We thank Ueli Grossniklaus (University of Z&#252;rich) for technical and financial support. We are thankful to Valeria Gagliardini, Christof Eichenberger, Arturo Bolanos and Peter Kopf for general lab support. This research was funded by the University of Z&#252;rich, grants from the Swiss National Foundation to CB (31003A_130722) and Ueli Grossniklaus (31003A_141245 and 31003AB-126006), and the Agence Nationale de la Recherche to DG (Programme ANR-BLANC-2012).

Prosedür, Şekil 1 &#39;de iş akışı tarif edilmektedir, ve diseksiyon ve dokuların yerleştirilmesi için kurulum Şekil 2&#39;de sunulmuştur. 1.. Doku Fixation <ol><li> Buz üzerinde taze BVO sabitleyici tampon içeren bir mikrofuj tüp içinde 20-30 carpels toplayın. </li><li> Yumuşak, oda sıcaklığında çalkalanarak doku 30 dak. </li><li> 400 x g de bir tezgah üstü mikrosantrfuj 1 dakika içinde sabitleyici carpels ihtiva eden tüpler dönerler. </li><li> Dikkatlice sabitleyici tamponunu çıkarın ve PBT 1 ml eklemek, buz üzerinde tüpleri. </li></ol> 2.. Diseksiyon ve katıştırma <ol><li> Bir taze yapılmış,% 5 akrilamid karışımı her 200 ul beş Eppendorf tüpleri hazırlayın. </li><li> Beş Superfrost slaytlar% 70 etanol ile önceden temizlenmiş ve bir kalem ile etiketlenmiş hazırlayın. </li><li> Bir% 20 APS bölüntüsünün ve buz üzerinde% 20 Naps her çözülme. </li><li> Bir kesim uç ucu, yer ile 4-5 carpels alıntemiz bir slayt üzerine onları, sıvı fazlalığı kaldırın. </li><li> Ince bir iğne ile uzunlamasına kesim yapın ve gösterildiği gibi, Şekil 2 ovüller satır serbest bırakmak için meyve yaprağı duvarları ayırmak, PBS (en fazla 10 ul) ile kaplayarak kurumayı önlemek. </li><li> Çabuk 12 ul Naps, 200 ul akrilamid karışımı bir bölümüyle 12 ul APS ekleyin ve karıştırın. </li><li> Kesilmiş ovüllerde üzerine aktive akrilamidin 30 ul ekle. </li><li> 20 x 20 mm lamel ile kaplayın, oda sıcaklığında 45-60 dk polimerize edelim. </li><li> Bir jilet kullanarak lamel çıkarın. Bu aşamada, numuneler PBS içeren bir Coplin kavanoz içinde 4 ° C&#39;de bir gece boyunca muhafaza edilebilir. </li></ol> 3.. Doku İşleme Not: 3.2.1, 3.2.3, 3.3.2 ve 3.4.3 dışındaki tüm aşamalar oda sıcaklığında kimyasal başlık altında 80 ml solüsyonu ile Coplin kavanoz içinde gerçekleştirilmektedir. Slaytlar düz uçlu forseps ile aktarılır. <ol><li> Doku açıklama vesabitleme: <ol><li> Metanol içinde 5 dakika inkübe edin. </li><li> Etanol içinde 5 dakika inkübe edin. </li><li> Ksilen (1:1): Etanol içinde 30 dakika inkübe edin. </li><li> Etanol içinde 5 dakika inkübe edin. </li><li> Metanol içinde 5 dakika inkübe edin. </li><li> % 2.5 formaldehit ile tamamlanır, metanol ve PBT (1:1) içinde 15 dakika inkübe edin. </li><li> PBT 2 x 10 dakika durulayın. Bu aşamada, slaytlar, 4 ° C de bir gece tutulabilir </li></ol></li><li> Hücre duvarı sindirim: <ol><li> Buz üzerinde hücre duvarı sindirim karışımı bir kısım çözülme. </li><li> Bir kağıt havlu üzerinde dikey yerleştirerek sıvının aşırı drenaj, Coplin kavanoz bir slayt atın. </li><li> Akrilamid pad üzerinde hücre duvarı sindirim karışımı 100 ul ekleyin ve 23 x 46 mm lamel ile kaplayın. Diğer slaytlar için tekrarlayın. (Malzemelerde anlatılan) bir nem odası içinde 37 ° C&#39;de 2 saat boyunca inkübe edilir. </li><li> PBT slaytlar 2 x 5 dakika yıkanır. </li></ol></li><li> Bir tedavi RNaz: <ol><li> Coplin kavanoz bir slayt atın, inci tahliyedaha önce olduğu gibi, fazla sıvının e. </li><li> % 1 Tween-20, 1 saat boyunca 37 ° C&#39;de nemli bir odaya ile PBS içinde 100 ug / ml &#39;de RnazA 100 ul her bir slayt inkübe edin. </li><li> PBT 2 x 5 dakika boyunca slaytlar yıkayın. </li></ol></li><li> Post-fiksasyon ve permeabilizasyon: <ol><li> Taze yapılmış PBT-F 20 dakika için Post-fix. </li><li> PBT içinde 10 dakika için slaytlar durulayın. </li><li> 4 ° C&#39;de% 2 Tween-20 ile PBS içinde 2 saat boyunca geçirgen </li><li> PBT 2 x 5 dakika boyunca slaytlar durulayın. </li></ol></li></ol> 4. İmmünoboyama NOT: Bu adımda, birincil antikorun optimum konsantrasyonu, değişik seyreltiler antikorların (1:200, 1:500, 1:1000) kullanılarak test edilmesi gerekir. <ol><li> 4 ° C&#39;de 12-24 saat süre ile% 0.2 Tween-20 ile PBS içinde seyreltilmiş birincil antikor, 100 ul her bir slayt inkübe </li><li> Nazik çalkalama altında oda sıcaklığında 2-4 saat boyunca PBT slaytlar yıkayın. </li><li> Uygulaİkincil antikor 1:200 PBS +% 0.2 Tween-20, 24 saat boyunca 4 ° C&#39;de </li><li> Nazik çalkalama altında oda sıcaklığında 1 saat boyunca PBT slaytlar yıkayın. </li><li> 15 dakika boyunca PBS içinde 10 ug / ml propidyum iyodür Counterstain, daha sonra oda sıcaklığında, hafifçe çalkalayarak, PBS içinde 15 dakika durulayın. </li><li> Anti-solma sıvı mountant Mount 10 ug / ml propidyum iyodür ile takviye edilmiştir. Montaj orta CLSM görüntüleri almadan önce 1 saat boyunca sertleşmeye bırakın. </li></ol> 5.. Sayısal Görüntüleme <ol><li> Görüntü edinimi: <ol><li> Ideal daha uzun görüntüleme üzerinde 23 floresan sinyallerin korunması ve 63X gliserol daldırma objektifi sağlayan bir rezonans tarama modunu kullanarak, CLSM kullanarak yüksek çözünürlüklü görüntüler elde. </li><li> Kesinlikle boyunca takip için standart bir toplama prosedürü tanımlamak için böyle bir deney başında lazer yoğunluğu, kazanç, iğne deliği, voksel boyutu ve yakınlaştırma faktörü olarak satın alma parametreleri testTutarlı kantitatif ölçümler için tüm slaytlar. </li><li> Fluorochromes arasında çapraz konuşma olmadığını doğrulayın. Eğer varsa, sıralı bir tarama kurmak. Ayrı ayrı ve eş zamanlı iletim görüntü kazanır. </li><li> X ve y boyutlarında mümkün olan en yüksek çözünürlükte ve z boyut (Nyquist kuralı) 2x Oversampling ile seri, üç boyutlu görüntü alımı gerçekleştirin. </li></ol></li><li> Görüntü işleme: <ol><li> Ticari veya açık kaynak kodlu yazılım kullanarak üç boyutlu olarak seri görüntüleri yeniden. </li><li> 3D ilgi her çekirdek (veya hücre) etrafında kontur yüzeyleri tanımlayın. </li><li> Her nesne piksel yoğunluklarının toplamı olarak, her kanaldaki floresansı ölçmek. </li><li> Istatistiksel analizler için Excel&#39;e veri ihracat. Örneğin, DNA boyama sinyallerine karşı antikor sinyallerini normalleştirmek. </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

Çiçekli bitkilerde, dişi üreme soy nedenle teknik zorlu tüm montaj sitolojik lekelenme render nucellus ve ovül teguments dahil olmak üzere birçok hücre tabakası ile çevrilidir. Burada örneğin tam montaj in situ hibridizasyon immüno-boyama, DNA boyama ve floresan gibi sitolojik boyanması için uygun ovüller, çok sayıda hazırlanmasını ve işlenmesini sağlayan etkin bir protokol sunmaktır. Başarıyla Arabidopsis 21,22 dişi üreme tohum çizgisi analizi için kullanılı...

Çiçekli bitkilerde üreme soy kurulması SMC&#39;lerinin farklılaşması, kadın MMC ve erkek Mikrospor anne hücre ile başlar. MMC ovül primordiumunun uzak ucunda bir alt epidermal nucellar hücreden gelişen ve mikrospor anne hücre derin çiçek organları 1 içinde bulunan anter lokül içinde sporogenous dokusundan gelişir. SMC&#39;ler sonra mitoz üzerine gametofitleri doğuran haploid sporlar, üretmek için mayoz tabi. Dişi gametofit veya embriyo kesesi, bir yumurta hücresinin, tek bir merkezi hücrenin, iki synergids ve üç zıtlar oluşur. Erkek gametofit veya polen, bir bitkisel hücre ve iki sperm hücrelerinin oluşmaktadır. Erkek gametofit nispeten erişilebilir nesne-of-çalışma devam ederken, kadın gametofitin kendisi çiçek karpelin içine, ovüldeki içine gömülü, ve dolayısıyla moleküler ve sitolojik analizler belirli zorluklar teşkil edilir. Ancak son zamanlarda, lazer desteklimikrodisseksiyon Transkriptomik MMC ve kadın gemotofitik hücrelerde 2-4 analizleri sağlayan zarif bir çözüm sundu. Aday gen ekspresyonuna ek olarak sitolojik analizleri, belirli hücre boyama doğrudan ya da dolaylı immüno-lekeleme kullanılarak, endojen hücre bileşenlerinin dinamiklerini araştıran, in situ melezleme ya da raportör gen deneyleri, örneğin RNA sağlar kullanarak analiz eder. Özellikle, birlikte kromatin modifikasyon veya kromatin bileşenleri immün ile, FISH ve DNA boyama kullanılarak sitogenetik boyama Arabidopsis&#39;de 5 kromatin dinamikleri ve nükleer organizasyon aydınlatmak için merkezi yaklaşımlardır. Tipik olarak, mayoz de 6,7 meiocytes bitki erkekte araştırılmıştır spesifik kromozom dinamikleri gerektirir; muhtemelen dinamik epigenetik yeniden programlama yansıtan daha büyük ölçekli, hücreye özel kromatin düzenlenmesi, polen gelişimi sırasında 8-10 tarif edilmiştir. Buna karşın, nedenikadın meiocyte ve gametofit göreli erişilememesi nedeniyle, bu soruşturmaların uygulamak teknik olarak zor kalır ve sık sık (aşağıya bakınız) kesit veya manuel diseksiyonu ve enzimatik sindirim gerektirir. Buna ek olarak, tüm montaj içinde optik netlik yaygın olmaması sağlam ovüllerindeki üreme hücrelerinin yüksek çözünürlüklü görüntüleme için bir engeldir. Tüm montaj ovüllerindeki kromozom örgüt sitolojik analizi için klasik bir yöntem Feulgen en lekelenme 11-13 kullanır. Protein denatürasyonu ile sonuçlanır ve bu nedenle, kromatin yapısının yok edilmesine neden olan DNA (hipokloröz asit kullanılarak) asit hidrolizi içerir. Alternatif olarak, kadın meiocytes ve gemotofitik hücrelerde kromozom organizasyonu (örneğin 14-18 bakınız) yarı-ince kesitler veya disseke embriyo keseleri ve MMC Dapi ve immun boyama kullanılarak görülebilir. Açıkçası, ancak, manuel diseksiyon ve kesit yoğun emek olabilir vekromatin epitoplarının büyük bir sayıda nitel ve nicel analizi engellemektedir. Burada bütün montaj içinde alt sitolojik lekelenme çeşitli için uygun Arabidopsis ovüller, çok sayıda hazırlanması için etkin bir protokol sağlar. Kısaca, çiçek tomurcukları bir sabitleyici çözelti içinde inkübe edilir, ovüller sıraları karpelin ayrılır ve polen meiocytes 19,20 için yapıldığı gibi slayt üzerinde akrilamid gömülü. Gömülü ovüller bundan başka, metanol, etanol, ve hücre duvarı sindirim ve nüfuziyet önce iksilen içinde temizlendi ve sabitlenir. Bu adımların olası varyasyonları tartışılmıştır. Numuneler daha sonra DNA lekeleme, imüno ve FISH için kullanılabilir. Hazırlık modu verimli ve (en fazla 16 slaytlar farklı alt analizi için bir gün içinde hazırlanabilir) paralel deneysel set-up sağlar. Açıklanan tedaviler, tüm montaj içinde homojen sinyalleri etkinleştirmek ve iyi histolojik, hücresel konservelerive hücre tipleri arasında nitel ve nicel karşılaştırmaları yarar üreme hücreleri ve çevresindeki nucellar hücrelerde nükleer organizasyonu. Kalibre, 3-boyutlu rekonstrüksiyon ardından CLSM-tabanlı yüksek çözünürlüklü görüntüleme floresan sinyalleri anlamlı kantitatif ölçümleri sağlar. Biz başarıyla ayırt MMC 21 ve dişi gametofit 22 gelişmekte kromatin dinamiklerini analiz etmek için bu prosedürü kullanılır; biz burada tüm montaj ovüllerindeki heterokromatinin analizi, kromatin immünoboyamayla, GFP İmmunosteyn ve FISH temsilcisi sonuçlarını sunmak. Bu protokol daha da diğer bitki dokularında ve türleri için uygun olacağına inanıyoruz.

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an efficient method for quantitative, single-cell analysis of chromatin modification and nuclear architecture in whole-mount ovules in arabidopsis

Çiçekli bitkilerde, somatik-to-üreme hücresi kader geçiş yetişkin bitkinin çiçek organlarında spor anne hücrelerin şartnamede (SMC&#39;ler) ile işaretlenir. Kadın SMC (Megaspor anne hücre, MMC) yumurta hücresi primordiumunun içinde ayırır ve mayoz uğrar. Seçilen haploid Megaspor sonra birlikte aksesuar hücreleri ile, gamet sebebiyet verecek çok hücreli dişi gametofit, yumurta hücresi ve merkez hücre oluşturmak için mitoz uğrar. Ovüldeki içindeki MMC, meiocyte ve dişi gametopitin sınırlı erişilebilirlik sitolojik için teknik olarak zor ve sitogenetik tek hücre düzeyinde analiz eder. Özel olarak, hücresel ya da nükleer epitoplar doğrudan ya da dolaylı immunodeteksiyon bitki hücresi ve tek hücre görüntüleme içindeki reaktiflerin zayıf penetrasyon ile bozulur tüm montaj dokularda optik berraklık eksikliğinden demize edilir. Böylece, Nucl analiz etmek için etkili bir yöntem geliştirditüm montaj gömülü Arabidopsis ovüllerindeki tek bir hücrede yüksek çözünürlükte kulak organizasyon ve kromatin modifikasyonu. Bu, bir mikroskop lamı üzerine akrilamid jel ince bir tabaka olarak diseksiyon ve sabit ovüllerin gömülmesi dayanmaktadır. Gömülü ovüller immüno-boyama reaktiflere doku açıklık ve geçirgenlik iyileştirmeyi amaçlayan kimyasal ve enzimatik tedavilere tabi tutulur. Bu tedaviler hücresel ve kromatin organizasyonu, DNA ve protein epitoplar korumak. Numuneler Kromatin immüno-lekeleme, in situ hibridizasyon (FISH) floresan ve heterokromatin analiz için DNA lekeleme gibi farklı alt sitolojik analizi için kullanılabilir. 3D rekonstrüksiyon geçmez yüksek çözünürlüklü konfokal lazer tarama mikroskobu (CLSM) görüntüleme, tek hücreli çözünürlükte nicel ölçümler sağlar.

Bu tam montaj sitolojik boyanması için uygun olan Arabidopsis ovüller, büyük ölçekli hazırlanması ve işlenmesi için sağlam bir protokol sağlar. Gömme sayesinde, ovülller bir 3-boyutlu yapı (Şekil 3) korur. Ayrıca, optik açıklama dahil olmak üzere doku işleme yüksek çözünürlükte görüntüleme hücre içi yapıları sağlar. 4 heterokromatinin (hayır Dekonvolüsyonun bu resim için kullanılan) de göze çarpan odaklar tanımlandığı gibi parlak g?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Efficient Method for Quantitative, Single-cell Analysis of Chromatin Modification and Nuclear Architecture in Whole-mount Ovules in Arabidopsis at JoVE.com

An Efficient Method for Quantitative, Single-cell Analysis of Chromatin Modification and Nuclear Architecture in Whole-mount Ovules in Arabidopsis

Biz İmmunosteyn, floresan in situ hibridizasyon, tüm montaj Arabidopsis thaliana ovüllerindeki kantitatif, yüksek çözünürlüklü görüntüleme ile takip DNA boyama için burada etkin ve güvenilir bir protokol sağlar. Bu yöntem başarıyla kromatin modifikasyonları ve nükleer mimarisi kullanılarak analiz edildi.

Tüm montaj ovüllerindeki in Kromatin Modifikasyonu ve Nükleer Mimarlık Kantitatif, Tek hücreli Analizi için Etkin Bir Yöntem<em&gt; Arabidopsis</em

In flowering plants, the somatic-to-reproductive cell fate transition is marked by the specification of spore mother cells (SMCs) in floral organs of the ...

an-efficient-method-for-quantitative-single-cell-analysis-chromatin

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

An Efficient Method for Quantitative, Single-cell Analysis of Chromatin Modification and Nuclear Architecture in Whole-mount Ovules in Arabidopsis

13.1K Görüntüleme.  University of Zürich.  Biz İmmunosteyn, floresan in situ hibridizasyon, tüm montaj Arabidopsis thaliana ovüllerindeki kantitatif, yüksek çözünürlüklü görüntüleme ile takip DNA boyama için burada etkin ve güvenilir bir protokol sağlar. Bu yöntem başarıyla kromatin modifikasyonları ve nükleer mimarisi kullanılarak analiz edildi. 

Video: An Efficient Method for Quantitative, Single-cell Analysis of Chromatin Modification and Nuclear Architecture in Whole-mount Ovules in Arabidopsis

Double Whole Mount in situ Hybridization of Early Chick Embryos

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ideal tool for studying  gene expression in brain, neural tube, somite and heart primordia formation. This video demonstrates the different steps in 2-color whole mount in situ hybridization; First, the embryo is dissected from the egg and fixed in paraformaldehyde. Second, the embryo is processed for prehybridization. The embryo is then hybridized with two different probes, one coupled to DIG, and one coupled to FITC.  Following overnight hybridization, the embryo is incubated with DIG coupled antibody. Color reaction for DIG substrate is performed, and the region of interest appears blue. The embryo is then incubated with FITC coupled antibody. The embryo is processed for color reaction with FITC, and the region of interest appears red. Finally, the embryo is fixed and processed for phtograph and sectioning. A troubleshooting guide is also presented.

This video demonstrates 2-color whole mount in situ hybridization, a method by which the spatial and temporal expression pattern of 2 different genes can be visualized in young chick embryos. This method was originally introduced by David Wilkinson, Domingos Henrique, Phil Ingham and David Ish -Horowicz.

Erken Civciv Embriyolar in situ Hibridizasyon Çift Tüm Dağı

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ...

Biyoloji

Method for Whole Mount Antibody Staining in Chick

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ideal tool for studying antibody expression in developing brain, neural tube and somite. This video demonstrates the different steps in whole-mount antibody staining using HRP conjugated secondary antibodies; First, the embryo is dissected from the egg and fixed in paraformaldehyde. Second, endogenous peroxidase is inactivated; The embryo is then exposed to primary antibody. After several washes, the embryo is incubated with secondary antibody conjugated to HRP. Peroxidase activity is revealed using reaction with diaminobenzidine substrate. Finally, the embryo is fixed and processed for photography and sectioning. The advantage of this method over the use of fluorescent antibodies is that embryos can be processed for wax sectioning, thus enabling the study of antigen sites in cross section. This method was originally introduced by Jane Dodd and Tom Jessell 1.

This video demonstrates whole mount immunohistochemistry, a method by which the spatial and temporal expression pattern of an antigen can be visualized in young chick embryos. This method was originally introduced by Jane Dodd and Tom Jessell.

Chick Tüm Dağı Antikor Boyama Yöntemi

Hi-C: A Method to Study the Three-dimensional Architecture of Genomes.

The three-dimensional folding of chromosomes compartmentalizes the genome and and can bring distant functional elements, such as promoters and enhancers, into close spatial proximity 2-6. Deciphering the relationship between chromosome organization and genome activity will aid in understanding genomic processes, like transcription and replication. However, little is known about how chromosomes fold. Microscopy is unable to distinguish large numbers of loci simultaneously or at high resolution. To date, the detection of chromosomal interactions using chromosome conformation capture (3C) and its subsequent adaptations required the choice of a set of target loci, making genome-wide studies impossible 7-10.
We developed Hi-C, an extension of 3C that is capable of identifying long range interactions in an unbiased, genome-wide fashion. In Hi-C, cells are fixed with formaldehyde, causing interacting loci to be bound to one another by means of covalent DNA-protein cross-links. When the DNA is subsequently fragmented with a restriction enzyme, these loci remain linked. A biotinylated residue is incorporated as the 5' overhangs are filled in. Next, blunt-end ligation is performed under dilute conditions that favor ligation events between cross-linked DNA fragments. This results in a genome-wide library of ligation products, corresponding to pairs of fragments that were originally in close proximity to each other in the nucleus. Each ligation product is marked with biotin at the site of the junction. The library is sheared, and the junctions are pulled-down with streptavidin beads. The purified junctions can subsequently be analyzed using a high-throughput sequencer, resulting in a catalog of interacting fragments.
Direct analysis of the resulting contact matrix reveals numerous features of genomic organization, such as the presence of chromosome territories and the preferential association of small gene-rich chromosomes. Correlation analysis can be applied to the contact matrix, demonstrating that the human genome is segregated into two compartments: a less densely packed compartment containing open, accessible, and active chromatin and a more dense compartment containing closed, inaccessible, and inactive chromatin regions. Finally, ensemble analysis of the contact matrix, coupled with theoretical derivations and computational simulations, revealed that at the megabase scale Hi-C reveals features consistent with a fractal globule conformation.

The Hi-C method allows unbiased, genome-wide identification of chromatin interactions (1). Hi-C couples proximity ligation and massively parallel sequencing. The resulting data can be used to study genomic architecture at multiple scales: initial results identified features such as chromosome territories, segregation of open and closed chromatin, and chromatin structure at the megabase scale.

Hi-C: genomların Üç boyutlu Mimari Eğitim Bir Yöntem.

The three-dimensional folding of chromosomes compartmentalizes the genome and and can bring distant functional elements, such as promoters and enhancers, ...

Visualization and Analysis of mRNA Molecules Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) method allows one to detect nucleic acids in the native cellular environment. Here we provide a protocol for using FISH to quantify the number of mRNAs in single yeast cells. Cells can be grown in any condition of interest and then fixed and made permeable. Subsequently, multiple single-stranded deoxyoligonucleotides conjugated to fluorescent dyes are used to label and visualize mRNAs. Diffraction-limited fluorescence from single mRNA molecules is quantified using a spot-detection algorithm to identify and count the number of mRNAs per cell. While the more standard quantification methods of northern blots, RT-PCR and gene expression microarrays provide information on average mRNAs in the bulk population, FISH facilitates both the counting and localization of these mRNAs in single cells at single-molecule resolution.

Visualization and Analysis of mRNA Molecules Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

This protocol describes an experimental procedure for performing Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) for counting mRNAs in single cells at single-molecule resolution.

Floresan kullanarak mRNA Moleküllerin Görselleştirme ve Analiz<em&gt; Yerinde</emIn&gt; Hibridizasyon<em&gt; Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em

The Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) method allows one to detect nucleic acids in the native cellular environment. Here we provide a protocol for ...

Slide Preparation Method to Preserve Three-dimensional Chromatin Architecture of Testicular Germ Cells

During testicular germ cell differentiation, the structure of nuclear chromatin dynamically changes. The following describes a method designed to preserve the three-dimensional chromatin arrangement of testicular germ cells found in mice; this method has been termed as the three-dimensional (3D) slide method. In this method, testicular tubules are directly treated with a permeabilization step that removes cytoplasmic material, followed by a fixation step that fixes nuclear materials. Tubules are then dissociated, the cell suspension is cytospun, and cells adhere to slides. This method improves sensitivity towards detection of subnuclear structures and is applicable for immunofluorescence, DNA, and RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and the combination of these detection methods. As an example of a possible application of the 3D slide method, a Cot-1 RNA FISH is shown to detect nascent RNAs. The 3D slide method will facilitate the detailed examination of spatial relationships between chromatin structure, DNA, and RNA during testicular germ cell differentiation.

The material here describes a method developed to preserve the three-dimensional chromatin structure of testicular germ cells. This has been termed the three-dimensional (3D) slide method. This method improves sensitivity for detection of subnuclear structures and is applicable for immunofluorescence, DNA, and RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).

Testis Germ Hücrelerinin Üç Boyutlu Kromatin Mimarisini Korumak için Slayt Hazırlama Yöntemi

During testicular germ cell differentiation, the structure of nuclear chromatin dynamically changes. The following describes a method designed to preserve ...

Measuring Spatial and Temporal Ca2+ Signals in Arabidopsis Plants

Developmental and environmental cues induce Ca2+ fluctuations in plant cells. Stimulus-specific spatial-temporal Ca2+ patterns are sensed by cellular Ca2+ binding proteins that initiate Ca2+ signaling cascades. However, we still know little about how stimulus specific Ca2+ signals are generated. The specificity of a Ca2+ signal may be attributed to the sophisticated regulation of the activities of Ca2+ channels and/or transporters in response to a given stimulus. To identify these cellular components and understand their functions, it is crucial to use systems that allow a sensitive and robust recording of Ca2+ signals at both the tissue and cellular levels. Genetically encoded Ca2+ indicators that are targeted to different cellular compartments have provided a platform for live cell confocal imaging of cellular Ca2+ signals. Here we describe instructions for the use of two Ca2+ detection systems: aequorin based FAS (film adhesive seedlings) luminescence Ca2+ imaging and case12 based live cell confocal fluorescence Ca2+ imaging. Luminescence imaging using the FAS system provides a simple, robust and sensitive detection of spatial and temporal Ca2+ signals at the tissue level, while live cell confocal imaging using Case12 provides simultaneous detection of cytosolic and nuclear Ca2+ signals at a high resolution.

Measuring Spatial and Temporal Ca2+ Signals in Arabidopsis Plants

Ca2+ signaling regulates diverse biological processes in plants. Here we present approaches for monitoring abiotic stress induced spatial and temporal Ca2+ signals in Arabidopsis cells and tissues using the genetically encoded Ca2+ indicators Aequorin or Case12.

Ölçme Mekansal ve zamansal Ca<sup&gt; 2+</supArabidopsis Bitkilerde&gt; Sinyalleri

Developmental and environmental cues induce Ca2+ fluctuations in plant cells. Stimulus-specific spatial-temporal Ca2+ patterns are sensed by cellular Ca2+ ...

A Whole Mount In Situ Hybridization Method for the Gastropod Mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis

Whole mount in situ hybridization (WMISH) is a technique that allows for the spatial resolution of nucleic acid molecules (often mRNAs) within a &#39;whole mount&#39; tissue preparation, or developmental stage (such as an embryo or larva) of interest. WMISH is extremely powerful because it can significantly contribute to the functional characterization of complex metazoan genomes, a challenge that is becoming more of a bottleneck with the deluge of next generation sequence data. Despite the conceptual simplicity of the technique much time is often needed to optimize the various parameters inherent to WMISH experiments for novel model systems; subtle differences in the cellular and biochemical properties between tissue types and developmental stages mean that a single WMISH method may not be appropriate for all situations. We have developed a set of WMISH methods for the re-emerging gastropod model Lymnaea stagnalis that generate consistent and clear WMISH signals for a range of genes, and across all developmental stages. These methods include the assignment of larvae of unknown chronological age to an ontogenetic window, the efficient removal of embryos and larvae from their egg capsules, the application of an appropriate Proteinase-K treatment for each ontogenetic window, and hybridization, post-hybridization and immunodetection steps. These methods provide a foundation from which the resulting signal for a given RNA transcript can be further refined with probe specific adjustments (primarily probe concentration and hybridization temperature).

A Whole Mount In Situ Hybridization Method for the Gastropod Mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis

The goal of this protocol is to provide users with a set of methods for the high-throughput decapsulation of Lymnaea stagnalis embryos and larvae in preparation for whole mount in situ hybridization, and for subsequent pre- and post-hybridization treatments.

A Whole Dağı<em&gt; In Situ</emGastropoda yumuşakça için&gt; Hibridizasyon Yöntemi<em&gt; Lymnaea stagnalis</em

Whole mount in situ hybridization (WMISH) is a technique that allows for the spatial resolution of nucleic acid molecules (often mRNAs) within a ...

CUBIC Protocol Visualizes Protein Expression at Single Cell Resolution in Whole Mount Skin Preparations

The skin is essential for our survival. The outer epidermal layer consists of the interfollicular epidermis, which is a stratified squamous epithelium covering most of our body, and epidermal appendages such as the hair follicles and sweat glands. The epidermis undergoes regeneration throughout life and in response to injury. This is enabled by K14-expressing basal epidermal stem/progenitor cell populations that are tightly regulated by multiple regulatory mechanisms active within the epidermis and between epidermis and dermis. This article describes a simple method to clarify full thickness mouse skin biopsies, and visualize K14 protein expression patterns, Ki67 labeled proliferating cells, Nile Red labeled sebocytes, and DAPI nuclear labeling at single cell resolution in 3D. This method enables accurate assessment and quantification of skin anatomy and pathology, and of abnormal epidermal phenotypes in genetically modified mouse lines. The CUBIC protocol is the best method available to date to investigate molecular and cellular interactions in full thickness skin biopsies at single cell resolution.

This report describes a CUBIC protocol to clarify full thickness mouse skin biopsies, and visualize protein expression patterns, proliferating cells, and sebocytes at the single cell resolution in 3D. This method enables accurate assessment of skin anatomy and pathology, and of abnormal epidermal phenotypes in genetically modified mouse lines.

KÜBİK Protokol Tüm Dağı Cilt Hazırlıkları Tek Hücre çözünürlükte Protein Anlatım Görseller

The skin is essential for our survival. The outer epidermal layer consists of the interfollicular epidermis, which is a stratified squamous epithelium ...

Visualization of 3D White Adipose Tissue Structure Using Whole-mount Staining

Adipose tissue is an important metabolic organ with high plasticity and is responsive to environmental stimuli and nutrient status. As such, various techniques have been developed to study the morphology and biology of adipose tissue. However, conventional visualization methods are limited to studying the tissue in 2D sections, failing to capture the 3D architecture of the whole organ. Here we present whole-mount staining, an immunohistochemistry method that preserves intact adipose tissue morphology with minimal processing steps. Hence, the structures of adipocytes and other cellular components are maintained without distortion, achieving the most representative 3D visualization of the tissue. In addition, whole-mount staining can be combined with lineage tracing methods to determine cell fate decisions. However, this technique has some limitations to providing accurate information regarding deeper parts of adipose tissue. To overcome this limitation, whole-mount staining can be further combined with tissue clearing techniques to remove the opaqueness of tissue and allow for complete visualization of entire adipose tissue anatomy using light-sheet fluorescent microscopy. Therefore, a higher resolution and more accurate representation of adipose tissue structures can be captured with the combination of these techniques.

The focus of the present study is to demonstrate the whole-mount immunostaining and visualization technique as an ideal method for 3D imaging of adipose tissue architecture and cellular component.

Bütün Dağı boyama kullanarak 3D beyaz yağ doku yapısı görselleştirme

Adipose tissue is an important metabolic organ with high plasticity and is responsive to environmental stimuli and nutrient status. As such, various ...

An Easy and Flexible Inoculation Method for Accurately Assessing Powdery Mildew-Infection Phenotypes of Arabidopsis and Other Plants

Reducing crop losses due to fungal diseases requires improved understanding of the mechanisms governing plant immunity and fungal pathogenesis, which in turn requires accurate determination of disease phenotypes of plants upon infection with a particular fungal pathogen. However, accurate disease phenotyping with unculturable biotrophic fungal pathogens such as powdery mildew is not easy to achieve and can be a rate-limiting step of a research project. Here, we have developed a safe, efficient, and easy-to-operate disease phenotyping system using the Arabidopsis-powdery mildew interaction as an example. This system mainly consists of three components: (i) a wooden inoculation box fitted with a removable lid mounted with a stainless steel or nylon mesh of ~50 &#181;m pores for inoculating a flat of plants with fungal spores, (ii) a transparent plastic chamber with a small front opening for minimizing spore escape while conducting inoculation inside, and (iii) a spore-dislodging and distribution method for even and effective inoculation. The protocols described here include the steps and parameters for making the inoculation box and the plastic chamber at a low cost, and a video demonstration of how to use the system to enable even inoculation with powdery mildew spores, thereby improving accuracy and reproducibility of disease phenotyping.

We present a protocol for constructing a simple spore-distribution system consisting of an inoculation box with a ~50 &#181;m mesh and a transparent plastic chamber. This can be used to evenly inoculate plants with powdery mildew spores, thereby enabling accurate and reproducible assessment of disease phenotypes of plants under study.

Arabidopsis ve diğer bitkilerin külleme enfeksiyonu fenotiplerini doğru bir şekilde değerlendirmek için kolay ve esnek bir aşılama yöntemi

Reducing crop losses due to fungal diseases requires improved understanding of the mechanisms governing plant immunity and fungal pathogenesis, which in ...