This work was supported by The National Institute of Health (NIH-2RO1NS033661) and by the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station (HATCH ALA021-1-09017).

NOT: Burada yapılan tüm işlemler sunulan ve onaylanan IACUC (Araştırma Uyum Ofisi) tarafından ve NIH yönergeleri izleyerek yapılmıştır bulundu. Davranışsal testler paradigma kullanılır Fareler naif ve diğer testler için kullanılan değildi. Bu protokolde kullanılan, C57BL / 6 vahşi tipli ve olmayan fareler 9 daha önce tarif edilmiş ve burada sunulan veriler bu yazıda vardır. Test Odası ve Açık Alan Aparatı 1. Hazırlık <ol><li> Dört aktivitesi odadan oluşan bir çoklu birim açık alan labirent (OFM) kullanarak, bu analizi (Şekil 1) için kullanılmıştır. Her bölme ölçülen 50 sm (uzunluk) 50 cm (genişlik) 38 cm (yükseklik) x beyaz yüksek yoğunluklu ve gözenekli olmayan plastikten yapıldığı x. </li><li> Labirent duvarları pürüzsüz iken yürüme sırasında çekiş için labirentin zemin doku. Labirent kadran bu testin amacı tamamen boştu. Bu proto geri kalanı dikkate alınaraksütun, yukarıda tarif edilen labirent tek kadran OFM göstermek için kullanılacaktır. </li><li> Önceki konu fare tarafından sol herhangi bir koku ipuçları kaldırmak için kullanmadan önce% 95 Etanol ve sonraki testlerde önce odasına silin. </li><li> Etanol fareler test önce tamamen buharlaşmasına izin verin. Bu, her test oturumu arasında 5-10 dakika sürebilir. </li><li> Bu analiz için, kayıt ve fare hareketi değerlendirmek için PanLab / Harvard Aparatı SMART Video Takip yazılımı kullanın. NOT: Herhangi bir ticari bir video izleme kamera ve yazılım açık alan labirent sonuçları Test konuyu takip etmek ve değerlendirmek için kullanılabilir. Son kullanıcı kalibre nasıl anlamak ve her analiz için kullanılan yazılımı çalıştırmak için çok önemlidir. Kamera ve yazılım doğru üreticinin talimatlarına göre kalibre zaman olursa olsun, video kamera ve kullanılan izleme yazılımı, en iyi sonuçlar elde edilir. </li><li> Test i gerçekleştirinna standart labirent aparatı ve yazılımı çalıştırmak için gerekli bilgisayar içeren yeteneğine oda yaktı. Tavana takarak ya da kamera lensi tüm labirent alanı (Şekil 2) görmek için izin veren herhangi bir yüksek destek sistemini kullanarak ya labirent üzerinde video kamera Askıya. </li><li> Testin insan yönetici olarak, farelerin davranışlarını etkilemek şekilde değil labirent denek tamamen gözlemlenemeyen olması için odada yeterince yer olduğundan emin olun. </li></ol> 2. Etkinlik Tedbir Yazılımı Hazırlama <ol><li> Video Takip yazılımını açın. </li><li> Yazılım açıldıktan sonra, &quot;Veri Toplama&quot; sekmesine ve bu seçeneği açmak için tek tıklama altında bulunan &quot;Tek konu izleme&quot; seçeneği imleci. </li><li> Ekranın alt kısmında bulunan &quot;Statik Arkaplan&quot; seçeneğini seçin. </li><li> Seçtikten sonra &quot;Statik Arkaplan&quot; seçti olduğunun, o önce denek ilavesinden labirent bir görüntü almak için yazılımı kullanmak için gereklidir. Bunu yapmak için, ekranın ve tek bir tıklama alt kısmında bulunan &quot;Fotoğraf&quot; butonuna imleci. NOT: Yazılım izleme sürecinde alınan görüntüden çıkarılacaktır denek olmadan senaryo resmini çekecektir. Bu sadece nesnenin hareket yazılımı ile analiz ile sonuçlanmaktadır. </li><li> Yukarıda alınan arka plan görüntüsü tamamen ekranın alt kısmında bulunan &quot;Test&quot; butonuna imleci hareket ve bir kez tıklayarak takip yazılımı tarafından kaldırıldığını onaylayın. Arka plan görüntüsü tamamen izleme görüntüden kaldırılır eğer bir katı beyaz alan gösterilir. Aydınlatma koşulları değiştirmek veya labirent yanlışlıkla hareket ise, iki görüntü mükemmel uyuşmuyorsa belirten bu alanda kara &quot;gölgeler&quot; göreceksiniz. Bu durumu düzeltmek için, sadece ste tekrars 2.4 yukarıda. </li><li> Arka plan ayarlarını onayladıktan sonra, zaman satın alma sırasında kontrol edilir şekilde yapılandırmak için Zamanlama seçeneğini kullanın. Bunu yapmak için, &quot;Yapılandırma&quot; sekmesine imleci ve &quot;Zamanlama&quot; başlığı üzerine bir kez tıklayın. Deneysel parametreleri girmek için yeni açılan penceresini kullanın. </li><li> Bu protokol için, 10 dakika izleme dönemi olarak &quot;Programlanmış zaman&quot; seçeneğini seçtim. Labirentin merkezindeki fare koyun ve izleme başlamadan önce uzaklaşmaya kullanıcı zaman tanımak 5 sn &quot;Gecikme dönemi&quot; olarak ayarlayın. Test süresince 10 dakika &quot;Edinim zaman&quot; komutu kullanılabilir. &quot;Programlanmış zaman (10 dk) bittiğinde&quot; kamerayı otomatik olarak ve yazılım izleme fonksiyonunu kapanacaktır hangi set &quot;Dur kontrolü&quot; olarak ayarlayın. </li><li> Tüm zamanlamaları penceresini kapatmak için ayarlanmış edildikten sonra &quot;Kapat&quot; düğmesine taşıyın. Şimdi Testi başlatmak için hazırızprosedürü ing. </li></ol> Açık Alan Testi 3. İdaresi NOT: Bu protokolde kullanılan yazılım paketi tek seferde 16 adete kadar tek tek farelerin izlenmesine olanak sağlar. Tamamlanması kolaylığı için ve yukarıda sözü edildiği gibi, burada açıklanan protokol OFM tek bir kadranı ile tek bir fare içindir. Bu protokol için kullanım ekipmanı için, 4 ayrı farelerin maksimum labirent her kadranda kullanılarak izleniyor olabilir. Çok muhafaza labirent kullanan varsa, tanımlanmış kadranda ilk konu fare yerleştirdikten sonra, analiz izleme kendi labirent kadranda içine kalan fareler yerleştirin. Bu protokolün amaçları için, daha fazla talimat labirent tek kadranda özgü olacaktır. <ol><li> Test odasına onların konut odadan evlerinde kafeslerde fareler getirin. Farenin teste başlamadan önce 30 dakika en az prosedür odasının havasına alışmalan izin verir. </li><li> Tek bir m kaldıryavaşça kuyruğunu tutarak ev kafesinden OUSE ve aynı zamanda fare hareketi izlemeye başlamak için Başlat düğmesini tek tıklayarak SMART yazılım aktive ederken açık alan labirentin ortasında fare koyun. Fare labirent çevresi duvar ve tahliye zamanlaması hemen hareket ve fare yakalama izleme Bu hareketi kaydetmek için aynı olmalıdır normaldir. </li><li> , Izleme yazılımı hareketi kaydeder ve bu süre içinde bir tek 10 dakikalık bir süre (Şekil 3) için labirent ilgili kadranda boyunca konu fare serbest ve kesintisiz hareketine izin. </li><li> Test süresi sonunda, nazikçe konu fare pick up labirent çıkarırken ve ev kafesine geri. </li><li> Labirent temizlik öncesinde, görsel labirent mevcut dışkı boli pelet saymak ve manuel daha fazla analiz için numaralarını kaydedin. </li><li> Tüm fekal pelet çıkarın ve idrar tüm noktalar silin. Zemin ve% 95 etanol ile labirent çeyrek duvarlarını Sprey ve temiz bir kağıt havlu ile silin. İzin etanol çözeltisi önce diğer farelere test için tamamen kuru. </li><li> Bir sonraki fare ile işlemi tekrarlayın. </li></ol> 4. Ölçme ve Test Prosedürü sırasında Davranış Analizi NOT: ölçüm için, açık alan davranış üç yönü kolayca (tartışma) Bu protokolü kullanılarak karakterize edilir. Video izleme yazılımı bu ölçümleri erişmek için nasıl kısa bir yönerge izler. <ol><li> SMART yazılımın ana ekranında, Bölge Düzenleyicisi&#39;ni açmak için &quot;Bölgeler&quot; sekmesine ve tek bir tıklama &quot;tanımı&quot; imleci. </li><li> SMART yazılım Kullanım Kılavuzunda ayrıntılı talimatlar izleme yolları üzerinde bindirmek için bölgeleri veya ızgaraları tanımlıyorsunuz izleyin. Burada, yazılım labirentin zemin kaplama 10 cm kareler 5 x 5 ızgara (tanımlamak için kullanılan <strong&gt; Şekil 4). Önce Bölge Editörü kapanış oluşturulan bölge dosyasını kaydetmek için emin olun. </li><li> SMART yazılımın ana ekranında, &quot;Analiz&quot; sekmesine imleci ve tek Veri Analizi penceresini açmak için tıklayın. </li><li> &quot;Dosya&quot; sekmesine İmleci ve yukarıda oluşturduğunuz Bölge dosyasını açın. </li><li> &quot;Yapılandırma&quot; sekmesine imleci hareket ettirin ve &quot;Parça Analizi&quot; seçeneğini açın. Bu &quot;Tek konu analiz yapılandırma&quot; penceresi açılacaktır. <ol><li> &quot;Standart&quot; sekmesine İmleci ve Dahil Parametreleri kutusuna (sağ taraf) Mevcut Parametreleri kutusuna (sol taraf) gelen &quot;gitti mesafe&quot; parametresini taşıyın. </li><li> &quot;Bölgeler Geçişler&quot; sekmesine İmleci ve yukarıdaki gibi Dahil Parametreler kutusuna uygun tüm parametreleri taşıyın. </li><li> &quot;Tam Parça&quot; kutu penceresinin altındaki işaretli olduğundan emin olun. </li><li> MoOK tuşuna imleci ettik ve Tek konu analiz yapılandırma penceresini kapatın. NOT: Gerçekleştirmek istediğiniz analizi bağlı, diğer birçok seçenek analiz maden verilerine bu pencerede seçilebilir. Parametreler verilerin analizi için en önemli olduğunu belirlemek için belirli bir program ayrıntılı Kullanıcı kitapçığını okuyun. </li></ol></li><li> Program penceresinin sol üst köşesindeki Dosya sekmesi altında, Tek konu parça penceresini açın ve tüm parçaları analiz edilen yanında bir onay işareti koyun. Pencerenin üst kısmında Check Mark düğmesini imleci hareket ettirin ve Parça Explorer penceresini kapatmak için tıklayınız. </li><li> Veri Analizi penceresinde &quot;git&quot; butonuna imleci hareket ettirin ve tek parça verilerinin analizi başlatmak için tıklayın. </li><li> Analiz verileri ya ASCII metin dosyaları olarak çıkış olabilir ya da doğrudan bir EXCEL elektronik tabloya ihraç edilebilir. Çıkış da Sizin kullandığınız yazılım programının çıkış araçlarını kullanınKendi kullanımınız için ta. NOT: Toplam mesafe gitti ve belirtilen bölgelerde harcanan zaman, yukarıda özetlenen veri analizi adımları aşağıdaki çıkış olacaktır. Yine, bu adımlar kullanılan kullanıcı yazılımına bağlı olarak farklılık burada temsil bu ölçümleri ulaşmak olduğunu vurguladı edilmektedir. Ancak veri kendisi ve sonuçların yorumlanması kullanılan yazılım programının benzer bağımsız olmalıdır. O testi yönetici önyargı yazılım ve yönetici tarafından ölçülen verileri sayısal toplanan tüm veriler bu protokol kaldırılır da fazlalaştı. Böylece açıklandığı gibi toplanan verilere hiçbir değerlendirilemez unsur yoktur. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Açık Alan Labirent hayvan davranış çalışmalarda en yaygın kullanılan platformlardan biridir. Önemli genel ve etiyolojik parametreleri 2,4 çok sayıda toplanmış ve OFM uygulanması sırasında analiz edilebilir. Bu veriler araştırmacı anksiyete ile ilgili duygusal davranışlar 8 genel lokomotor aktivite arasında değişen davranışlarını ölçmek için izin verir. Ancak, OFM kullanımı, eksiklikler olmadan değildir. Bir karıştırıcı konu herhangi bir test oturumu sırasın...

The Open Field Maze (OFM) was initially developed in 1934 as a test to measure emotionality in rodents1. It has attained the status of being one of the most widely used measures of behavior in animal psychology2. It provides an easy and fairly rapid assessment of well-defined behaviors requiring no training to the test subject and little to no specialized training for the human administering the test. These attributes have led to wide-spread use of the open field maze in research extended to other animal species such as calves, pigs, rabbits, primates, honeybees and lobsters3. Part of its popularity arises from the fact that the psychological and physiological concepts underlying the tests are generally straight-forward and well understood. For example, it has been postulated that evolutionary forces have selected for a common response in animals such that most species display anxiety-mediated fear or flight responses to specific stimuli. Rodents for example, show distinct aversions to large, brightly lit, open and unknown environments4. We can assume they have been phylogenetically conditioned to see these types of environments as dangerous. All of these features are incorporated in the open field maze and form the basis of its use in behavioral paradigm testing.
An open field maze consists of a wall-enclosed area that is of sufficient height to prevent the subject from escaping. Typical maze shapes are circular or square with an area large enough, based on the size of the subject tested, to elicit a feeling of openness in the center of the maze. A number of variables can be scored in the open field maze with most parameters involving differing types of motor activity2. Ambulation is the most common behavior studied but others such as latency or rearing can also be measured. Most often, rodent behavior is analyzed in a bare maze. However, the addition of objects, either one or many to the maze floor, adds the ability to see how the subject interacts with novel additional stimuli2. Relevant parameters when objects are presented are typically the number of approaches to an object or in some cases, preference or aversion for one object over another.
Many behavioral tests of anxiety are based on the subject animal&#8217;s body activity and locomotion5. Interpreting behavioral tests for emotionality while separating non-emotional confounding factors, such as motor activity, has been the subject of intense debate6,7. As the OFM was originally described, two measures of emotionality can be deduced, locomotor activity and fecal boli deposits or defecation1. However, these two measures have been shown in some studies to be unrelated supporting the conclusion that emotionality in rodents is multidimensional5. Regardless, discrepancies in the literature regarding these measures and emotionality or anxiety in mouse models may be attributed to differences in analysis criteria or differences in testing procedures. Studies have conclusively linked results from OFM analysis with other measures of anxiety when comparing mouse models8.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="631">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:160px;">Multi Unit Open Field Test</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">San Diego Instruments, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">White 7001-0354</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Any single or multi unit open field maze can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:160px;">SMART DT Tracking Software</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">PanLab/Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">76-0695</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Any tracking software can be utilized with this protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:160px;">Sony 990x Video Camera Recorder</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sony</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">CCD-TRV328</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Any suitable video camera can be attached to computer for recording tracking profiles.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

use of the open field maze to measure locomotor and anxiety-like behavior in mice

Animal models have proven to be invaluable to researchers trying to answer questions regarding the mechanisms of behavior. The Open Field Maze is one of the most commonly used platforms to measure behaviors in animal models. It is a fast and relatively easy test that provides a variety of behavioral information ranging from general ambulatory ability to data regarding the emotionality of the subject animal. As it relates to rodent models, the procedure allows the study of different strains of mice or rats both laboratory bred and wild-captured. The technique also readily lends itself to the investigation of different pharmacological compounds for anxiolytic or anxiogenic effects. Here, a protocol for use of the open field maze to describe mouse behaviors is detailed and a simple analysis of general locomotor ability and anxiety-related emotional behaviors between two strains of C57BL/6 mice is performed. Briefly, using the described protocol we show Wild Type mice exhibited significantly less anxiety related behaviors than did age-matched Knock Out mice while both strains exhibited similar ambulatory ability.

çoğu durumda, test edilmiş farelerin suş başına kişilerin ortalama sayısı yeterli istatistiksel önemi oluşturmak için yaklaşık 20&#39;dir. Yine de bu sayı fare durumuna bağlı olarak 8-30 aralığı içinde olabilmektedir. Gerekli ölçüm veya karşılaştırmalar bağlı olarak, aynı zamanda, aynı yaştaki resimleri kullanmak tercih edilir. Açık Alan Maze ölçmek için ilk ve belki de en önemli özel parametre toplam ayaktan mesafedir. Ölçüm birimi karşılaştırm...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Use of the Open Field Maze to Measure Locomotor and Anxiety-like Behavior in Mice at JoVE.com

Use of the Open Field Maze to Measure Locomotor and Anxiety-like Behavior in Mice

A protocol is provided to use an Open Field Maze to access general locomotor activity, anxiety and emotionality in a laboratory mouse model.

Açık Alan Maze Kullanım Fare lokomotor ve Anksiyete-benzeri Davranışı Tedbir

Animal models have proven to be invaluable to researchers trying to answer questions regarding the mechanisms of behavior. The Open Field Maze is one of ...

use-open-field-maze-to-measure-locomotor-anxiety-like-behavior

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

71.3K Görüntüleme.  Auburn University. A protocol is provided to use an Open Field Maze to access general locomotor activity, anxiety and emotionality in a laboratory mouse model.

Video: Use of the Open Field Maze to Measure Locomotor and Anxiety-like Behavior in Mice

Shallow Water (Paddling) Variants of Water Maze Tests in Mice

When Richard Morris devised his water maze in 19817, most behavioral work was done in rats. However, the greater understanding of mouse genetics led to the mouse becoming increasingly important. But researchers found that some strains of mutant mice were prone to problems like passively floating or diving when they were tested in the Morris water maze11. This was unsurprising considering their natural habitat; rats swim naturally (classically, the "sewer rat"), whereas mice evolved in the dry areas of central Asia.
To overcome these problems, it was considered whether shallow water would be a sufficient stimulus to provide escape motivation for mice. This would also avoid the problems of drying the small creatures with a towel and then putting them in a heated recovery chamber to avoid hypothermia, which is a much more serious problem than with rats; the large ratio of surface area to volume of a mouse makes it particularly vulnerable to rapid heat loss.
Another consideration was whether a more natural escape strategy could be used, to facilitate learning. Since animals that fall into water and swim away from the safety of the shore are unlikely to pass on their genes, animals have evolved a natural tendency to swim to the edge of a body of water. The Morris water maze, however, requires them to swim to a hidden platform towards the center of the maze - exactly opposite to their evolved behavior. Therefore the paddling maze should incorporate escape to the edge of the apparatus. This feature, coupled with the use of relatively non-aversive shallow water, embodies the "Refinement" aspect of the "3 Rs" of Russell and Burch8.
Various types of maze design were tried; the common feature was that the water was always shallow (2 cm deep) and escape was via a tube piercing the transparent wall of the apparatus. Other tubes ("false exits") were also placed around the walls but these were blocked off. From the inside of the maze all false exits and the single true exit looked the same. Currently a dodecagonal (12-sided) maze is in use in Oxford, with 12 true/false exits set in the corners. In a recent development a transparent paddling Y-maze has been tested successfully.

Shallow Water Paddling Variants of Water Maze Tests in Mice

Mice can swim, but many strains appear to find this activity stressful. To overcome this problem mazes have been devised where escape from shallow water is used to motivate behaviour. These have been demonstrated to support learning at least as good as the traditional and widely used Morris water maze.

Farelerde Su Maze Testleri Sığ Su (kürek çekmeye) Türevleri

When Richard Morris devised his water maze in 19817, most behavioral work was done in rats. However, the greater understanding of mouse genetics led to ...

Davranış

Use of the Operant Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) to Measure Changes in Nociceptive Behavior

We present an operant system for the detection of pain in awake, conscious rodents. The Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) assesses pain behaviors in a more clinically relevant way by not relying on reflex-based measures of nociception. Food fasted, hairless (or shaved) rodents are placed into a Plexiglas chamber which has two Peltier-based thermodes that can be programmed to any temperature between 7 &deg;C and 60 &deg;C. The rodent is trained to make contact with these in order to access a reward bottle. During a session, a number of behavioral pain outcomes are automatically recorded and saved. These measures include the number of reward bottle activations (licks) and facial contact stimuli (face contacts), but custom measures like the lick/face ratio (total number of licks per session/total number of contacts) can also be created. The stimulus temperature can be set to a single temperature or multiple temperatures within a session. The OPAD is a high-throughput, easy to use operant assay which will lead to better translation of pain research in the future as it includes cortical input instead of relying on spinal reflex-based nociceptive assays.

Use of the Operant Orofacial Pain Assessment Device OPAD to Measure Changes in Nociceptive Behavior

We present a user-friendly, high-throughput operant system for the evaluation of pain behaviors in awake, conscious rodents. The Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) can assess pain through a reward/conflict paradigm thus providing a more humane way of testing. This protocol will yield more clinically relevant and translational data from rodents.

Nosiseptif Davranış değişiklikler Tedbir Edimsel Orofasiyal Ağrı Değerlendirme Ölçeği (OPAD) kullanımı

We present an operant  system for the detection of pain in awake, conscious rodents. The Orofacial  Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) assesses pain behaviors ...

Use of an Eight-arm Radial Water Maze to Assess Working and Reference Memory Following Neonatal Brain Injury

Working and reference memory are commonly assessed using the land based radial arm maze.&#160;However, this paradigm requires pretraining, food deprivation, and may introduce scent cue confounds. The eight-arm radial water maze is designed to evaluate reference and working memory performance simultaneously by requiring subjects to use extra-maze cues to locate escape platforms and remedies the limitations observed in land based radial arm maze designs. Specifically, subjects are required to avoid the arms previously used for escape during each testing day (working memory) as well as avoid the fixed arms, which never contain escape platforms (reference memory). Re-entries into arms that have already been used for escape during a testing session (and thus the escape platform has been removed) and re-entries into reference memory arms are indicative of working memory deficits. Alternatively, first entries into reference memory arms are indicative of reference memory deficits. We used this maze to compare performance of rats with neonatal brain injury and sham controls following induction of hypoxia-ischemia and show significant deficits in both working and reference memory after eleven days of testing. This protocol could be easily modified to examine many other models of learning impairment.

The eight-arm radial water maze is designed to evaluate reference and working memory performance simultaneously by requiring subjects to use extra-maze cues to locate escape platforms and remedies the limitations observed in land based radial arm maze designs.

Working and reference memory are commonly assessed using the land based radial arm maze.&#160;However, this paradigm requires pretraining, food ...

Behavioral and Locomotor Measurements Using an Open Field Activity Monitoring System for Skeletal Muscle Diseases

The open field activity monitoring system comprehensively assesses locomotor and behavioral activity levels of mice. It is a useful tool for assessing locomotive impairment in animal models of neuromuscular disease and efficacy of therapeutic drugs that may improve locomotion and/or muscle function. The open field activity measurement provides a different measure than muscle strength, which is commonly assessed by grip strength measurements. It can also show how drugs may affect other body systems as well when used with additional outcome measures. In addition, measures such as total distance traveled mirror the 6 min walk test, a clinical trial outcome measure. However, open field activity monitoring is also associated with significant challenges: Open field activity measurements vary according to animal strain, age, sex, and circadian rhythm. In addition, room temperature, humidity, lighting, noise, and even odor can affect assessment outcomes. Overall, this manuscript provides a well-tested and standardized open field activity SOP for preclinical trials in animal models of neuromuscular diseases. We provide a discussion of important considerations, typical results, data analysis, and detail the strengths and weaknesses of open field testing. In addition, we provide recommendations for optimal study design when using open field activity in a preclinical trial.

Open field activity levels are used to assess locomotive and behavioral activity levels. This protocol provides a well-designed, standardized protocol to use in preclinical trials for neuromuscular disorders.

İskelet Kası Hastalıkları Açık Saha Aktivite İzleme Sisteminin Kullanılması Davranış ve Hareket Ölçümleri

The open field activity monitoring system comprehensively assesses locomotor and behavioral activity levels of mice. It is a useful tool for assessing ...

Place and Response Learning in the Open-field Tower Maze

This protocol describes how the Open-field Tower Maze (OFTM) paradigm is used to study spatial learning in rodents. This maze is especially useful for examining how rats learn to use a place- or response-learning to successfully navigate in an open-field arena. Additionally, this protocol describes how the OFTM differs from other behavioral maze paradigms that are commonly used to study spatial learning in rodents. The OFTM described in this article was adapted from the one previously described by Cole, Clipperton, and Walt (2007). Specifically, the OFTM was created to test spatial learning in rodents without the experimenter having to consider how &#8220;stress&#8221; might play a role as a confounding variable. Experiments have shown that stress-alone can significantly affect cognitive function1. The representative results section contains data from an experiment that used the OFTM to examine the effects of estradiol treatment on place- and response-learning in adult female Sprague Dawley rats2. Future studies will be designed to examine the role of the hippocampus and striatum in place- and response-learning in the OFTM.

The Open-field Tower Maze (OFTM) is a maze created to study the behavioral and neural mechanisms of spatial learning (e.g., place- or response-learning) in rats. This maze is especially useful for experimenters who want to use a non-stressful maze paradigm to investigate spatial learning in their research.

Açık alanda Kulesi Maze yerleştirmek ve Yanıt Öğrenme

This protocol describes how the Open-field Tower Maze (OFTM) paradigm is used to study spatial learning in rodents. This maze is especially useful for ...

Basic Methods for the Study of Reproductive Ecology of Fish in Aquaria

Captive-rearing observations are valuable for revealing aspects of fish behavior and ecology when continuous field investigations are impossible. Here, a series of basic techniques are described to enable observations of the reproductive behavior of a wild-caught gobiid fish, as a model, kept in an aquarium. The method focuses on three steps: collection, transport, and observations of reproductive ecology of a substrate spawner. Essential aspects of live fish collection and transport are (1) preventing injury to the fish, and (2) careful acclimation to the aquarium. Preventing harm through injuries such as scratches or a sudden change of water pressure is imperative when collecting live fish, as any physical damage is likely to negatively affect the survival and later behavior of the fish. Careful acclimation to aquaria decreases the incidence death and mitigates the shock of transport. Observations during captive rearing include (1) the identification of individual fish and (2) monitoring spawned eggs without negative effects to the fish or eggs, thereby enabling detailed investigation of the study species' reproductive ecology. The subcutaneous injection of a visible implant elastomer (VIE) tag is a precise method for the subsequent identification of individual fish, and it can be used with a wide size range of fish, with minimal influence on their survival and behavior. If the study species is a substrate spawner that deposits adhesive eggs, an artificial nest site constructed from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe with the addition of a removable waterproof sheet will facilitate counting and monitoring the eggs, lessening the investigator's influence on the nest-holding and egg-guarding behavior of the fish. Although this basic method entails techniques that are seldom mentioned in detail in research articles, they are fundamental for undertaking experiments that require the captive rearing of a wild fish.

A series of basic methods to enable the study of the reproductive ecology of fish kept in aquaria are described. These are useful protocols for collecting fish using SCUBA, transporting live fish, and observing the reproductive behavior of wild-caught fish kept in aquaria.

Akvaryumda Balıkların Üreme Ekolojisi Araştırmaları İçin Temel Yöntemler

Captive-rearing observations are valuable for revealing aspects of fish behavior and ecology when continuous field investigations are impossible. Here, a ...

Central and Divided Visual Field Presentation of Emotional Images to Measure Hemispheric Differences in Motivated Attention

Two dominant theories on lateralized processing of emotional information exist in the literature. One theory posits that unpleasant emotions are processed by right frontal regions, while pleasant emotions are processed by left frontal regions. The other theory posits that the right hemisphere is more specialized for the processing of emotional information overall, particularly in posterior regions.
Assessing the different roles of the cerebral hemispheres in processing emotional information can be difficult without the use of neuroimaging methodologies, which are not accessible or affordable to all scientists. Divided visual field presentation of stimuli can allow for the investigation of lateralized processing of information without the use of neuroimaging technology. 
This study compared central versus divided visual field presentations of emotional images to assess differences in motivated attention between the two hemispheres. The late positive potential (LPP) was recorded using electroencephalography (EEG) and event-related potentials (ERPs) methodologies to assess motivated attention. Future work will pair this paradigm with a more active behavioral task to explore the behavioral impacts on the attentional differences found.

This study compared central versus divided visual field presentations of emotional images to assess differences in motivated attention between the two hemispheres. The late positive potential (LPP) was recorded using electroencephalography (EEG) and event-related potentials (ERPs) methodologies to assess motivated attention.

Hemisferik motive dikkat farklılıkları ölçmek için duygusal görüntüleri Merkezi ve bölünmüş görme alanı tanıtımı

Two dominant theories on lateralized processing of emotional information exist in the literature. One theory posits that unpleasant emotions are processed ...

Testing Animal Anxiety in Rats: Effects of Open Arm Ledges and Closed Arm Wall Transparency in Elevated Plus Maze Test

The elevated plus maze test is a behavioral test for assessing animal anxiety in rodents. Although this test is widely applied in the field of behavioral science, conflicting outcomes are often provided from different laboratories. To identify reasons for the different outcomes, we previously focused on arm features, which differ between laboratories, most notably the presence/absence of ledges at the sides of open arms and the transparency/opaqueness of closed arm walls. In a previous report, we used a custom designed container to compare rat behavior on different combinations of open and closed arm designs under otherwise identical experimental conditions, and showed that differences in arm features interfere with experimental outcomes. In brief, open arm ledges significantly increased anxiety-like behavior in rats, while transparent arms may also have decreased this behavior. Furthermore, we verified a higher detection sensitivity of the effect of an anxiolytic drug in a combination of no-ledged open arm + opaque walled closed arm compared with a combination of ledged open arm + transparent walled closed arm. In this report, we introduce our protocol for the elevated plus maze test, together with discussion of the key results from the previous report and our experimental experience. We believe this report will provide useful information for researchers who have employed or who plan to use the elevated plus maze in their studies.

Rats' anxiety-like behavior tested by the elevated plus maze varies highly depending on the testing environment. Here we show how apparatus settings, especially arm structure, affect behavior on the maze, and we explain a reliable protocol to detect effects of anxiolytic drugs. This report will contribute to anxiety research.

Hayvan kaygı Rat test: açık kol çıkıntıları ve kapalı kol etkileri duvar yükseltilmiş şeffaflık artı labirent testi

The elevated plus maze test is a behavioral test for assessing animal anxiety in rodents. Although this test is widely applied in the field of behavioral ...

Analyzing Spatial Learning and Prosocial Behavior in Mice Using the Barnes Maze and Damsel-in-Distress Paradigms

The Barnes maze is a reliable measure of spatial learning and memory that does not require food restriction or exposure to extremely stressful stimuli. The Barnes maze can also assess other mouse behaviors, such as general motivation to escape from the maze platform and exploratory behavior. The Barnes maze can measure whether a genetic mutation or environmental variable can impact the acquisition and retention of spatial memories, as well as provide information about the search strategy employed by the mice. Here we use the Barnes maze to detect a memory deficit in adult mice following a single developmental ethanol exposure event. The newly described Damsel-in-Distress paradigm exposes a male mouse to a female mouse trapped in a chamber in the open center field of the arena. It provides an opportunity for the mouse to socially respond to the trapped female and exhibit prosocial behavior. The Damsel-in-Distress paradigm can also be used to examine mouse behavior in a novel arena and measure locomotor activity. Both the Barnes Maze and the Damsel-in-Distress protocols require minimal financial investment and most aspects of the tests can be constructed from common lab supplies. These flexible and accessible tools can also be used to detect behavioral changes over the course of development.

This protocol measures spatial learning and memory using the Barnes maze. A novel Damsel-in-Distress paradigm is used to assess locomotor activity and prosocial behavior in mice.

Kayma öğrenme ve Barnes labirent ve sıkıntı içinde küçük hanım paradigmalar kullanılarak farelerde Prosocial davranış analiz

The Barnes maze is a reliable measure of spatial learning and memory that does not require food restriction or exposure to extremely stressful stimuli. ...

The Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress Protocol for Inducing Anhedonia in Mice

Depression is a highly prevalent and debilitating condition, only partially addressed by current pharmacotherapies. The lack of response to treatment by many patients prompts the need to develop new therapeutic alternatives and to better understand the etiology of the disorder. Pre-clinical models with translational merits are rudimentary for this task. Here we present a protocol for the unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) method in mice. In this protocol, adolescent mice are chronically exposed to interchanging unpredictable mild stressors. Resembling the pathogenesis of depression in humans, stress exposure during the sensitive period of mice adolescence instigates a depressive-like phenotype evident in adulthood. UCMS can be used for screenings of antidepressants on the variety of depressive-like behaviors and neuromolecular indices. Among the more prominent tests to assess depressive-like behavior in rodents is the sucrose preference test (SPT), which reflects anhedonia (core symptom of depression). The SPT will also be presented in this protocol. The ability of UCMS to induce anhedonia, instigate long-term behavioral deficits and enable reversal of these deficits via chronic (but not acute) treatment with antidepressants strengthens the protocol&#39;s validity compared to other animal protocols for inducing depressive-like behaviors.

Here we present the unpredictable chronic mild stress protocol in mice. This protocol induces a long-term depressive-like phenotype and enables to assess the efficacy of putative antidepressants in reversing the behavioral and neuromolecular depressive-like deficits.

Anhedonia farelerde Inducing için öngörülemeyen kronik hafif stres Protokolü

Depression is a highly prevalent and debilitating condition, only partially addressed by current pharmacotherapies. The lack of response to treatment by ...