This work was funded in part by DK089016 and L30 RR030244 (MAC), CA153036 (AS), and P30-DK52574 (to the Washington University Digestive Diseases Research Core). A.I.T. was a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Medical Research Training Fellow.

1. Colitis-associated Cancer Induction 
<ol>
 <li>Set aside cages of sex and age-matched 6-8 week old mice to be used for experimental and control groups. Mice can be individually labeled with tail markings or ear clips. </li>
 <li>On day 0, record baseline weights and inject each mouse intraperitoneally (IP) with 10 mg/kg of AOM working solution (1 mg/ml in isotonic saline, diluted from 10 mg/ml stock solution in dH2O kept at -20 deg C). Based on experience, this dose can be adjusted between 7-14 mg/kg and/or repea...

<ol>
	<li>Ekbom, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ulcerative+colitis+and+colorectal+cancer.+A+population-based+study.">Ulcerative colitis and colorectal cancer. A population-based study.</a> N. Engl. J. Med. 323, 1228-1233 (1990).</li><li>Terzic, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inflammation+and+colon+cancer.">Inflammation and colon cancer.</a> Gastroenterology. 138, 2101-2114 (2010).</li><li>Ullman, T. A., Itzkowitz, S. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intestinal+inflammation+and+cancer.">Intestinal inflammation and cancer.</a> Gastroenterology. 140, 1807-1816 (2011).</li><li>Okayasu, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dysplasia+and+carcinoma+development+in+a+repeated+dextran+sulfate+sodium-induced+colitis+model.">Dysplasia and carcinoma development in a repeated dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis model.</a> J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 17, 1078-1083 (2002).</li><li>Kanneganti, M., Mino-Kenudson, M., Mizoguchi, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+models+of+colitis-associated+carcinogenesis.">Animal models of colitis-associated carcinogenesis.</a> J. Biomed. Biotechnol. 342637, (2011).</li><li>Neufert, C., Becker, C., Neurath, M. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+inducible+mouse+model+of+colon+carcinogenesis+for+the+analysis+of+sporadic+and+inflammation-driven+tumor+progression.">An inducible mouse model of colon carcinogenesis for the analysis of sporadic and inflammation-driven tumor progression.</a> Nat. Protoc. 2, 1998-2004 (2007).</li><li>Tanaka, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+inflammation-related+mouse+colon+carcinogenesis+model+induced+by+azoxymethane+and+dextran+sodium+sulfate.">A novel inflammation-related mouse colon carcinogenesis model induced by azoxymethane and dextran sodium sulfate.</a> Cancer Sci. 94, 965-973 (2003).</li><li>De Robertis, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+AOM/DSS+murine+model+for+the+study+of+colon+carcinogenesis:+From+pathways+to+diagnosis+and+therapy+studies.">The AOM/DSS murine model for the study of colon carcinogenesis: From pathways to diagnosis and therapy studies.</a> J. Carcinog. 10, 9 (2011).</li><li>Wirtz, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemically+induced+mouse+models+of+intestinal+inflammation.">Chemically induced mouse models of intestinal inflammation.</a> Nat. Protoc. 2, 541-546 (2007).</li><li>Cooper, H. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinicopathologic+study+of+dextran+sulfate+sodium+experimental+murine+colitis.">Clinicopathologic study of dextran sulfate sodium experimental murine colitis.</a> Lab Invest. 69, 238-249 (1993).</li><li>Becker, C., Fantini, M. C., Neurath, M. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+resolution+colonoscopy+in+live+mice.">High resolution colonoscopy in live mice.</a> Nat. Protoc. 1, 2900-2904 (2006).</li><li>Becker, C., Fantini, M. C., Wirtz, S., Nikolaev, A., Kiesslich, R., Lehr, H. A., Galle, P. R., Neurath, M. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+imaging+of+colitis+and+colon+cancer+development+in+mice+using+high+resolution+chromoendoscopy.">In vivo imaging of colitis and colon cancer development in mice using high resolution chromoendoscopy.</a> Gut. 54, 950-954 (2005).</li><li>Shaker, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epimorphin+deletion+protects+mice+from+inflammation-induced+colon+carcinogenesis+and+alters+stem+cell+niche+myofibroblast+secretion.">Epimorphin deletion protects mice from inflammation-induced colon carcinogenesis and alters stem cell niche myofibroblast secretion.</a> J. Clin. Invest. 120, 2081-2093 (2010).</li><li>Boivin, G. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pathology+of+mouse+models+of+intestinal+cancer:+consensus+report+and+recommendations.">Pathology of mouse models of intestinal cancer: consensus report and recommendations.</a> Gastroenterology. 124, 762-777 (2003).</li><li>Cooper, H. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dysplasia+and+cancer+in+the+dextran+sulfate+sodium+mouse+colitis+model.+Relevance+to+colitis-associated+neoplasia+in+the+human:+a+study+of+histopathology,+B-catenin+and+p53+expression+and+the+role+of+inflammation.">Dysplasia and cancer in the dextran sulfate sodium mouse colitis model. Relevance to colitis-associated neoplasia in the human: a study of histopathology, B-catenin and p53 expression and the role of inflammation.</a> Carcinogenesis. 21, 757-768 (2000).</li><li>Yoshida, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+forkhead+box+M1+transcription+factor+contributes+to+the+development+and+growth+of+mouse+colorectal+cancer.">The forkhead box M1 transcription factor contributes to the development and growth of mouse colorectal cancer.</a> Gastroenterology. 132, 1420-1431 (2007).</li><li>Suzuki, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Strain+differences+in+the+susceptibility+to+azoxymethane+and+dextran+sodium+sulfate-induced+colon+carcinogenesis+in+mice.">Strain differences in the susceptibility to azoxymethane and dextran sodium sulfate-induced colon carcinogenesis in mice.</a> Carcinogenesis. 27, 162-169 (2006).</li><li>Mahler, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+susceptibility+of+inbred+mouse+strains+to+dextran+sulfate+sodium-induced+colitis.">Differential susceptibility of inbred mouse strains to dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis.</a> Am. J. Physiol. 274, 544-551 (1998).</li><li>Nambiar, P. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preliminary+analysis+of+azoxymethane+induced+colon+tumors+in+inbred+mice+commonly+used+as+transgenic/knockout+progenitors.">Preliminary analysis of azoxymethane induced colon tumors in inbred mice commonly used as transgenic/knockout progenitors.</a> Int. J. Oncol. 22, 145-150 (2003).</li><li>Tanaka, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Colorectal+carcinogenesis:+Review+of+human+and+experimental+animal+studies.">Colorectal carcinogenesis: Review of human and experimental animal studies.</a> J Carcinog. 8, (2009).</li><li>Ciorba, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction+of+IDO-1+by+immunostimulatory+DNA+limits+severity+of+experimental+colitis.">Induction of IDO-1 by immunostimulatory DNA limits severity of experimental colitis.</a> J. Immunol. 184, 3907-3916 (2010).</li><li>Kerr, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dextran+sodium+sulfate+inhibition+of+real-time+polymerase+chain+reaction+amplification:+A+poly-A+purification+solution.">Dextran sodium sulfate inhibition of real-time polymerase chain reaction amplification: A poly-A purification solution.</a> Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 18, 344-348 (2012).</li><li>Tang, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=is+required+for+resection-induced+changes+in+apoptosis,+proliferation,+and+members+of+the+extrinsic+cell+death+pathways.">is required for resection-induced changes in apoptosis, proliferation, and members of the extrinsic cell death pathways.</a> Gastroenterology. 126, 220-230 (2004).</li></ol>

No conflicts of interest declared.

Treatment of mice with AOM and DSS rapidly and effectively models human colitis-associated cancer. Hypotheses regarding heritable factors contributing to colitis-associated cancers can be easily studied with genetically engineered mice.13, 16 Alternatively, the effect of pharmacologic targets in colitis-associated cancer can be studied by employing wild-type mice.
While this model is highly valued by those interested in the study of colon tumor development in the setting of inflamma...

<table border="1">
<tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>Name of the reagent</td>
 <td>Company</td>
 <td>Catalogue number</td>
 <td>Comments </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td> C57BL/6J Mice</td>
 <td>Jackson Laboratory</td>
 <td>000664</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Azoxymethane (AOM)</td>
 <td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
 <td>A5486-100MG</td>
 <td>Stock solution: dilute to 10 mg/ml in distilled water to be kept at -20 &deg;C as 0.5 - 1 ml aliquots.
 
 Working solution: dilute stock to 1 mg/ml in isotonic (0.9%) saline</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS)</td>
 <td>TdB Consultancy </td>
 <td>DB001</td>
 <td>MW 40 kDa (36-50 kDa preparations from other sources are acceptable; The same lot should be used for a single experiment)6</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Coloview miniendoscopic system</td>
 <td>Karl Storz </td>
 <td>Multiple</td>
 <td>See Becker et al. for detailed explanation of equipment and setup.11</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>TPP Rapid FILTERMAX 500 ml 
 Bottle-Filter, 0.22 &mu;m PES</td>
 <td>Midwest Scientific</td>
 <td>TP99500</td>
 <td>Any standard tissue culture filter is acceptable</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Ethyl Alcohol 200 Proof ASC/USP</td>
 <td>Pharmaco-AAPER (or other)</td>
 <td>11ACS200</td>
 <td>Dilute to 70% in distilled water</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Isoflurane, USP</td>
 <td>Butler Animal Health Supply</td>
 <td>4029405</td>
 <td>Place mouse in glass jar with gauze or a small cloth soaked in anesthetic</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>18G Straight Gavage Needle</td>
 <td>Braintree Scientific</td>
 <td>N-008</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS)</td>
 <td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
 <td>P5493</td>
 <td>Dilute to 1X (0.01 M) in distilled water</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Cold Tray (Tissue Tek II Cold Plate)</td>
 <td>Fisher Scientific</td>
 <td>NC9491941</td>
 <td>Store at -20 &deg;C</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>ImageJ Software</td>
 <td>NIH (free download)</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td><a href="http://rsbweb.nih.gov/ij/" target="_blank">http://rsbweb.nih.gov/ij/</a></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Formaldehyde (37%)</td>
 <td>Fisher Scientific</td>
 <td>F79-500</td>
 <td>Dilute to 10% in PBS</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>BD Bacto Agar</td>
 <td>Fisher Scientific</td>
 <td>DF0140-01-0</td>
 <td>Use hotplate to create 2% solution in distilled water</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Miltex Eye Dressing Forceps</td>
 <td>MedPlus Inc.</td>
 <td>18-780</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Miltex Eye Scissors</td>
 <td>MedPlus Inc.</td>
 <td>18-1430</td>
 <td>Curved points prevent damage to colon during opening.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Alcian Blue 8GX (powder)</td>
 <td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
 <td>A5268</td>
 <td>Add 1 g powder to 100 ml 3% acetic acid (3 ml glacial acetic acid + 97 ml distilled water)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>1 mL Tuberculin syringe with attached 26 G x 3/8 in intradermal bevel needle</td>
 <td>BD</td>
 <td>305946</td>
 <td>For injection of AOM</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

modeling colitis-associated cancer with azoxymethane (aom) and dextran sulfate sodium (dss)

Individuals with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), such as Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) are at increased risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC) over healthy individuals. This risk is proportional to the duration and extent of disease, with a cumulative incidence as high as 30% in individuals with longstanding UC with widespread colonic involvement.1 Colonic dysplasia in IBD and colitis associated cancer (CAC) are believed to develop as a result of repeated cycles of epithelial cell injury and repair while these cells are bathed in a chronic inflammatory cytokine milieu.2 While spontaneous and colitis-associated cancers share the quality of being adenocarcinomas, the sequence of underlying molecular events is believed to be different.3 This distinction argues the need for specific animal models of CAC.
Several mouse models currently exist for the study of CAC. Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS), an agent with direct toxic effects on the colonic epithelium, can be administered in drinking water to mice in multiple cycles to create a chronic inflammatory state. With sufficient duration, some of these mice will develop tumors.4 Tumor development is hastened in this model if administered in a pro-carcinogenic setting. These include mice with genetic mutations in tumorigenesis pathways (APC, p53, Msh2), as well as mice pre-treated with genotoxic agents (azoxymethane [AOM], 1,2-dimethylhydrazine [DMH]).5 
The combination of DSS with AOM as a model for colitis associated cancer has gained popularity for its reproducibility, potency, low price, and ease of use. Though they have a shared mechanism, AOM has been found to be more potent and stable in solution than DMH. While tumor development in other models generally requires several months, mice injected with AOM and subsequently treated with DSS develop adequate tumors in as little as 7-10 weeks.6, 7 Finally, AOM and DSS can be administered to mice of any genetic background (knock out, transgenic, etc.) without cross-breeding to a specific tumorigenic strain. Here, we demonstrate a protocol for inflammation-driven colonic tumorigenesis in mice utilizing a single injection of AOM followed by three seven-day cycles of DSS over a 10 week period. This model induces tumors with histological and molecular changes closely resembling those occurring in human CAC and provides a highly valuable model for the study of oncogenesis and chemoprevention in this disease.8

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Modeling Colitis-Associated Cancer with Azoxymethane AOM and Dextran Sulfate Sodium DSS at JoVE.com

Modeling Colitis-Associated Cancer with Azoxymethane AOM and Dextran Sulfate Sodium DSS

We demonstrate a protocol in which administration of the genotoxic agent azoxymethane (AOM) followed by three cycles of the pro-inflammatory agent dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) rapidly and consistently generates colon tumors in mice with morphologic and molecular similarities to those seen in human colitis-associated cancer.

Modeling Colitis-Associated Cancer with Azoxymethane (AOM) and Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS)

Individuals with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), such as Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) are at increased risk of developing colorectal ...

modeling-colitis-associated-cancer-with-azoxymethane-aom-dextran

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

46.4K Görüntüleme.  Washington University School of Medicine. Biz hızla pro-inflamatuar ajan dekstran sülfat sodyum (DSS) üç kür takip ve sürekli insan kolit görülenler ile morfolojik ve moleküler benzerlikleri olan farelerde kolon tümörleri oluşturur genotoksik ajan azoxymethane (AOM) hangi yönetiminde bir protokol göstermek kanserle ilişkili.