging and ultrasound. The average tumor volumes increased steadily in in all but one of our 50 mice over the study period.
In our institution, this novel approach, which allows bladder cancer xenograft inoculation in a minimally-invasive, rapid and highly precise way, has replaced the traditional model.

The established technique to inoculate primary invasive orthotopic bladder cancer xenografts requires laparotomy and mobilization of the bladder. This procedure inflicts significant morbidity on the mice, is technically challenging and time-consuming. We therefore developed a high-precision, percutaneous approach utilizing ultrasound guidance.

Kemirgen Ortotopik Mesane ksenogratflarının Minimal İnvaziv kurulması

Orthotopic bladder cancer xenografts are the gold standard to study molecular cellular manipulations and new therapeutic agents&#160;in vivo. Suitable ...

Urinary Bladder Distention Evoked Visceromotor Responses as a Model for Bladder Pain in Mice

Approximately 3-8 million people in the United States suffer from interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS), a debilitating condition characterized by increased urgency and frequency of urination, as well as nocturia and general pelvic pain, especially upon bladder filling or voiding. Despite years of research, the cause of IC/BPS remains elusive and treatment strategies are unable to provide complete relief to patients. In order to study nervous system contributions to the condition, many animal models have been developed to mimic the pain and symptoms associated with IC/BPS. One such murine model is urinary bladder distension (UBD). In this model, compressed air of a specific pressure is delivered to the bladder of a lightly anesthetized animal over a set period of time. Throughout the procedure, wires in the superior oblique abdominal muscles record electrical activity from the muscle. This activity is known as the visceromotor response (VMR) and is a reliable and reproducible measure of nociception. Here, we describe the steps necessary to perform this technique in mice including surgical manipulations, physiological recording, and data analysis. With the use of this model, the coordination between primary sensory neurons, spinal cord secondary afferents, and higher central nervous system areas involved in bladder pain can be unraveled. This basic science knowledge can then be clinically translated to treat patients suffering from IC/BPS.

Approximately 3-8 million people in the United States suffer from interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS), a debilitating condition characterized in part by pelvic pain. In order to study nervous system contributions to the condition, a physiological model of urinary bladder pain is used in mice and rats.

Farelerde Mesane Ağrı için bir model olarak Mesane Distansiyonunun Uyarılmış Visceromotor Cevapları

Approximately 3-8 million people in the United States suffer from interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS), a debilitating condition ...

Ultrahigh Resolution Mouse Optical Coherence Tomography to Aid Intraocular Injection in Retinal Gene Therapy Research

HR-SD-OCT is utilized to monitor the progression of photoreceptor degeneration in live mouse models, assess the delivery of therapeutic agents into the subretinal space, and to evaluate toxicity and efficacy in vivo. HR-SD-OCT uses near infrared light (800-880 nm) and has optics specifically designed for the unique optics of the mouse eye with sub-2-micron axial resolution. Transgenic mouse models of outer retinal (photoreceptor) degeneration and controls were imaged to assess the disease progression. Pulled glass microneedles were used to deliver sub retinal injections of adeno-associated virus (AAV) or nanoparticles (NP) via a trans-scleral and trans-choroidal approach. Careful positioning of the needle into the subretinal space was required prior to a calibrated pressure injection, which delivers fluid into the sub retinal space. Real time subretinal surgery was conducted on our retinal imaging system (RIS). HR-SD-OCT demonstrated progressive uniform retinal degeneration due to expression of a toxic mutant human mutant rhodopsin (P347S) (RHOP347S) transgene in mice. HR-SD-OCT allows rigorous quantification of all the retinal layers. Outer nuclear layer (ONL) thickness and photoreceptor outer segment length (OSL) measurements correlate with photoreceptor vitality, degeneration, or rescue. The RIS delivery system allows real-time visualization of subretinal injections in neonatal (~P10-14) or adult mice, and HR-SD-OCT immediately determines success of delivery and maps areal extent. HR-SD-OCT is a powerful tool that can evaluate the success of subretinal surgery in mice, in addition to measuring vitality of photoreceptors in vivo. HR-SD-OCT can also be used to identify uniform animal cohorts to evaluate the extent of retinal degeneration, toxicity, and therapeutic rescue in preclinical gene therapy research studies.

Here we demonstrate a novel approach to using high resolution spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (HR-SD-OCT) to assist delivery of gene therapy agents into the subretinal space, assess its areal coverage, and characterize photoreceptor vitality.

Ultrahigh çözünürlük fare optik koherens tomografi göz içi enjeksiyon Retina gen terapisi araştırma yardımcı olmak için

HR-SD-OCT is utilized to monitor the progression of photoreceptor degeneration in live mouse models, assess the delivery of therapeutic agents into the ...