Şerefe-ENVIRONNEMENT - bu sonuçlara yol açan araştırma Electricité de France (EDF) dan ve l&#39;Agence Nationale de la Recherche dan, 323.267 hibe anlaşması kapsamında Avrupa Birliği Yedinci Çerçeve Programı (FP7/2007-2013) fon aldı n ° etti et Santé-Travail&#39;in (ANR-SEST, Neurorad).

1.. Hayvan Prosedürleri Bu protokol 24 Kasım Avrupa Toplulukları Konseyi Direktifi, 1986 (86/609/EEC) uygun olarak dizayn edilmiştir ve hayvan refahı (CETEA-CEA DSV IdF&#39;nin) bizim kurumsal komitesi tarafından onaylandı. <ol><li> Edu / BrdU ve E14.5 gebe farelerin ışıması (Şekil 2A) ile Enjeksiyonlar. <ol><li> PBS içinde 5 mg / ml &#39;de ml BrdU ve 1 mg / at edu içinde bir çözeltisi hazırlandı. Hamile farelere, bir 25 G iğne kullanılarak edu çözeltinin 100 ul&#39;lik bir intra-peritoneal enjeksiyon (IP) yapın. 1.5 saat sonra, 0 Gy veya 2 Gy (0.6 Gy / dk) fareler (toplam vücut ışınlaması) ışın tedavisi. Hemen sonra, hamile farelere, bir 25 G iğne kullanılarak BrdU çözeltisi (IP) 200 ul enjekte edilir. </li></ol></li><li> Embriyonik beyin koronal dilimlerinin hazırlanması. <ol><li> Radyasyona maruz bırakıldıktan sonra 1 saat ya da 4 saat sonra, karbon dioksit ile gebe farelerin euthanize. </li><li> Karın Cavi açınmakas kullanarak üç santimetre üzerinde ty. Boynuzları her iki ekstremite kesit tarafından rahim kalanından iki rahim boynuzları ayırın. PBS% 0.6 glikoz içeren bir Petri kabı içine rahim boynuzları aktarın. Embriyoları izole etmek için forseps ile rahim boynuzları açın. Forseps kullanarak her bir embriyonun amniyon kesesi çıkarın. </li><li> Forseps ile embriyonik kafaları inceleyin ve 4 ° C &#39;de% 4 paraformaldehit (PFA, pH = 7.4) O / N daldırılarak bunları düzeltmek </li><li> 4 ° C de en az bir gece boyunca PBS içerisinde embriyonik kafaları durulayın Kafalar birkaç gün boyunca PBS içinde tutulabilir. </li><li> Tablo 1 &#39;de gösterildiği gibi bir vakum infiltrasyon işlemcisi kullanılarak parafine gömme kafa. Gömme Başlıkları da etanol ve Xylen banyoları için kimyasal bir başlık altında gerçekleştirilir ve daha sonra parafin banyoları için bir 65 ° C fırın içinde olabilir. </li><li> Bir mikrotom ile 5 mikron kalınlığında koronal kesitler hazırlamak. </li><li> Polilizin kaplı mikroskop lamı üzerine monte edin. &lt;/ Li&gt; <li> Slaytlar, birkaç ay boyunca oda sıcaklığında (RT) tutulabilir. </li></ol></li></ol> 2.. Edu / BrDU Boyama <ol><li> Parafinden arındırma lamların ve antijen maskelenmesinin <ol><li> 5 dakika boyunca tolüen 3 hamam slaytların daldırma ile parafine gömülmüş beyin bölümleri Deparaffinize. </li><li> % 100 etanol,% 95 etanol,% 70 etanol ve 5 dk H2O içinde: Aşağıdaki gibi etanol konsantrasyonunun azaltılması her çözümler 2 banyoları içinde 3 dakika için rehidrate Slaytlar birkaç saat boyunca deiyonize edilmiş su içinde tutulabilir. </li><li> Sitrat çözeltisi (10 mM, pH 6) içinde 10 dakika için dilimleri kaynatılır ve daha sonra 5 dakika boyunca iyonu giderilmiş su içinde inkübe edilir. </li></ol></li><li> Edu boyama <ol><li> Üreticinin protokolüne göre edu algılama yapın. 10 dakika boyunca PBS içinde% 0.5 triton X-100 hücreleri geçirgenliği. </li><li> Iyonu giderilmiş su içinde 10X solüsyon seyreltilmesi ile 1X tampon edu katkı hazırlayın. Bu çözelti taze yapılmış ve aynı Da kullanılmalıdıry. </li><li> Edu Alexa Fluor 488 azitle dahil, Edu reaksiyon kokteyl hazırlayın. Aksi takdirde, reaksiyon en iyi şekilde devam olmaz, Tablo 2&#39;de listelenen sırada aşağıdaki maddeleri eklemek için önemlidir. Hazırlık 15 dakika içinde edu reaksiyon kokteyl kullanın. </li><li> Permeabilization tampon (adım 2.1.1) çıkarın, sonra PBS ile iki kez yıkayın. </li><li> Edu kokteyl Reaksiyon 150 ul, bir lamel koymak ve oda sıcaklığında karanlıkta 30 dakika boyunca inkübe edin. </li><li> Edu reaksiyon kokteyl kaldırmak, sonra PBS ile bir kez yıkayın. </li></ol></li><li> BrdU boyama <ol><li> % 7,5 keçi serumu ve PBS içinde% 7.5 fetal sığır serumu ile çökelti tamponu hazırlayın. Beyin dilimleri üzerinde doyurma tampon 150 ul bir lamel koymak ve spesifik olmayan bağlanma antikoru engellemek için oda sıcaklığında 1 saat boyunca inkübe edilir. </li><li> Lamel çıkarın. Satürasyon tamponu içinde 1/300 seyreltilmiş fare anti-BrdU birincil antikor, 150 ul, / a lamel koymak ve O inkübe4 ° C &#39;de N </li><li> Lamel çıkarın, daha sonra PBS 3 kez yıkayın. </li><li> Satürasyon tamponu içinde 1/400 seyreltilmiş keçi anti-fare-Alexa594 ikincil antikor, 150 ul, bir lamel koymak ve oda sıcaklığında 1 saat boyunca inkübe edilir. </li><li> Lamel çıkarın, daha sonra PBS kez yıkayın. </li><li> Nükleer boyama: 4 150 ul &#39;, PBS içinde 1 ug / ml&#39; de ,6-diamidino-2-fenilindol (DAPI) ekleyin, bir lamel koymak ve oda sıcaklığında 2 dakika inkübe edilir. </li><li> Orta montaj slaytlar monte edin. </li></ol></li></ol> 3. Analizi <ol><li> Bir 20X objektif veya konfokal mikroskop ile bir floresan mikroskobu altında beyin bölümleri inceler ve dosya ayıran olarak üç kanal (488 nm, 594 nm ve UV) görüntü elde. </li><li> Photoshop yazılımı ile görüntüler yığını. </li><li> Dorsomedial serebral duvarın bir standart sektörde beyin bölümlerini analiz. Bu sektör, medial-yanal boyutta 100 um ve 10 μ 18 kutuları (veya daha fazla) ayrılmıştırgibi görüntülerde üst üste bir ızgara (Şekil 1) kullanılarak radyal boyutta m yükseklik 31, daha önce tarif edildiği. <ol><li> Örneğin ilk kutusu olarak ızgara hizalama ventriküler sınırına uzun eksenine paralel olan, ventriküler yüzeyindedir. Sonra her bin etiketli edu, BrdU&#39;yu ve / veya piknotik çekirdekleri (apoptotik çekirdekler karşılık) numara. Çekirdeği iki bidonları içinde eşit alanları kaplar zaman onun büyük bir kısmını, ya da alt bin içerir bin iki bidonları sınırında bulunan bir çekirdek numara. </li></ol></li><li> İstatistiksel analiz. </li></ol> Embriyo başına en az iki kortikal dilim analiz edin. Farklı litre en az 3 embriyo üzerinde deney tekrarlayın. Sonuçlar, ortalama (SEM) ortalama ± standart hatası olarak verilmelidir. İstatistiksel analizler iki yönlü ANOVA ve Bonferroni çoklu karşılaştırma posthoc testleri kullanılarak Graphpad Prism ile yürütülmektedir.

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Yazarlar herhangi bir çıkar çatışması var.

Edu 1.5 saat katılmasıyla göre burada anlatılan deneysel tasarım önce ışınlama izin hemen sonra ışınlama ve BrdU birleşme NSPCs bir sonra S ve G2 / M kontrol noktaları etkinleştirmek mümkün ancak 1 st saat boyunca G1 / S noktası değildir gösteri fetal fare beyninde genotoksik stres. Bize özel olarak, S fazına girişin oranını takdir izin edu sadece 1 saat farenin kurban öncesinde, ışınlama ve BrdU sonra farklı zamanlarda enjekte edildiği ve diğer deneyler gerçekleştirilmiştir...

Embriyonik beyin gelişimi sırasında, serebral korteksin projeksiyon nöronlar nöral kök ve progenitör hücrelerin (NSPC) farklı türde oluşan bir yalancı epitel bu satırları yan ventrikül, ventriküler bölge oluşturulur. NSPC arasında, nöral kök hücre olarak hizmet eden radyal glial hücreleri (RGC), (INM) interkinetic nükleer göç tabi tutulur: bunlar ventriküler bölgesinin bazal sınırında ventrikül ve S-fazı yüzeyinde mitoz yerine (VZ) 1., 2,3. Bölündüklerinde ya simetrik iki RGC oluşturmak için ya da asimetrik bir RGC ve bir nöron veya bir ara progenitör hücre (IPC) 4, 5 üretir. IPC son bir simetrik bölünme sonra da iki olgunlaşmamış projeksiyon nöronları 6-8 üretmek bölge subventricular denilen bir üstteki çoğalan tabakası (SVZ), göç. RGC aksine, IPC (9 gözden) Inm girmezler. Yeni üretilen nöronlar Migrkortikal plaka (CP) 10, 8 onların nihai hedefe ulaşmak için ara bölge (IZ) ile radyal lifleri boyunca radyal yedik. Tüm bu olayların mükemmel zamanlama doğru kortikal gelişim için gereklidir. Örneğin nöral projenitör popülasyonlarının farklılaşma çoğalmasından anahtar G1 faz süresi 11, 12 tarafından kontrol edilir. G1 fazının uzatılması hücre farklılaşması ile bu şekilde ilişkilidir. Bu tür (13 gözden) iyonize radyasyon, bozan beyin gelişimi gibi genotoksik stres. Biz ve diğerleri NSPC radyasyon kaynaklı apoptoz 14, 15,16 derece yatkın olduğunu göstermiştir. İyonlaştırıcı ışınım çoğalan hücrelere en ağır hasarı DNA çift iplikli kırılmalara neden. Bisiklet hücrelerde DNA Damage Müdahale (DDR) esas bir bileşeni, G1 / S ya da G2 / M geçişlerinde ve S esnasında hücre siklüs kontrol noktalarının aktivasyonufaz (intra-S kontrol noktası) 17-21. Bunlar, DNA hasarı tamiri ya da çok hasar görmüş hücrelerin ortadan kaldırılması için zaman sağlamak için, hücre döngüsü ilerlemesini bloke eder. Sonuç olarak, hücre ölümü hem de gecikmiş hücre döngüsü ilerlemesi radyasyona maruz 22-24 iyonize yanıt beyin gelişimini değiştirebilir. Bu ışınlanmış fare embriyonik beyin NSPC hücre döngüsü kontrol noktası aktivasyonunu değerlendirmek için bir yöntem geliştirmektir, böylece ilginçti. Hücre döngüsünün ilerlemesi rutin bir timidin analogu, 5-Bromo-2&#39;-deoksiüridin (BrdU) &#39;nin bileşimi kullanılarak takip edilir. BrdU DNA çoğaltma işlemini hücre döngüsünün S fazı esnasında dahil edilmektedir. BrdU karşı bir antikorun kullanılması BrdU darbesi sırasında S fazında olan hücreler daha sonra belirlenmesini sağlar. Bir yeni timidin analogu, 5-etinil-2&#39;-deoksiuridin (EGT), floresan azit ile tespit edilir. Edu ve B tespit etmek için farklı yolları<html> RDU hücre döngüsü ilerlemesinin çalışma için yararlı olan iki timidin analogları aynı anda algılama sağlayan, 25, çapraz reaksiyona girmezler. Genellikle hücreler ilk edu ile darbeli ve daha sonra her iki birleştirmeleri arasındaki süre sonrası 25, 26 bir çift sürer BrdU, ile birlikte titreşim uygulanır. Edu ihtiva eden kültür ortamı içinde BrdU eklenmesi edu hariç olmak üzere DNA&#39;ya BrdU tercihli olarak dahil sonuçlanır ise sadece BrdU dahil 27 ortam sonuçlara eşit mol ya da eşit molar yarım BrdU ile edu 25 eşzamanlı eklenmesi. Bu, normal olarak önce ikinci etiketin ilave etmek için kültür ortamından birinci etiket çıkarmak için gerekli olan yıkama adımları ortadan kaldırarak çift etiketleme protokolü kolaylaştırır. Bu, aynı zamanda, S fazına girişin ya da hücre nüfusunun çıkış kesin zamanlama belirlemek için yıkama adımları mümkün olmayan in vivo çalışmada,, için özel bir önem taşımaktadır. t &quot;&gt; Son zamanlarda, edu ve BrdU 23, 24,22 kullanılarak embriyonik fare beyninde çift nabız da etiketlenmesi için bir yöntem utero ışınlama sonra hücre döngüsü ilerlemesini ve NSPC İNM analiz etmek için geliştirilmiştir. Üstelik gösterilmiştir sırasında, bu S fazı, fare hücreleri ilk Ökromatin bölgeleri ve daha sonra perisentrik heterokromatine 28,29,30 çoğaltmak. İlginçtir, interphasic çekirdeklerinde kümelenmiş farklı kromozomlar perisentrik heterokromatinin da chromocenters olarak bilinen ve parlak odakları olarak DAPI boyama tarafından kolayca tespit heterokromatik odağı oluşturması. Bu nedenle, ökromatin ve chromocenters diferansiyel Edu ve BrdU boyamaları daha doğrusu NSPC S fazı ilerlemesini analiz için bize yardımcı oldu. Bu yöntem, bu kontrol noktası genom istikrar açısından kritik olması gerekiyordu çünkü oldukça şaşırtıcı NSCP 22-24 G1 / S kontrol noktasında, belirgin eksikliği gösteri sağladı. Çeşitli expedu ve BrdU bakliyat çeşitli kombinasyonlarına dayanan tasarımları erimental ventral ve dorsal telencephalon hücre döngüsü ilerlemesini analiz etmek için kullanılmıştır. Burada, E14.5 fare embriyo utero ışınlama sonraki ilk 4 saat içinde NSPC akut DNA hasarının çalışma sağlayan protokollerin bir örnek verir.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="727">
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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:228px;">EdU</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">A10044</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">1 mg/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="37">
			<td height="37" style="height:37px;width:228px;">BrdU</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">B5002</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">5 mg/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:228px;">IBL 637</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">CIS BIO International</td>
			<td style="width:125px;"></td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="37">
			<td height="37" style="height:37px;width:228px;">Tissu Tek VIP</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Leica</td>
			<td style="width:125px;"></td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:228px;">Microtome</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Leica</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">RM 2125 RT</td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:228px;">Triton X-100</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:125px;">93443</td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="46">
			<td height="46" style="height:46px;width:228px;">Click-iT EdU Alexa 488 imaging kit</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">C10083</td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="47">
			<td height="47" style="height:47px;width:228px;">Anti-BrdU</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">GE Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">RPN202</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">1/300</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:228px;">Goat anti mouse-Alex594</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">A11001</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">1/400</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:228px;">Fluoromount</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">SouthernBiotech</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">0100-01</td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="30">
			<td height="30" style="height:30px;width:228px;">Polysine slide</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Thermo scientific</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">J2800AMNZ</td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:228px;">Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">P6148</td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="32">
			<td height="32" style="height:32px;width:228px;">PBS</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">20012-068</td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="29">
			<td height="29" style="height:29px;width:228px;">DAPI</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">D9542</td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="37">
			<td height="37" style="height:37px;width:228px;">Microscope BX51</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:125px;"></td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="30">
			<td height="30" style="height:30px;width:228px;">Confocal microscope SPE</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Leica</td>
			<td style="width:125px;"></td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:228px;">Prism software</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Graphpad</td>
			<td style="width:125px;"></td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Version 5.0c</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:228px;">Photoshop software</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Adobe</td>
			<td style="width:125px;"></td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
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assessing cell cycle progression of neural stem and progenitor cells in the mouse developing brain after genotoxic stress

Serebral korteks nöronlar embriyonik beynin lateral ventriküller astar bir yalancı epiteli oluşturan nöral kök hücrelerin farklı (NSPC), beyin gelişimi sırasında oluşturulur. Gibi iyonize radyasyon gibi genotoksik stresler, NSPC yüksek duyarlılığı ile ilgili gelişen beyin üzerinde son derece zararlı etkileri vardır. Dahil hücresel ve moleküler mekanizmaların açıklanması, hasarlı doku, hücre döngüsü boyunca NSPC ilerlemesi belirlemek için güvenilir bir yöntem gerektirir hücreleri, bu özel tiplerinin DNA hasarı yanıtın karakterizasyonu bağlıdır. Burada hamile farelerde embriyonik ve koronal beyin bölümlerinde bu iki timidin analogları daha saptanmasında edu ve BrdU ardışık intraperitonal enjeksiyonlar göre bir yöntem gösterilmektedir. Edu ve BrdU hem S fazında kopyalayan hücre DNA olarak dahil edilmiştir ve iki farklı teknikler (azid ile tespit edilir ya dabunların aynı anda algılanmasını kolaylaştırmak spesifik bir antikor, sırasıyla). Edu ve BrdU boyama daha sonra dorsal telencephalon standart bir bölgede ventriküler kenar onun mesafesinin bir fonksiyonu olarak her bir NSPC çekirdeği için belirlenir. Bu nedenle bu çift etiketleme tekniği DNA hasarına tepki olarak hücre siklüs hapsinin yol açan bir hücre döngüsü kontrol noktası aktive olması, bu ikinci hücre döngüsü yoluyla ilerleme hücreleri ayırt sağlar. Deneyin bir örnek edu hemen sonra ışınlama ve BrdU önce enjekte edilmiş ve ışınlama sonra 4 saat içinde analiz yapılmıştır ki, sunulmuştur. Bu protokol ışınlanır edilmiş hangi hücre döngüsü faz fonksiyonunda NSPC akut DNA hasarı yanıtın doğru bir analizini sağlar. Bu yöntem, canlı dokuda, hücre devir gelişiminin belirli bir tedavinin etkisini tespit etmek amacıyla kolayca yer değiştirebilir diğer sistemlerin etmektir.

Şekil 2&#39;de tarif edilen deneyde, edu sadece ışınlama sonrası ışınlama ve BrdU önce 1.5 saat uygulanmıştır. Hücrelerin Dört tip sonra Edu veya BrdU, her ikisi veya hiçbiri ya birleşmesiyle göre, 1 veya 4 saat sonrası ışınlama hazırlanan kortikal dilimleri ayırt edilmiştir (Şekil 2A ve 2B). Önemli olarak, ne de edu BrdU eklenmesi de radyasyon kaynaklı apoptosis (veriler gösterilmemiştir) seviyesini değiştirdi. Ayrıca, boyama yöntemleri...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessing Cell Cycle Progression of Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells in the Mouse Developing Brain after Genotoxic Stress at JoVE.com

Assessing Cell Cycle Progression of Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells in the Mouse Developing Brain after Genotoxic Stress | Neuroscience | Video

Assessing Cell Cycle Progression of Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells in the Mouse Developing Brain after Genotoxic Stress

Timidin iki analoglarının Yönetimi, edu ve BrdU, hamile farelerde embriyonik fare beyninde sinir ve progenitör hücrelerde hücre döngüsü ilerlemesinin analizine izin verir. Bu yöntem, beyin gelişimi sırasında iyonizan radyasyon içeren genotoksik stres, etkilerini belirlemek için yararlıdır.

Genotoksik Stres sonrası nöral kök ve Fare Gelişmekte Beyin Progenitör Hücrelerinin Değerlendirilmesi Hücre Döngüsü İlerlemesi

Neurons of the cerebral cortex are generated during brain development from different types of neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPC), which form a ...

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15.2K Görüntüleme.  CEA DSV iRCM SCSR.  Timidin iki analoglarının Yönetimi, edu ve BrdU, hamile farelerde embriyonik fare beyninde sinir ve progenitör hücrelerde hücre döngüsü ilerlemesinin analizine izin verir. Bu yöntem, beyin gelişimi sırasında iyonizan radyasyon içeren genotoksik stres, etkilerini belirlemek için yararlıdır. 

Video: Assessing Cell Cycle Progression of Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells in the Mouse Developing Brain after Genotoxic Stress

Time-lapse Live Imaging of Clonally Related Neural Progenitor Cells in the Developing Zebrafish Forebrain

Precise patterns of division, migration and differentiation of neural progenitor cells are crucial for proper brain development and function1,2. To understand the behavior of neural progenitor cells in the complex in vivo environment, time-lapse live imaging of neural progenitor cells in an intact brain is critically required. In this video, we exploit the unique features of zebrafish embryos to visualize the development of forebrain neural progenitor cells in vivo. We use electroporation to genetically and sparsely label individual neural progenitor cells. Briefly, DNA constructs coding for fluorescent markers were injected into the forebrain ventricle of 22 hours post fertilization (hpf) zebrafish embryos and electric pulses were delivered immediately. Six hours later, the electroporated zebrafish embryos were mounted with low melting point agarose in glass bottom culture dishes. Fluorescently labeled neural progenitor cells were then imaged for 36hours with fixed intervals under a confocal microscope using water dipping objective lens. The present method provides a way to gain insights into the in vivo development of forebrain neural progenitor cells and can be applied to other parts of the central nervous system of the zebrafish embryo.

The present video demonstrates a method which takes advantage of the combination of electroporation and confocal microscopy to perform live imaging on individual neural progenitor cells in the developing zebrafish forebrain. In vivo analysis of the development of forebrain neural progenitor cells at a clonal level can be achieved in this way.

Gelişmekte olan Zebra balığı önbeyin klonal olarak ilişkilidir Sinir Progenitör Hücreler Zaman atlamalı Canlı Görüntüleme

Precise patterns of division, migration and differentiation of neural progenitor cells are crucial for proper brain development and function1,2. To ...

Nörobilim

Neural-Colony Forming Cell Assay: An Assay To Discriminate Bona Fide Neural Stem Cells from Neural Progenitor Cells

The neurosphere assay (NSA) is one of the most frequently used methods to isolate, expand and also calculate the frequency of neural stem cells (NSCs). Furthermore, this serum-free culture system has also been employed to expand stem cells and determine their frequency from a variety of tumors and normal tissues. It has been shown recently that a one-to-one relationship does not exist between neurosphere formation and NSCs. This suggests that the NSA as currently applied, overestimates the frequency of NSCs in a mixed population of neural precursor cells isolated from both the embryonic and adult mammalian brain. This video practically demonstrates a novel collagen based semi- solid assay, the neural-colony forming cell assay (N-CFCA), which has the ability to discriminate stem from progenitor cells based on their long-term proliferative potential, and thus provides a method to enumerate NSC frequency. In the N-CFCA, colonies &ge;2 mm in diameter are derived from cells that meet all the functional criteria of a NSC, while colonies &lt; 2mm are derived from progenitors. The N-CFCA procedure can be used for cells prepared from different sources including primary and cultured adult or embryonic mouse CNS cells. Here we use cells prepared from passage one neurospheres generated from embryonic day 14 mice brain to perform N-CFCA. The cultures are replenished with proliferation medium every seven days for three weeks to allow the plated cells to exhibit their full proliferative potential and then the frequency of neural progenitor and bona fide neural stem cells is calculated respectively by counting the number of colonies that are &lt; 2mm and the ones that are &ge;2mm in reference to the number of cells that were initially plated.

This video protocol demonstrates how to discriminate and enumerate bona fide neural stem cells in a mixed population of neural precursor cells using the neural colony-forming cell assay.

Hücre Testi Şekillendirme Sinir-Koloni: Sinir Progenitör Hücreler Bona Fide Sinir Kök Hücreler Ayırım Bir Testi

The neurosphere assay (NSA) is one of the most frequently used methods to isolate, expand and also calculate the frequency of neural stem cells (NSCs). ...

Live-cell Imaging of Sensory Organ Precursor Cells in Intact Drosophila Pupae

Since the discovery of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), there has been a revolutionary change in the use of live-cell imaging as a tool for understanding fundamental biological mechanisms. Striking progress has been particularly evident in Drosophila, whose extensive toolkit of mutants and transgenic lines provides a convenient model to study evolutionarily-conserved developmental and cell biological mechanisms. We are interested in understanding the mechanisms that control cell fate specification in the adult peripheral nervous system (PNS) in Drosophila. Bristles that cover the head, thorax, abdomen, legs and wings of the adult fly are individual mechanosensory organs, and have been studied as a model system for understanding mechanisms of Notch-dependent cell fate decisions. Sensory organ precursor (SOP) cells of the microchaetes (or small bristles), are distributed throughout the epithelium of the pupal thorax, and are specified during the first 12 hours after the onset of pupariation. After specification, the SOP cells begin to divide, segregating the cell fate determinant Numb to one daughter cell during mitosis. Numb functions as a cell-autonomous inhibitor of the Notch signaling pathway.
Here, we show a method to follow protein dynamics in SOP cell and its progeny within the intact pupal thorax using a combination of tissue-specific Gal4 drivers and GFP-tagged fusion proteins 1,2.This technique has the advantage over fixed tissue or cultured explants because it allows us to follow the entire development of an organ from specification of the neural precursor to growth and terminal differentiation of the organ. We can therefore directly correlate changes in cell behavior to changes in terminal differentiation. Moreover, we can combine the live imaging technique with mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker (MARCM) system to assess the dynamics of tagged proteins in mitotic SOPs under mutant or wildtype conditions. Using this technique, we and others have revealed novel insights into regulation of asymmetric cell division and the control of Notch signaling activation in SOP cells (examples include references 1-6,7 ,8).

Live-cell Imaging of Sensory Organ Precursor Cells in Intact Drosophila Pupae

In this video, we describe a method for live cell imaging of asymmetrically dividing sensory organ progenitor cells and epidermal cells in intact Drosophila pupae

Bozulmamış Duyu Organ Öncü Hücreler Canlı hücre Görüntüleme Drosophila Pupa

Since the discovery of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), there has been a revolutionary change in the use of live-cell imaging as a tool for understanding ...

The Neuroblast Assay: An Assay for the Generation and Enrichment of Neuronal Progenitor Cells from Differentiating Neural Stem Cell Progeny Using Flow Cytometry

Neural stem cells (NSCs) can be isolated and expanded in large-scale, using the neurosphere assay and differentiated into the three major cell types of the central nervous system (CNS); namely, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and neurons. These characteristics make neural stem and progenitor cells an invaluable renewable source of cells for in vitro studies such as drug screening, neurotoxicology and electrophysiology and also for cell replacement therapy in many neurological diseases. In practice, however, heterogeneity of NSC progeny, low production of neurons and oligodendrocytes, and predominance of astrocytes following differentiation limit their clinical applications. Here, we describe a novel methodology for the generation and subsequent purification of immature neurons from murine NSC progeny using fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) technology. Using this methodology, a highly enriched neuronal progenitor cell population can be achieved without any noticeable astrocyte and bona fide NSC contamination. The procedure includes differentiation of NSC progeny isolated and expanded from E14 mouse ganglionic eminences using the neurosphere assay, followed by isolation and enrichment of immature neuronal cells based on their physical (size and internal complexity) and fluorescent properties using flow cytometry technology. Overall, it takes 5-7 days to generate neurospheres and 6-8 days to differentiate NSC progeny and isolate highly purified immature neuronal cells.

This video protocol demonstrates a novel method for the generation and subsequent purification of neuronal progenitor cells from a renewable source of neural stem cells (NSCs) based on their physical (size and internal granularity) and fluorescent properties using flow cytometry technology.

Neuroblast Test: Akım Sitometri Kullanımı Farklılaşan Nöral Kök Hücre Döl nöronal Progenitör Hücrelerinin üretilmesi ve zenginleştirilmesi için bir Testi

Neural stem cells (NSCs) can be isolated and expanded in large-scale, using the neurosphere assay and differentiated into the three major cell types of ...

Isolation and Culture of Neural Crest Cells from Embryonic Murine Neural Tube

The embryonic neural crest (NC) is a multipotent progenitor population that originates at the dorsal aspect of the neural tube, undergoes an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and migrates throughout the embryo, giving rise to diverse cell types 1-3. NC also has the unique ability to influence the differentiation and maturation of target organs4-6. When explanted in vitro, NC progenitors undergo self-renewal, migrate and differentiate into a variety of tissue types including neurons, glia, smooth muscle cells, cartilage and bone. 
NC multipotency was first described from explants of the avian neural tube7-9. In vitro isolation of NC cells facilitates the study of NC dynamics including proliferation, migration, and multipotency. Further work in the avian and rat systems demonstrated that explanted NC cells retain their NC potential when transplanted back into the embryo10-13. Because these inherent cellular properties are preserved in explanted NC progenitors, the neural tube explant assay provides an attractive option for studying the NC in vitro. 
To attain a better understanding of the mammalian NC, many methods have been employed to isolate NC populations. NC-derived progenitors can be cultured from post-migratory locations in both the embryo and adult to study the dynamics of post-migratory NC progenitors11,14-20, however isolation of NC progenitors as they emigrate from the neural tube provides optimal preservation of NC cell potential and migratory properties13,21,22. Some protocols employ fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) to isolate a NC population enriched for particular progenitors11,13,14,17. However, when starting with early stage embryos, cell numbers adequate for analyses are difficult to obtain with FACS, complicating the isolation of early NC populations from individual embryos. Here, we describe an approach that does not rely on FACS and results in an approximately 96% pure NC population based on a Wnt1-Cre activated lineage reporter23. 
The method presented here is adapted from protocols optimized for the culture of rat NC11,13. The advantages of this protocol compared to previous methods are that 1) the cells are not grown on a feeder layer, 2) FACS is not required to obtain a relatively pure NC population, 3) premigratory NC cells are isolated and 4) results are easily quantified. Furthermore, this protocol can be used for isolation of NC from any mutant mouse model, facilitating the study of NC characteristics with different genetic manipulations. The limitation of this approach is that the NC is removed from the context of the embryo, which is known to influence the survival, migration and differentiation of the NC2,24-28.

Isolation of embryonic neural crest from the neural tube facilitates the use of in vitro methods for studying migration, self-renewal, and multipotency of neural crest.

Embriyonik Mürin Nöral Tüp çıkan sinirsel Crest Hücre İzolasyonu ve Kültür

The embryonic neural crest (NC) is a multipotent progenitor population that originates at the dorsal aspect of the neural tube, undergoes an epithelial to ...

Live Imaging of Mitosis in the Developing Mouse Embryonic Cortex

Although of short duration, mitosis is a complex and dynamic multi-step process fundamental for development of organs including the brain. In the developing cerebral cortex, abnormal mitosis of neural progenitors can cause defects in brain size and function. Hence, there is a critical need for tools to understand the mechanisms of neural progenitor mitosis. Cortical development in rodents is an outstanding model for studying this process. Neural progenitor mitosis is commonly examined in fixed brain sections. This protocol will describe in detail an approach for live imaging of mitosis in ex vivo embryonic brain slices. We will describe the critical steps for this procedure, which include: brain extraction, brain embedding, vibratome sectioning of brain slices, staining and culturing of slices, and time-lapse imaging. We will then demonstrate and describe in detail how to perform post-acquisition analysis of mitosis. We include representative results from this assay using the vital dye Syto11, transgenic mice (histone H2B-EGFP and centrin-EGFP), and in utero electroporation (mCherry-&#945;-tubulin). We will discuss how this procedure can be best optimized and how it can be modified for study of genetic regulation of mitosis. Live imaging of mitosis in brain slices is a flexible approach to assess the impact of age, anatomy, and genetic perturbation in a controlled environment, and to generate a large amount of data with high temporal and spatial resolution. Hence this protocol will complement existing tools for analysis of neural progenitor mitosis.

Neural progenitor mitosis is a critical parameter of neurogenesis. Much of our understanding of neural progenitor mitosis is based on analysis of fixed tissue. Live imaging in embryonic brain slices is a versatile technique to assess mitosis with high temporal and spatial resolution in a controlled environment.

Gelişmekte Fare Embriyonik Cortex mitoz Canlı Görüntüleme

Although of short duration, mitosis is a complex and dynamic multi-step process fundamental for development of organs including the brain. In the ...

Feeder-free Derivation of Neural Crest Progenitor Cells from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have great potential for studying human embryonic development, for modeling human diseases in the dish and as a source of transplantable cells for regenerative applications after disease or accidents. Neural crest (NC) cells are the precursors for a large variety of adult somatic cells, such as cells from the peripheral nervous system and glia, melanocytes and mesenchymal cells. They are a valuable source of cells to study aspects of human embryonic development, including cell fate specification and migration. Further differentiation of NC progenitor cells into terminally differentiated cell types offers the possibility to model human diseases in vitro, investigate disease mechanisms and generate cells for regenerative medicine. This article presents the adaptation of a currently available in vitro differentiation protocol for the derivation of NC cells from hPSCs. This new protocol requires 18 days of differentiation, is feeder-free, easily scalable and highly reproducible among human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines as well as human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) lines. Both old and new protocols yield NC cells of equal identity.

Neural crest (NC) cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) have great potential for modeling human development and disease and for cell replacement therapies. Here, a feeder-free adaptation of the currently widely used in vitro differentiation protocol for the derivation of NC cells from hPSCs is presented.

İnsan Pluripotent dan Sinir Crest Progenitör Hücreler besleyici ücretsiz Derivasyon Kök Hücre

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have great potential for studying human embryonic development, for modeling human diseases in the dish and as a ...

Cell Sorting of Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells from the Adult Mouse Subventricular Zone and Live-imaging of their Cell Cycle Dynamics

Neural stem cells (NSCs) in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles (SVZ) sustain olfactory neurogenesis throughout life in the mammalian brain. They successively generate transit amplifying cells (TACs) and neuroblasts that differentiate into neurons once they integrate the olfactory bulbs. Emerging fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS) techniques have allowed the isolation of NSCs as well as their progeny and have started to shed light on gene regulatory networks in adult neurogenic niches. We report here a cell sorting technique that allows to follow and distinguish the cell cycle dynamics of the above-mentioned cell populations from the adult SVZ with a LeX/EGFR/CD24 triple staining. Isolated cells are then plated as adherent cells to explore in details their cell cycle progression by time-lapse video microscopy. To this end, we use transgenic Fluorescence Ubiquitination Cell Cycle Indicator (FUCCI) mice in which cells are red-fluorescent during G1 phase due to a G1 specific red-Cdt1 reporter. This method has recently revealed that proliferating NSCs progressively lengthen their G1 phase during aging, leading to neurogenesis impairment. This method is easily transposable to other systems and could be of great interest for the study of the cell cycle dynamics of brain cells in the context of brain pathologies.

We report a Fluorescent Activated Cell Sorting (FACS)-based method to isolate neural stem cells (NSCs) and their progeny from the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the adult mouse brain. Applied to Fluorescence Ubiquitination Cell Cycle Indicator (FUCCI) transgenic mice, it allows the study of cell cycle progression by live imaging.

Hücre Yetişkin Fare subventricular Bölgesinden Nöral Kök ve Progenitör Hücreler Sıralama ve Hücre Döngüsü Dynamics Canlı görüntüleme

Neural stem cells (NSCs) in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles (SVZ) sustain olfactory neurogenesis throughout life in the mammalian brain. ...

Modelling Zika Virus Infection of the Developing Human Brain In Vitro Using Stem Cell Derived Cerebral Organoids

The recent emergence of Zika virus (ZIKV) in susceptible populations has led to an abrupt increase in microcephaly and other neurodevelopmental conditions in newborn infants. While mosquitos are the main route of viral transmission, it has also been shown to spread via sexual contact and vertical mother-to-fetus transmission. In this latter case of transmission, due to the unique viral tropism of ZIKV, the virus is believed to predominantly target the neural progenitor cells (NPCs) of the developing brain.
Here a method for modeling ZIKV infection, and the resulting microcephaly, that occur when human cerebral organoids are exposed to live ZIKV is described. The organoids display high levels of virus within their neural progenitor population, and exhibit severe cell death and microcephaly over time. This three-dimensional cerebral organoid model allows researchers to conduct species-matched experiments to observe and potentially intervene with ZIKV infection of the developing human brain. The model provides improved relevance over standard two-dimensional methods, and contains human-specific cellular architecture and protein expression that are not possible in animal models.

Modelling Zika Virus Infection of the Developing Human Brain In Vitro Using Stem Cell Derived Cerebral Organoids

This protocol describes a technique used to model Zika virus infection of the developing human brain. Using wildtype or engineered stem cell lines, researchers may use this technique to uncover the various mechanisms or treatments that may affect early brain infection and resulting microcephaly in Zika virus-infected embryos.

Kök hücre kullanarak gelişmekte olan insan beyni Vitro Zika virüs enfeksiyonu modelleme serebral Organoids türetilmiş

The recent emergence of Zika virus (ZIKV) in susceptible populations has led to an abrupt increase in microcephaly and other neurodevelopmental conditions ...

Isolation and Culture of Embryonic Mouse Neural Stem Cells

Neural stem cells (NSCs) are multipotent and can give rise to the three major cell types of the central nervous system (CNS). In vitro culture and expansion of NSCs provide a suitable source of cells for neuroscientists to study the function of neurons and glial cells along with their interactions. There are several reported techniques for the isolation of neural stem cells from adult or embryo mammalian brains. During the microsurgical operation to isolate NSCs from different regions of the embryonic CNS, it is very important to reduce the damage to the brain cells to obtain the highest ratio of live and expandable stem cells. A possible technique for stress reduction during isolation of these cells from the mouse embryo brain is the reduction of surgical time. Here, we demonstrate a developed technique for rapid isolation of these cells from the E13 mouse embryo ganglionic eminence. Surgical procedures include harvesting E13 mouse embryos from the uterus, cutting the frontal fontanelle of the embryo with a bent needle tip, extracting the brain from the skull, microdissection of the isolated brain to harvest the ganglionic eminence, dissociation of the harvested tissue in NSC medium to gain a single cell suspension, and finally plating cells in suspension culture to generate neurospheres.

Here, we introduce a novel microsurgical technique for the isolation of neural stem cells from the E13 mouse embryo ganglionic eminence.