Iş Tıbbi Araştırma Konseyi çekirdek fon tarafından desteklenmiştir. Biz teknik çizimlerini hazırlamak için Craig Nicol minnettarız. Biz onların görüntüleme desteği için Matthew Pearson ve Paul Perry minnettarız.

Tüm hayvan çalışmaları İngiltere Home Office (proje lisans numarası PPL 60/3785 ve 60/4424) tarafından lisans altında kurumsal kurallarına uygun olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. 1.. Hazırlık <ol><li> Bir flüoresan raportör fare hattı ile, uygun bir Cre rekombinaz-sentezleyen fare hattını birleştirerek gelişmekte olan deride Melanoblastlardan etiketleyin. Tyr :: CREA, Tyr :: CREB 8 ve Wnt1 :: Cre 14 Cre-ifade eden çizgiler olarak başarılı bir şekilde kullanılmıştır ve olmuştur R26YFPR 9 bir haberci bir çizgi olarak. </li><li> Bir laminar akış başlığı içinde kültür ortamının hazırlanması; (% 1 v / v Penisilin / Streptomisin) ihtiva eden Dulbecco&#39;nun Modifiye edilmiş Eagle ortamında (DMEM) takviyesi,% 10 v / v cenin dana serumu ve 0.584 g / L L-glutamin. </li><li> Canlı görüntüleme cihazı% 70 etanol ile silerek görüntüleme odasının tabanı sterilize Şekil 1&#39;de özetlenmiştir. Ov iliklerine ekler, görüntüleme klipleri ve O-halkaları sterilize% 70 etanol içinde ernight. Haznenin kapak gibi bir 6-yuvalı plaka steril bir kapak kullanın. </li><li> Görüntüleme odasının alt yüzeyi, bir O-halkası (Şekil 1) tarafından yerinde tutulan bir lummox zar oluşur. 35 mm gaz geçirgen lummox çanak ile başlayın. Görüntüleme odasının üzerine çanak yerleştirin ve tek kenarlı jilet ile gaz geçirgen membran kesip. Görüntüleme odasına sabitlemek için zar üzerinde O-halkasını itin. </li><li> Görüntüleme klipler (toplam 6) yerine embriyonik cildi kullanımdan önce onlar% 1 agaroz ile dolu olmalıdır (Şekil 1) kelepçe. C mikrodalga ve 60 ° &#39;ye soğutarak steril dH 2 O ile agaroz bir% 2 solüsyonu hazırlayın 10 ml kültür ortamı ile karıştırın 01:01 (adım 2 ye bakınız), 60 ° C&#39;ye kadar ısıtılır Steril 6-çukurlu plaka içindeki 6 görüntü klipleri durun. Ince pastette kullanarak her klibin merkezi haline% 1 agaroz çözeltisi damla ve soğumasını bekleyin. A önlemek için, her bir kuyucuğa 1 ml soğuk PBS steril eklemekurumasını garose. Görüntüleme klipler PBS içinde birkaç saat saklanabilir. </li><li> Embriyonik cildin hassas ayrılmasını gerçekleştirmek için, ve bunun yerine bir bambu şiş kebap kullanılabilecek bir çubuk kullanarak Kashiwagi et al. 3&#39;te tarif edildiği gibi kesilir doku &#39;saç çubuk yöntemi&#39; kullanımlar için. Tek kenarlı jilet kullanarak şiş düz ucunda küçük bir yarık yapın ve kıl yumuşak bir diş fırçası yerleştirin. Bu uzunluk olarak yaklaşık 15 cm olacak şekilde şiş kesin. </li><li> Tam çevre odası ile konfokal mikroskop kullanarak ya da hava içinde% 5 CO2 odası sağlayan iyi düzenlerler. Önce görüntüleme için en az 1 saat boyunca 37 ° C&#39;ye kadar mikroskop sahne Prewarm. Bu da ısınmak gibi sahne bileşenlerin genişlemesi nedeniyle numune sapmalarını önlemek için yardımcı olur. </li><li> Bir hızlı ve kolay bir experimen kurmak için her kültürün ortasında ortalamak böylece mikroskop kontrol yazılımı kullanarak bir çok pozisyon dizi hazırlamakt. </li></ol> 2. Prosedürü <ol><li> Fareler Mate ve gün E0.5 olarak ilk gün sonrası coitum adayı. E14.5 gün olarak, servikal dislokasyon ile itlaf kadın ve küçük bir orta hat kesi baş ve kuyruk doğru cildi ayrı çekme ve daha sonra, temel periton kesme ve geri vücudun her iki tarafına Pealing ile vücut boşluğu maruz kalmaktadır. Forseps ile sıkıca tutarak ve cerrahi makas kullanarak mesometrium boyunca kırpma soğuk steril PBS içine rahim teşrih. Gerekli kadar buz üzerinde rahim tutun. Ayrıntılı bir açıklama için Shea ve diğ. (2007) 15, bkz. </li><li> İlk ince forseps iki çift ile onları ayrı çekerek desiduadan serbest bırakmak için cerrahi makas ile rahim duvarının uzunluğu kesme ve sonra decidua gelen embriyoların diseksiyon tarafından rahim embriyolar incelemek. Flüoresan raportör ekspresyonu (gerekirse) için ekran. </li><li> Diseksiyon önce başı kesilerek embriyolar itlaf. Subsequently kuyruk kaldırmak ve tek kenarlı jilet kullanarak bacaklarda ve sonra ön ayakları hind. Gerekirse genotiplendirebilmek doku saklayın. </li><li> Bir rostro-kaudal yönde orta hatta yakın Ventrum bir kesi yapmak. Adım 1.6 &#39;de tarif edilen saç çubukları kullanılarak, dikkatli bir şekilde, aynı zamanda embriyo dönen bağ dokusu cildi uzak alay. Tamamen deri kaldırmak değil, ilk kesi ventral kenar uzak boyunca takılı bırakmayın. </li><li> O daha sonra monte etmek çok zor olduğu hale cilt berbat izin vermemek önemlidir. Bunu önlemek kuru bir Petri kabı yüzeyinde saç yapışır (dermal tarafı) kullanılarak Cildi düzleştirmek ve sonra tek bir keskin jilet kullanarak uzak embriyo gövdeden kesmek için. Cilt kaldırılır önce dermal tarafı kesilmiş doku ve embriyo arasındaki birleşme dikkatli bir gözlem ile epidermal taraftan ayırt edilebilir. Disseke doku alanıYaklaşık 0.5 mm 2 bir E14.5 embriyo diseksiyon zaman. </li><li> Agaroz dokusunun dermal tarafında dokunmadan böylece deri üstüne bir görüntü klibi yerleştirin. Klibin kenarlarına kadar doku kenarlarını dikkatli bir şekilde alay daha sonra 60 saniye boyunca bekletilmesine izin verin. Klibi ters çevirin ve saç cildi düzleştirmek ve mümkün olduğunca az (görüntülü olacak alanında) doku yüzeyine dokunmamaya özen, herhangi bir hava kabarcıklarını çıkarmak için yapışır kullanın. </li><li> Bu sıkın böylece görüntüleme klipin iki tarafında iki basit bir başparmak knot kullanarak görüntüleme klipsine cilt bağlamak ve klipin üst yakın oluk içine deri çekmek için ipek dikiş ipliği kullanın. Klibi haricindekileri, görüntüleme ekleme ve tabanı yere içeride itin. (Adım 1.2) kültür ortamının ~ 5 ml inserti doldurun. Şekil 1, bu görüntüleme odasının düzeneğini açıklar. </li><li> Kalan 5 örnekleri için Protokolü tekrarlayın. </li></ol> 3. CanlıGörüntüleme <ol><li> Görüntüleme odası standart 6-çukurlu plaka ile aynı boyutlara sahiptir. Konfokal mikroskop sahnede odasına monte etmek için uygun bir plaka takmak kullanacak. </li><li> Otomatik bir aşamasında paralel olarak görüntü kültürleri için gereklidir. Konfokal yazılım görüntüye altı konumlarını tanımlayın. Kesin ayarları kullanılan mikroskop yeteneğine bağlıdır. Tipik olarak, küçük bir z-yığın (3-5 z-konumu herhangi bir aşamada sürüklenme hesaba) 6-konumlarının her birinde kullanılan ve bir z-yığın 18-24 saat boyunca her 2 dakikada bir yakalanır. Canlı görüntüleme uygulamaları için bu lazer gücü ve gerekli z-bölümlerin sayısını azaltmak için optik olarak uygun bir ayar iğne deliği daha geniş bir kullanımı avantajlıdır. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Thomas, A. J., Erickson, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+making+of+a+melanocyte:+the+specification+of+melanoblasts+from+the+neural+crest.">The making of a melanocyte: the specification of melanoblasts from the neural crest.</a> Pigment Cell &amp; Melanoma Research. 21 (6), 598-610 (2008).</li><li>Mayer, T. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+migratory+pathway+of+neural+crest+cells+into+the+skin+of+mouse+embryos.">The migratory pathway of neural crest cells into the skin of mouse embryos.</a> Developmental Biology. 34 (1), 39-46 (1973).</li><li>Kashiwagi, M., Huh, N., Turksen, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organ+Culture+of+Developing+Mouse+Skin+and+Its+Application+for+Molecular+Mechanistic+Studies+of+Morphogenesis.">Organ Culture of Developing Mouse Skin and Its Application for Molecular Mechanistic Studies of Morphogenesis.</a> Epidermal Cells: Methods and Protocols. 289, 39-45 (2005).</li><li>Kashiwagi, M., Kuroki, T., Huh, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Specific+inhibition+of+hair+follicle+formation+by+epidermal+growth+factor+in+an+organ+culture+of+developing+mouse+skin.">Specific inhibition of hair follicle formation by epidermal growth factor in an organ culture of developing mouse skin.</a> Developmental Biology. 189 (1), 22-32 (1997).</li><li>Van Der Wel, L. I., Wei, L., Prens, E. P., Laman, J. D., Companjen, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+modified+ex+vivo+skin+organ+culture+system+for+functional+studies.">A modified ex vivo skin organ culture system for functional studies.</a> Archives of Dermatological Research. 293 (4), 184-190 (2001).</li><li>Mort, R. L., Hay, L., Jackson, I. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ex+vivo+live+imaging+of+melanoblast+migration+in+embryonic+mouse+skin.">Ex vivo live imaging of melanoblast migration in embryonic mouse skin.</a> Pigment Cell &amp; Melanoma Research. 23 (2), 299-301 (2010).</li><li>Jordan, S. A. A., Jackson, I. J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MGF+(KIT+ligand)+is+a+chemokinetic+factor+for+melanoblast+migration+into+hair+follicles.">MGF (KIT ligand) is a chemokinetic factor for melanoblast migration into hair follicles.</a> Developmental Biology. 225 (2), 424-436 (2000).</li><li>Delmas, V., Martinozzi, S., Bourgeois, Y., Holzenberger, M., Larue, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cre-mediated+recombination+in+the+skin+melanocyte+lineage.">Cre-mediated recombination in the skin melanocyte lineage.</a> Genesis. 36 (2), 73-80 (2003).</li><li>Srinivas, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cre+reporter+strains+produced+by+targeted+insertion+of+EYFP+and+ECFP+into+the+ROSA26+locus.">Cre reporter strains produced by targeted insertion of EYFP and ECFP into the ROSA26 locus.</a> BMC Developmental Biology. 1 (1), (2001).</li><li>Li, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rac1+Drives+Melanoblast+Organization+during+Mouse+Development+by+Orchestrating+Pseudopod.">Rac1 Drives Melanoblast Organization during Mouse Development by Orchestrating Pseudopod.</a> Driven Motility and Cell-Cycle Progression. Developmental Cell. 21 (4), 722-734 (2011).</li><li>Li, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activated+Mutant+NRas(Q61K)+Drives+Aberrant+Melanocyte+Signaling,+Survival,+and+Invasiveness+via+a+Rac1-Dependent+Mechanism.">Activated Mutant NRas(Q61K) Drives Aberrant Melanocyte Signaling, Survival, and Invasiveness via a Rac1-Dependent Mechanism.</a> The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. , 1-12 (2012).</li><li>Schachtner, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tissue+inducible+Lifeact+expression+allows+visualization+of+actin+dynamics+in+vivo+and+ex+vivo.">Tissue inducible Lifeact expression allows visualization of actin dynamics in vivo and ex vivo.</a> European Journal of Cell Biology. 91 (11-12), 923-929 (2012).</li><li>Ma, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fascin+1+is+transiently+expressed+in+mouse+melanoblasts+during+development+and+promotes+migration+and+proliferation.">Fascin 1 is transiently expressed in mouse melanoblasts during development and promotes migration and proliferation.</a> Development. 140 (10), 2203-2211 (2013).</li><li>Danielian, P. S., Muccino, D., Rowitch, D. H., Michael, S. K., McMahon, A. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modification+of+gene+activity+in+mouse+embryos+in+utero+by+a+tamoxifen-inducible+form+of+Cre+recombinase.">Modification of gene activity in mouse embryos in utero by a tamoxifen-inducible form of Cre recombinase.</a> Current Biology. 8 (24), 1323-1326 (1998).</li><li>Shea, K., Geijsen, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dissection+of+6.5+dpc+mouse+embryos.">Dissection of 6.5 dpc mouse embryos.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (2), (2007).</li></ol>

Yazarlar ifşa hiçbir şey yok.

Biz ters konfokal mikroskoplar üzerinde canlı hücre görüntüleme müsait özellıgıdır kültür embriyonik cilt için bir yöntem açıklanmaktadır. Yöntemi 6 kültürler paralel olarak görüntülü ve matrigel ve orijinal yönteme 6 Nüklepor zarlar üzerindeki güveni ortadan kaldırır izin son iyileştirmeler içerir. Benzer tekniklerinden önemli teknik bir fark, bir hava arayüzü sıvı kurmak için ve aynı zamanda bir lamel olarak hareket için bir gaz-geçirgen zarın lummox kullanılması...

Geleneksel olarak embriyonik cilt fare embriyo kesme ve bir polikarbonat Nuclepore zar üzerinde monte edilmesi ile kültive edilmiştir. Zar sonra bu şekilde gelişen doku 3,4 yüzeyine karşı bir hava-sıvı arayüz muhafaza, kültür ortamı üzerinde perdahlanır. Bu teknik, sabitleme ve doku bir işaretleyici 7 olarak β-galaktosidaz kullanan melanoblast dağıtım değerlendirerek melanoblast davranışı analiz etmek için kullanılmıştır. Ex vivo deri kültürü 6 canlı görüntüleme bölgesinin floresanla işaretlenmiş Melanoblastlardan izin veren bir yöntem geliştirdik. Burada konfokal görüntüleme yaşamak için, kurulum, diseksiyonu ayrıntılı yöntemini açıklamak ve bazı yeni geliştirmeler içerir. Melanoblastlardan melanosit embriyonik öncüleri, saç ve deri pigment üreten hücrelerdir. Melanoblastlardan gelişmekte olan fare e embriyonik gün 9 (E9) civarında nöral tüp bitişik olarak ortaya çıkan nöralmbryo. Daha sonra bunlar ektoderm ve gelişen Somitlerin arasında bir Dorsolateral yol boyunca göç ederler. E12.5 onlar çoğalırlar ve onların göç devam epidermis dermis taşımak. Birincil saç folikülü model bu köklerinin lokalize olan E14.5 de epidermis ve E15.5 Melanoblastlardan ile oluşmaya başlar. Melanoblast / melanosit gelişme gözden Thomas ve Erickson (2008) 1 bkz. Melanoblast nüfusu etiketlemek için biz Tyr kombine :: şartlı ROSA26 mahaline 9 sarı floresan protein (YFP) ifade R26YFPR hayvan fare tyrosinase promoter 8 ile tahrik Kre-recombinase ifade CREB&#39;ye hayvanlar. Biz ters bir konfokal mikroskop kullanılarak kültür embriyonik deri ve yakalama görüntüleri bir yöntem açıklanmaktadır. Bu Mort et al, orijinal bir yöntem. (2010) 6 bir şekilde uyarlanmıştır. Şimdikiyöntem, 6-çukurlu formatta görüntüleme sağlar ve kültür desteklemek için, Nüklepor dokularından ve Matrigel üzerinde güven kaldırır. Bunun yerine embriyonik cildi dengelemek için% 1 agaroz küçük bir blok kullanarak. Matrigel üzerinde güven çıkarılması özellikle çözünür büyüme faktörlerine embriyonik derinin cevap çalışmasında odağı olduğu durumlarda önemlidir. Bizim orijinal yöntem zaten melanoblast gelişme 10-13 içine yeni anlayışlar kazanmak için kullanılır olmuştur ve biz burada açıklamak gelişmeler çoklu paralel kültürler bir gereklilik özellikle deneysel bir teknik olarak daha güçlü olmasını bekliyoruz.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="634">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">DMEM high glucose</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Biochrom AG</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">F0475</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">without phenol red</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Penicillin</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P3032</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Streptomycin</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S9137</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Fetal calf serum</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Hyclone</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SV30160.03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Glutamax</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">35050-038</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Generic</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Live imaging chamber</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Custom made</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Lummox dishes</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Sarstedt</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">94.6077.410</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">6-well plate</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Greiner Bio-One</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">657-160</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Single edged razor blade</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1244-3170</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Agarose</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Biogene</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">300-300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Fine pastette</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Generic</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">PBS</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Generic</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Kebab skewers</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Waitrose</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Bamboo BBQ skewers 30cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Toothbrush</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Generic</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Petri dishes</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Greiner Bio-One</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">633185</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Suture thread</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Look</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SP115</td>
			<td>Black silk suture thread</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

ex vivo culture of mouse embryonic skin and live-imaging of melanoblast migration

Melanoblastlardan melanosit öncülerini türetilmiş nöral crest; cilt ve saç pigmenti üretmekten sorumlu hücreler. Melanoblastlardan bunlar daha sonra gelişmekte olan saç köklerinin 1,2 kolonize embriyonun epidermis içinden yer değiştirmektedir. Nöral krest hücre göçü yoğun in vitro çalışılmıştır ancak in vivo yöntemlere yine de özellikle memeli sistemlerinde, gelişmiş değildir. Bir alternatif ex vivo organotipik kültürü 3-6 kullanmaktır. Fare embriyonik deri Kültür 3,6 doku yüzeyi boyunca bir hava-sıvı arayüzü (ALI) içinde bakım gerektirir. Fare embriyonik deri yüksek çözünürlüklü canlı görüntüleme Bu ALI korur ama aynı zamanda kültür ters ve kısa çalışma mesafesi objektif lens ve en konfokal mikroskoplar ile bu nedenle uyumlu sağlar değil, sadece iyi bir yöntem olmaması engel olmuştur. Bu makalede, bir meth son gelişmeleri anlatırod ki, bu sorunların üstesinden gelmek ve ex vivo kültür 6 embriyonik deri yüksek çözünürlüklü confocal görüntüleme sağlamak için gaz geçirgen bir zar kullanılır. Belirli bir melanoblast Kre-rekombinaz, R26YFPR raportör hattı ile birleştirilmiş fare hattı sentezleyen kullanarak biz flüoresan bu cilt kültürleri içinde melanoblast nüfus etiket edebiliyoruz. Teknik sağlar Melanoblastlardan ve onların davranış ve geliştirmek hangi doku ile etkileşimleri gözlem canlı görüntüleme. Temsilcisi sonuçları yeteneği canlı görüntü paralel olarak 6 kültürleri göstermek için dahil edilmiştir.

Şekil 2 Tyr&#39;den embriyonik cilt kullanarak bir zaman atlamalı deney temsilcisi sonuçlarını gösterir :: CREB&#39;ye E14.5 de R26YFPR embriyolar x. 6 embriyonik cilt kültürleri 18 saat boyunca her 2 dakikada eş odaklı mikroskopi ile görüntülenmiştir. Ücretsiz görüntü analizi yazılımı paketi İmageJ 6 filmlerde YFP etiketli Melanoblastlardan davranışını analiz etmek için kullanıldı. Melanoblastlardan otomatik olarak (Jesper Søndergaard Pe...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ex vivo Culture of Mouse Embryonic Skin and Live-imaging of Melanoblast Migration at JoVE.com

Ex vivo Culture of Mouse Embryonic Skin and Live-imaging of Melanoblast Migration

Biz fare embriyonik deri diseksiyonu ve ex vivo kültürünü açıklamak. Kültür sistemi doku yüzeyi boyunca bir hava-sıvı arayüz korur ve bir ters mikroskop görüntüleme sağlar. Melanoblastlardan, gelişmekte olan derinin bir bileşeni olarak, flüoresan olarak davranışları konfokal mikroskopi kullanılarak gözlemlenebilir izin etiketlenir.

Fare Embriyonik Cilt ve Melanoblast Göç Canlı görüntüleme ex vivo Kültür

Melanoblasts are the neural crest derived precursors of melanocytes; the cells responsible for producing the pigment in skin and hair. Melanoblasts ...

ex-vivo-culture-mouse-embryonic-skin-live-imaging-melanoblast

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JoVE Journal

Biology

Ex vivo Culture of Mouse Embryonic Skin and Live-imaging of Melanoblast Migration

12.5K Görüntüleme.  University of Edinburgh.  Biz fare embriyonik deri diseksiyonu ve ex vivo kültürünü açıklamak. Kültür sistemi doku yüzeyi boyunca bir hava-sıvı arayüz korur ve bir ters mikroskop görüntüleme sağlar. Melanoblastlardan, gelişmekte olan derinin bir bileşeni olarak, flüoresan olarak davranışları konfokal mikroskopi kullanılarak gözlemlenebilir izin etiketlenir. 

Video: Ex vivo Culture of Mouse Embryonic Skin and Live-imaging of Melanoblast Migration

Method for Culture of Early Chick Embryos ex vivo (New Culture)

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ideal tool for studying  the formation and patterning of brain, neural tube, somite and heart primordia. Applications of chick embryo culture include electroporation of DNA or RNA constructs in order to analyze gene function, grafts of growth factor coated beads such as FGFs and BMPs , as well as whole mount in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. This video demonstrates the different steps in chick embryo culture; First, the embryo is explanted in saline. Then, the embryo is centered on a glass ring. The membranes surrounding the embryo are lifted along the walls of the ring. The ring is then placed in a culture dish containing a pool of albumine. The culture dish is sealed and placed in a humid chamber, where the embryo is cultured for up to 24 hrs. Finally, the embryo is removed from the ring, fixed and processed for further applications. A troubleshooting guide is also presented.

Method for Culture of Early Chick Embryos ex vivo New Culture

This video demonstrates New culture, a method by which chick embryos are cultured outside the egg for up to 24 hr. This method enables one to study early development (primitive streak to 14 som.), a period corresponding to E7-9 in mouse. Applications of this technique include electroporation, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry.

Erken Civciv Embriyolar ex vivo (Kültür) Kültür Yöntemi

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ...

Biyoloji

Live Imaging of Glial Cell Migration in the Drosophila Eye Imaginal Disc

Glial cells of both vertebrate and invertebrate organisms must migrate to final target regions in order to ensheath and support associated neurons. While recent progress has been made to describe the live migration of glial cells in the developing pupal wing (1), studies of Drosophila glial cell migration have typically involved the examination of fixed tissue. Live microscopic analysis of motile cells offers the ability to examine cellular behavior throughout the migratory process, including determining the rate of and changes in direction of growth. Paired with use of genetic tools, live imaging can be used to determine more precise roles for specific genes in the process of development. Previous work by Silies et al. (2) has described the migration of glia originating from the optic stalk, a structure that connects the developing eye and brain, into the eye imaginal disc in fixed tissue. Here we outline a protocol for examining the live migration of glial cells into the Drosophila eye imaginal disc. We take advantage of a Drosophila line that expresses GFP in developing glia to follow glial cell progression in wild type and in mutant animals.

Here we describe a protocol to examine the migration of glial cells into the developing Drosophila eye using live microscopic analysis paired with GFP tagged glial cells.

Drosophila Göz hayali Disk Glial Hücre Göç Canlı Görüntüleme

Glial cells of both vertebrate and invertebrate organisms must migrate to final target regions in order to ensheath and support associated neurons.  While ...

Live Imaging of the Zebrafish Embryonic Brain by Confocal Microscopy

In this video, we demonstrate the method our lab has developed to analyze the cell shape changes and rearrangements required to bend and fold the developing zebrafish brain (Gutzman et al, 2008). Such analysis affords a new understanding of the underlying cell biology required for development of the 3D structure of the vertebrate brain, and significantly increases our ability to study neural tube morphogenesis. The embryonic zebrafish brain is shaped beginning at 18 hours post fertilization (hpf) as the ventricles within the neuroepithelium inflate. By 24 hpf, the initial steps of neural tube morphogenesis are complete. Using the method described here, embryos at the one cell stage are injected with mRNA encoding membrane-targeted green fluorescent protein (memGFP). After injection and incubation, the embryo, now between 18 and 24 hpf, is mounted, inverted, in agarose and imaged by confocal microscopy. Notably, the zebrafish embryo is transparent making it an ideal system for fluorescent imaging. While our analyses have focused on the midbrain-hindbrain boundary and the hindbrain, this method could be extended for analysis of any region in the zebrafish to a depth of 
80-100 &mu;m.

In this video, we demonstrate a method by which to analyze the developing vertebrate brain in live zebrafish embryos at single cell resolution by confocal microscopy. This includes the method by which we inject the single-cell zebrafish embryo and subsequently mount and image the developing brain.

Konfokal Mikroskop Zebra balığı Embriyonik Beyin Görüntüleme Canlı

In this video, we demonstrate the method our lab has developed to analyze the cell shape changes and rearrangements required to bend and fold the ...

Live Imaging Of Drosophila melanogaster Embryonic Hemocyte Migrations

Many studies address cell migration using in vitro methods, whereas the physiologically relevant environment is that of the organism itself. Here we present a protocol for the mounting of Drosophila melanogaster embryos and subsequent live imaging of fluorescently labeled hemocytes, the embryonic macrophages of this organism. Using the Gal4-uas system1 we drive the expression of a variety of genetically encoded, fluorescently tagged markers in hemocytes to follow their developmental dispersal throughout the embryo. Following collection of embryos at the desired stage of development, the outer chorion is removed and the embryos are then mounted in halocarbon oil between a hydrophobic, gas-permeable membrane and a glass coverslip for live imaging. In addition to gross migratory parameters such as speed and directionality, higher resolution imaging coupled with the use of fluorescent reporters of F-actin and microtubules can provide more detailed information concerning the dynamics of these cytoskeletal components.

Live Imaging Of Drosophila melanogaster Embryonic Hemocyte Migrations

Drosophila hemocytes disperse over the entirety of the developing embryo. This protocol demonstrates how to mount and image these migrations using embryos with fluorescently labelled hemocytes.

Uygulamalarda Canlı Görüntüleme Drosophila melanogaster Embriyonik Hemocyte Göçler

Many studies address cell migration using in vitro methods, whereas the physiologically relevant environment is that of the organism itself. Here we ...

In vivo Imaging and Therapeutic Treatments in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Ovarian Cancer

Human cancer and response to therapy is better represented in orthotopic animal models. This paper describes the development of an orthotopic mouse model of ovarian cancer, treatment of cancer via oral delivery of drugs, and monitoring of tumor cell behavior in response to drug treatment in real time using in vivo imaging system. In this orthotopic model, ovarian tumor cells expressing luciferase are applied topically by injecting them directly into the mouse bursa where each ovary is enclosed. Upon injection of D-luciferin, a substrate of firefly luciferase, luciferase-expressing cells generate bioluminescence signals. This signal is detected by the in vivo imaging system and allows for a non-invasive means of monitoring tumor growth, distribution, and regression in individual animals. Drug administration via oral gavage allows for a maximum dosing volume of 10 mL/kg body weight to be delivered directly to the stomach and closely resembles delivery of drugs in clinical treatments. Therefore, techniques described here, development of an orthotopic mouse model of ovarian cancer, oral delivery of drugs, and in vivo imaging, are useful for better understanding of human ovarian cancer and treatment and will improve targeting this disease.

In vivo Imaging and Therapeutic Treatments in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Ovarian Cancer

Orthotopic animal models of ovarian cancer replicate better human disease and therefore enhance our understanding of cancer progression and tumor response to therapy. A mouse model receives an intrabursal injection of luciferase-expressing ovarian tumor cells. Treatment is administered via oral gavage. Tumor growth is monitored by in vivo imaging system.

In vivo Görüntüleme ve Yumurtalık Kanseri Ortotopik Fare Modeli Tedavi Tedaviler

Human cancer and response to therapy is better represented in orthotopic animal models.  This paper describes the development of an orthotopic mouse model ...

Isolation and Culture of Cells from the Nephrogenic Zone of the Embryonic Mouse Kidney

Embryonic development of the kidney has been extensively studied both as a model for epithelial-mesenchymal interaction in organogenesis and to gain understanding of the origins of congenital kidney disease. More recently, the possibility of steering na&iuml;ve embryonic stem cells toward nephrogenic fates has been explored in the emerging field of regenerative medicine. Genetic studies in the mouse have identified several pathways required for kidney development, and a global catalog of gene transcription in the organ has recently been generated <a href="http://www.gudmap.org/">http://www.gudmap.org/</a>, providing numerous candidate regulators of essential developmental functions. Organogenesis of the rodent kidney can be studied in organ culture, and many reports have used this approach to analyze outcomes of either applying candidate proteins or knocking down the expression of candidate genes using siRNA or morpholinos. However, the applicability of organ culture to the study of signaling that regulates stem/progenitor cell differentiation versus renewal in the developing kidney is limited as cultured organs contain a compact extracellular matrix limiting diffusion of macromolecules and virus particles. To study the cell signaling events that influence the stem/progenitor cell niche in the kidney we have developed a primary cell system that establishes the nephrogenic zone or progenitor cell niche of the developing kidney ex vivo in isolation from the epithelial inducer of differentiation. Using limited enzymatic digestion, nephrogenic zone cells can be selectively liberated from developing kidneys at E17.5. Following filtration, these cells can be cultured as an irregular monolayer using optimized conditions. Marker gene analysis demonstrates that these cultures contain a distribution of cell types characteristic of the nephrogenic zone in vivo, and that they maintain appropriate marker gene expression during the culture period. These cells are highly accessible to small molecule and recombinant protein treatment, and importantly also to viral transduction, which greatly facilitates the study of candidate stem/progenitor cell regulator effects. Basic cell biological parameters such as proliferation and cell death as well as changes in expression of molecular markers characteristic of nephron stem/progenitor cells in vivo can be successfully used as experimental outcomes. Ongoing work in our laboratory using this novel primary cell technique aims to uncover basic mechanisms governing the regulation of self-renewal versus differentiation in nephron stem/progenitor cells.

In this report we describe a method for the isolation and culture of the progenitor cell niche from the embryonic mouse kidney that can be used to study signaling pathways regulating stem/progenitor cells of the developing kidney. These cultured cells are highly accessible to small molecule and recombinant protein treatment, and importantly also to viral transduction, which allows efficient manipulation of candidate pathways.

Embriyonik Fare Böbrek Nefrojenik Zone Hücreleri İzolasyon ve Kültür

Embryonic development of the kidney has been extensively studied both as a model for epithelial-mesenchymal interaction in organogenesis and  to gain ...

Ex Vivo Culture of Primary Human Fallopian Tube Epithelial Cells

Epithelial ovarian cancer is a leading cause of female cancer mortality in the United States. In contrast to other women-specific cancers, like breast and uterine carcinomas, where death rates have fallen in recent years, ovarian cancer cure rates have remained relatively unchanged over the past two decades 1. This is largely due to the lack of appropriate screening tools for detection of early stage disease where surgery and chemotherapy are most effective 2, 3. As a result, most patients present with advanced stage disease and diffuse abdominal involvement. This is further complicated by the fact that ovarian cancer is a heterogeneous disease with multiple histologic subtypes 4, 5. Serous ovarian carcinoma (SOC) is the most common and aggressive subtype and the form most often associated with mutations in the BRCA genes. Current experimental models in this field involve the use of cancer cell lines and mouse models to better understand the initiating genetic events and pathogenesis of disease 6, 7. Recently, the fallopian tube has emerged as a novel site for the origin of SOC, with the fallopian tube (FT) secretory epithelial cell (FTSEC) as the proposed cell of origin 8, 9. There are currently no cell lines or culture systems available to study the FT epithelium or the FTSEC. Here we describe a novel ex vivo culture system where primary human FT epithelial cells are cultured in a manner that preserves their architecture, polarity, immunophenotype, and response to physiologic and genotoxic stressors. This ex vivo model provides a useful tool for the study of SOC, allowing a better understanding of how tumors can arise from this tissue, and the mechanisms involved in tumor initiation and progression.

Ex Vivo Culture of Primary Human Fallopian Tube Epithelial Cells

The fallopian tube (FT) is emerging as an alternative site of origin for serous ovarian carcinoma (SOC). This protocol describes a novel method for the isolation and ex vivo culture of fallopian tube epithelial cells. This system recapitulates the in vivo epithelium and allows the study of SOC pathogenesis.

Ex Vivo Kültür İlköğretim İnsan Fallop Tüp Epitel Hücreleri

Epithelial ovarian cancer is a leading cause of female cancer mortality in the United States. In contrast to other women-specific cancers, like breast and ...

A System for ex vivo Culturing of Embryonic Pancreas

The pancreas controls vital functions of our body, including the production of digestive enzymes and regulation of blood sugar levels1. Although in the past decade many studies have contributed to a solid foundation for understanding pancreatic organogenesis, important gaps persist in our knowledge of early pancreas formation2. A complete understanding of these early events will provide insight into the development of this organ, but also into incurable diseases that target the pancreas, such as diabetes or pancreatic cancer. Finally, this information will generate a blueprint for developing cell-replacement therapies in the context of diabetes.
 During embryogenesis, the pancreas originates from distinct embryonic outgrowths of the dorsal and ventral foregut endoderm at embryonic day (E) 9.5 in the mouse embryo3,4. Both outgrowths evaginate into the surrounding mesenchyme as solid epithelial buds, which undergo proliferation, branching and differentiation to generate a fully mature organ2,5,6. Recent evidences have suggested that growth and differentiation of pancreatic cell lineages, including the insulin-producing &beta;-cells, depends on proper tissue-architecture, epithelial remodeling and cell positioning within the branching pancreatic epithelium7,8. However, how branching morphogenesis occurs and is coordinated with proliferation and differentiation in the pancreas is largely unknown. This is in part due to the fact that current knowledge about these developmental processes has relied almost exclusively on analysis of fixed specimens, while morphogenetic events are highly dynamic.
 Here, we report a method for dissecting and culturing mouse embryonic pancreatic buds ex vivo on glass bottom dishes, which allow direct visualization of the developing pancreas (Figure 1). This culture system is ideally devised for confocal laser scanning microscopy and, in particular, live-cell imaging. Pancreatic explants can be prepared not only from wild-type mouse embryos, but also from genetically engineered mouse strains (e.g. transgenic or knockout), allowing real-time studies of mutant phenotypes. Moreover, this ex vivo culture system is valuable to study the effects of chemical compounds on pancreatic development, enabling to obtain quantitative data about proliferation and growth, elongation, branching, tubulogenesis and differentiation. In conclusion, the development of an ex vivo pancreatic explant culture method combined with high-resolution imaging provides a strong platform for observing morphogenetic and differentiation events as they occur within the developing mouse embryo.

A System for ex vivo Culturing of Embryonic Pancreas

Here, we describe a method for isolation, culture and manipulation of mouse embryonic pancreas. This represents an excellent ex vivo system for studying various aspects of pancreatic development, including morphogenesis, differentiation and growth. Pancreatic bud explants can be cultured for several days and used in a range of different applications, including whole-mount immunofluorescence and live imaging.

Için bir sistem<em&gt; Ex vivo</emEmbriyonik Pankreas&gt; ekimi

The pancreas controls vital functions of our body,  including the production of digestive enzymes and regulation of blood sugar  levels1. Although in the ...

A Novel Ex vivo Culture Method for the Embryonic Mouse Heart

Developmental studies in the mouse are hampered by the inaccessibility of the embryo during gestation. Thus, protocols to isolate and culture individual organs of interest are essential to provide a method of both visualizing changes in development and allowing novel treatment strategies. To promote the long-term culture of the embryonic heart at late stages of gestation, we developed a protocol in which the excised heart is cultured in a semi-solid, dilute Matrigel. This substrate provides enough support to maintain the three-dimensional structure but is flexible enough to allow continued contraction. In brief, hearts are excised from the embryo and placed in a mixture of cold Matrigel diluted 1:1 with growth medium. After the diluted Matrigel solidifies, growth medium is added to the culture dish. Hearts excised as late as embryonic day 16.5 were viable for four days post-dissection. Analysis of the coronary plexus shows that this method does not disrupt coronary vascular development. Thus, we present a novel method for long-term culture of embryonic hearts.

A Novel Ex vivo Culture Method for the Embryonic Mouse Heart

Developmental studies in the mouse are hampered by the inaccessibility of the embryo during gestation. To promote the long-term culture of the embryonic heart at late stages of gestation, we developed a protocol in which the excised heart is cultured in a semi-solid, dilute Matrigel.

Yeni Bir<em&gt; Ex vivo</emEmbriyonik Fare Kalp için&gt; Kültür Yöntemi

Developmental studies in the mouse are hampered  by the inaccessibility of the embryo during gestation. Thus, protocols to  isolate and culture individual ...

Mouse Fetal Whole Intestine Culture System for Ex Vivo Manipulation of Signaling Pathways and Three-dimensional Live Imaging of Villus Development

Most morphogenetic processes in the fetal intestine have been inferred from thin sections of fixed tissues, providing snapshots of changes over developmental stages. Three-dimensional information from thin serial sections can be challenging to interpret because of the difficulty of reconstructing serial sections perfectly and maintaining proper orientation of the tissue over serial sections. Recent findings by Grosse et al., 2011 highlight the importance of three- dimensional information in understanding morphogenesis of the developing villi of the intestine1. Three-dimensional reconstruction of singly labeled intestinal cells demonstrated that the majority of the intestinal epithelial cells contact both the apical and basal surfaces. Furthermore, three-dimensional reconstruction of the actin cytoskeleton at the apical surface of the epithelium demonstrated that the intestinal lumen is continuous and that secondary lumens are an artifact of sectioning. Those two points, along with the demonstration of interkinetic nuclear migration in the intestinal epithelium, defined the developing intestinal epithelium as a pseudostratified epithelium and not stratified as previously thought1. The ability to observe the epithelium three-dimensionally was seminal to demonstrating this point and redefining epithelial morphogenesis in the fetal intestine. With the evolution of multi-photon imaging technology and three-dimensional reconstruction software, the ability to visualize intact, developing organs is rapidly improving. Two-photon excitation allows less damaging penetration deeper into tissues with high resolution. Two-photon imaging and 3D reconstruction of the whole fetal mouse intestines in Walton et al., 2012 helped to define the pattern of villus outgrowth2. Here we describe a whole organ culture system that allows ex vivo development of villi and extensions of that culture system to allow the intestines to be three-dimensionally imaged during their development.

Mouse Fetal Whole Intestine Culture System for Ex Vivo Manipulation of Signaling Pathways and Three-dimensional Live Imaging of Villus Development

Improved imaging technology is allowing three-dimensional imaging of organs during development. Here we describe a whole organ culture system that allows live imaging of the developing villi in the fetal mouse intestine.

Fare Embriyonik Cilt ve Melanoblast Göç Canlı görüntüleme ex vivo Kültür

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