This work was supported by funding received from the National Institutes of Health (1R01AI083269).

kemirgen çalışmalar Kuzey Carolina Chapel Hill Üniversitesi Kurumsal Hayvan Bakım ve Kullanım Komitesi (IACUC) tarafından onaylanmış ve tüm hayvan bakımı IACUC kurallarına uygun olarak yapıldı. Yenidoğan ve Erişkin Thymi 1. Hazırlanması <ol><li> Önce donör fareler euthanizing tüm reaktifler ve donanımları hazırlayın. </li><li> Otoklav veya diğer uygun yöntemlerle cerrahi aletler sterilize edin. Tüm cerrahi prosedürler, steril koşullar korumak ve kirlenmeyi önlemek için bir laminar akış başlığı altında gerçekleştirilmelidir. Donör farelerden alınan Thymi çıkarılması için gerekli araçları birleştirin. </li><li> Steril 1x PBS (pH 7.4) 60 mm çanak doldurun ve başlık içindeki buz üzerine yerleştirin. Bu transplantasyondan önce donör farelerden kesilmiş kısa deposu Thymi için kullanılacaktır. </li><li> Etik kurallar gereğince, CO servikal dislokasyon tarafından takip 2 boğulma decapitation ve yetişkin donör fareler tarafından yenidoğan donör fareler euthanize. </li><li> Rtimus emoval: Steril bir emici kağıt havlu üzerine dorsal yaslanmış pozisyonda fare Lay ve bir kesi yapmadan önce% 70 etanol ile sprey. </li><li> Deri yoluyla orta hat kesi yaparak karın ve göğüs boşluğu Açığa. Göğüs boşluğu ortaya çıkarmak için göğüs ve ön ayakları üzerinde cildi katlayın. </li><li> Üstün mediasten ortaya çıkarmak ve göğüs boşluğu anterior diyafram ve göğüs kafesi üzerinden iki yanal kesiler olun. timus hemen üstünde iki beyaz lob olarak görünür ve kalp bitişik olmalıdır. </li><li> Kapsülü bozmak için değil bazı yapım, ince forseps ile timus çevreleyen bağ dokusu dışında tease. Forseps ile göğüs kafesi geri tutarken, organ altında kavisli bir forseps konumlandırma ve dikey çekerek timus iki lobunun ayıklamak için forseps ikinci bir çift kullanın. Bu yeni doğmuş farelerden Thymi ayrılması için bir kesme kapsamı kullanılarak yapılabilir. </li><li> 60 mm di timus yerleştirinsh bağ berzah ile keserek buz ve ayrı timik lobları üzerinde steril 1x PBS (pH 7.4) içeren. Kapsül zarar vermemek için bazı yapım timik lob herhangi enkaz kaldırmak ve transplantasyon için bölümlere uygun sayıda içine timus kesti. </li><li> Yeni doğmuş farelerden elde edilen Thymi manipüle etmeyin. NOT: İki alıcı farelere (alıcı başına 1 lob) en fazla kullanılır. </li><li> 4-6 alıcı farelerin maksimum olarak, yetişkin farelerden elde edilen Thymi nakli. Şekil 1&#39;de gösterildiği gibi dikkatle, bir yetişkin timik lobunu kavramak, forseps bir çift kullanarak, cerrahi makas kullanarak üç eşit parçaya timus kesti. </li><li> Yineleyin her donör fare için 1.3-1.4 adımları. Maruz Thymi zamanı sınırlamak amacıyla, bir defada 1 donör timus hazırlar. </li></ol> Böbrek Kapsül altında 2. Thymus İmplantasyonu <ol><li> Tablo 1 &#39;de listelenen önceden sterilize edilmiş donanım bir araya getirin. Uygun aseptikteknik, kontamine araç veya reaktif transplant-alıcıları açığa önlemek için prosedür sırasında kullanılmalıdır. </li><li> Transplantasyon öncesinde, tartmak ve her alıcı fare etiketleyin. </li><li> Laminer akış kaputu diseksiyon mikroskobu ve anestezi devresi ayarlayın. </li><li> Bir elektrik ustura kullanarak, alıcı farenin sol tarafını tıraş ve hiçbir saç kesi yapmak için kullanılan alanı çevresinde kalmasını sağlamak. </li><li> Isofluorane buharlaştırıcı açın ve 1-2 arasındaki% bir doz kullanılarak fare uyutmak. Önce ayak tutam aşağıdaki refleksinin yokluğu kontrol ederek cerrahi prosedürü başlamadan uygun anesthetization tespit. </li><li> Fare düzgün uyuşturulduktan sonra, kuruluk önlemek ve şöyle nakli için fareyi hazırlamak için fare gözlerine veteriner merhem uygulayın: </li><li> Traş yüzü yukarı bakacak şekilde sağ yanal yaslanmış pozisyonda mikroskop altında fare yerleştirin. Starting cerrahi alanın merkezinde, povidon-iyot (betadin) takip atılan bir aktarım pipet% 70 etanol kullanarak dairesel hareketlerle dağıtmak. Bir kesi yapmadan önce 3 kez etanol / betadine tedavi tekrarlayın. </li><li> Kullanımı diseksiyon makas doğrudan böbrek üstünde 1-2 cm kanat kesi yapmak. </li><li> Böbrek bitişik bağ dokusu kavramak ve kas üstüne yatıyor şekilde hafifçe kaldırın böbreği orta forseps kullanarak. Kas üzerinde maruz böbrek ve yerinde tutmak için, böbrek iliyum bozmaya değil özel dikkat, böbrek altında orta forseps bir kolunu yerleştirin. </li><li> Doku kurumayı önlemek amacıyla, böbrek ve böbrek kapsülü manipülasyonu tamamlanana kadar her adım sırasında steril 1 x PBS (pH 7.4) böbrek yıkayın. </li><li> Ince forseps tutam ve böbrek ayırmak için böbreküstü bezlerinin en uzak böbrek kenarına yakın kapsülü kaldırın kullanma. </li><li> 18 ölçeri kullanınİğne donör timus (Şekil 2A) Hazırlanan parça eklemek için yeterince büyük bir kesi yapmak. Zaman içinde greft çıkık önlemek için mümkün olduğu kadar küçük kapsüler kesi tutmak için emin olun. </li><li> Kapsülü tutarak böbrek uzağa çekti ederken, kapsül altında greft yerleştirin ve mümkün (Şekil 2B) olarak kapsül kesiden kadar ileri timus itmek için ince forseps ikinci bir çift kullanın. </li><li> Böbrek altından forseps kaldırın ve yavaşça kesiden yerine geri böbrek dönün. </li><li> Periton duvarını dikilmesi ve bir kez kapalı betadin uygulayarak kas kapatın. Dikiş tamamlandıktan sonra, dermis kapatın ve çevredeki betadin uygulamak için yara klipleri geçerlidir. </li><li> Bir ısı lambası kullanarak ısındı edilmiş bir kafes fare dönün. </li><li> Tam bilinç ve hareketlilik kavuşur kadar her post-operatif fare izleyin ve fareler tha koymayınt diğer hayvanlarla bir kafesin içine anestezi aşağıdaki kurtarıldı değil. </li><li> Gerektiği gibi post-operatif ağrı yönetimi ilaçlarla fareler davranın. Örneğin 1.6 mg / ml&#39;lik bir konsantrasyonda, içme suyu içinde asetaminofen gibi ameliyat sonrası analjezikler ile fareler sağlar. </li><li> Yineleyin her alıcı fare için 2,3-2,9 adımları. </li><li> 1 saat sonrası ameliyat içinde normal aktivitesine bu fareler dönüşünü sağlayın. Nakli prosedürünün bir sonucu olarak ortaya çıkan komplikasyonları belirlemek için post-operatif ağırlık, motor becerileri, yanı sıra, her fare içme ve beslenme etkinliğini izlemek. NOT: pre-operatif ağırlık yanı sıra değişmiş hareketlilik ya da yemek ya da içmek komplikasyonları gösterebilir başarısızlık kıyasla Ameliyat sonrası kilo kaybı,. </li><li> Kuyruk nick üreticinin talimatlarına göre limpholite hücre ayırma medyayı kullanarak lenfositlerin ayrılması ardından yoluyla farelerin kanama ile periferik kan T hücre sulandırılması izleyin. T hücresi characteriza başarmakBöyle bir floresan aktive sukkinimidil ester 8 gibi T hücre belirteçleri, CD3, CD4, CD8, hem de canlı ölü diskriminatör özgü floresan konjuge antikor ile lenfositlerin boyanarak tion. Şekil 3 &#39;de gösterildiği gibi analiz tekli, canlı hücreler ve CD3 pozitif hücreler üzerinde geçiş yoluyla gerçekleştirilebilir. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Kappler, J. W., Roehm, N., Marrack, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=T+cell+tolerance+by+clonal+elimination+in+the+thymus.">T cell tolerance by clonal elimination in the thymus.</a> Cell. 49 (2), 273-280 (1987).</li><li>Takahama, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Journey+through+the+thymus:+stromal+guides+for+T-cell+development+and+selection.">Journey through the thymus: stromal guides for T-cell development and selection.</a> Nat. Rev. Immunol. 6, 127-135 (2006).</li><li>Klein, L., Kyewski, B., Allen, P. M., Hogquist, K. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Positive+and+negative+selection+of+the+T+cell+repertoire:+what+thymocytes+see+(and+don&#8217;t+see).">Positive and negative selection of the T cell repertoire: what thymocytes see (and don&#8217;t see).</a> Nat. Rev. Immunol. 14 (6), 377-391 (2014).</li><li>Schwartz, R. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acquisition+of+immunologic+self-tolerance.">Acquisition of immunologic self-tolerance.</a> Cell. 57 (7), 1073-1081 (1989).</li><li>Kishimoto, H., Sprent, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+defect+in+central+tolerance+in+NOD+mice.">A defect in central tolerance in NOD mice.</a> Nat. Immunol. 2 (11), 1025-1031 (2001).</li><li>Anderson, G., Jenkinson, E. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Investigating+central+tolerance+with+reaggregate+thymus+organ+cultures.">Investigating central tolerance with reaggregate thymus organ cultures.</a> Methods. Mol. Biol. 380, 185-196 (2007).</li><li>He, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thymic+development+of+autoreactive+T+cells+in+NOD+mice+is+regulated+in+an+age-dependent+manner.">Thymic development of autoreactive T cells in NOD mice is regulated in an age-dependent manner.</a> J. Immunol. 191 (12), 5858-5866 (2013).</li><li>Stewart, C. C., Stewart, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chapter+6.+Immunophenotyping.">Chapter 6. Immunophenotyping.</a> Current Protocols in Cytometry. , (2001).</li><li>Rice, H. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thymic+transplantation+for+complete+DiGeorge+syndrome:+medical+and+surgical+considerations.">Thymic transplantation for complete DiGeorge syndrome: medical and surgical considerations.</a> J. Pediatr. Surg. 39 (11), 1607-1615 (2004).</li><li>Markert, M. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transplantation+of+thymus+tissue+in+complete+DiGeorge+Syndrome.">Transplantation of thymus tissue in complete DiGeorge Syndrome.</a> N. Engl. J. 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The authors do not have any competing financial interests to disclose.

Events regulating thymic selection are poorly understood. Recent studies have demonstrated ontogenic changes in the efficiency of selection. Coupling this approach with different transgenic thymus donor and recipient mice will further facilitate studies to identify the events and parameters that regulate thymic selection. Notably, thymic transplantation is used for the treatment and management of T cell and thymic disorders seen for instance in athymic infants lacking functional T cells and in patients with DiGeorge synd...

Timus T hücre gelişiminde kritik olaylar 1 meydana geldiği bir organdır. Yerleşik timositleri, T hücresi reseptörü (TCR) α ve β genlerin tekrar düzenlenmesi üzerine timus 2 kortikal ve medüller bölgelerde lymphostromal ve antijen sunan hücreler (APC) ile etkileşimlerin, bir dizi geçer. Timus pozitif seçim ana majör histokompatibilite kompleksi (MHC) sınıf I ve II moleküllerinin 2-3 bağlamında antijenik peptitleri tanıyan timositleri üretilmesi için kortikal timik epitelyum hücreleri (TEC) aracılık eder. Daha sonra timik negatif seçim medüller TEC veya dendritik hücrelerin (DC), MHC sınıf I ve II moleküllerinin 3 ile bağlanmış kendi proteinlerinden türetilen bu, mevcut peptidler ile bir etkileşim ile tahrik edilen reaktif timositlerin tasfiye gerektirir. Bu işlemlerin bir sonucudur geniş bir yelpazede cevap verebilmek olgun CD4 + ve CD8 + T hücrelerinin bir havuz kurulmasıyabancı antijenlere kendi kendine proteinlerin 4 minimal reaktiviteye sahip iken. timik seçim olayları verimliliği timus olgunlaşması, meduller ve kortikal TEC, timik DC alt kümesi bileşiminin sıklığı ve timik öncüleri 3 kaynağı gibi faktörlerin, bir dizi etkilenir. Özellikle, anormal timik seçim sırasıyla, bozulmuş negatif veya pozitif seçimden kaynaklanan otoimmun 5 veya immünyetmezligi patolojiler, neden olabilir. timik seçimi düzenleyen moleküler olaylar, ancak tam olarak anlaşılamamıştır. In vitro böyle reaggregate timik organ kültürleri (RTOC) 6 olarak yaklaşımları, timik seçimi ile ilgili temel olayları analiz etmek için yararlı olabilir, ancak tam sürmekte dinamiklerini recapitulate başarısız kanıtlanmıştır in vivo olaylarda. Sonuç olarak, bu timik transplantasyon dayalı yaklaşım, in vivo 7 daha iyi çalışma timosit seçim olayları için kurulmuştur </s&gt; yedekleyin. Bu protokol bağışık yetmezliği scid alıcı farelere yenidoğan ve yetişkin donör farelerin Thymi nakli açıklanır. Bu teknik, pozitif ve negatif timik seçimi, hem de ontogeny sırasında çeşitli T hücresi alt kümelerinin timik çıkış düzenleyen mekanizmaların çalışmasına izin verir. En son olarak, bu yaklaşım, timik Seçimin verimi, erken otoreaktif T hücrelerinin artan gelişmesine yol açan, farelerde doğumdan sonra sınırlı olduğunu göstermek için kullanılır ve yabancı antijenlere 7 için azaltılmış T hücresi repertuarı spesifik edilmiştir.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol&#160;</td>
			<td>Decon Laboratories</td>
			<td>2705HC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS</td>
			<td>GIBCO</td>
			<td>14190-144</td>
			<td>pH 7.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Betadine Solution</td>
			<td>Purdue Products</td>
			<td>67618-150-17</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>18 gauge needle</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>305195</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sutures (1.0 metric)</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>J493G</td>
			<td>18&#34; (45cm)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AUTOCLIP Wound Clips (9mm)</td>
			<td>Clay Adams&#174; Brand</td>
			<td>427631</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transfer pipette</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>13-711-20</td>
			<td>Sterile, disposable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse anti-CD3 Ab</td>
			<td>eBioscience</td>
			<td>11-0031-85</td>
			<td>Clone: 1452C11</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse anti-CD4 Ab</td>
			<td>eBioscience</td>
			<td>48-0042-82</td>
			<td>Clone: RM4-5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse anti-CD8 Ab</td>
			<td>eBioscience</td>
			<td>25-0081-82</td>
			<td>Clone: 53-6.7</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lancet</td>
			<td>Medipoint</td>
			<td>Goldenrod 4mm</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pacific Orange Succinimidyl Ester, Triethylammonium Salt</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>P30253</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96-well round botton polypropylene plates</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3365</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.2mL polypropylene cluster tubes</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>4401</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5mL polypropylene round-bottom tubes</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>352002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>40uM Nylon Cell Strainer</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>352340</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>16% Paraformaldehyde Solution, EM Grade</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Services</td>
			<td>15710</td>
			<td>Hazardous</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Puralube Optical Ointment</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>NC0138063</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lympholyte</td>
			<td>Cedarlane</td>
			<td>CL5030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>60 mm cell culture dish</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>430196</td>
			<td>60mm x 15mm, Sterile</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation and transplantation of different aged murine thymic grafts.

timik seçim etkinliğini düzenleyen mekanizmalar kötü tanımlanmış kalır. in vivo kendi kendine ve yabancı antijenleri için spesifik T hücrelerinin gelişmesine ve seçim analizleri burada sunulan yöntem sağlar. yaklaşım immünyetmezligi scid alıcıların içine çeşitli yaşlı farelerde türetilen timik greft implantasyonu gerektirir. Süresi nispeten kısa bir süre boyunca alıcı tam implante timus greft türetilen T hücreleri ile yeniden oluşturulmuştur. Sadece timositler, izolasyon anında timus tohum seçimi geçmesi ve olgun T hücreleri dönüşür. Bu nedenle, yaşa bağlı timik olayların bir fonksiyonu olarak aşılanan T hücrelerinin yapısı ve özgüllük değişiklikler değerlendirilebilir. Teknik uzmanlık başarılı timik transplantasyonu için gerekli olsa da, bu yöntem, in vivo olarak anormal timik fonksiyonu ve / veya homeostas sonucunda ya da bağlı olan patolojilerin geniş bir çalışma için benzersiz bir strateji sağlarolduğunu.

Bu prosedürün başarısı az cerrahi travma gibi böbrek kapsülü altından greft doğru konumlandırma bağlıdır. Şekil 1 &#39;de gösterildiği gibi, timik greft uygun temin müteakip transplantasyon için timik bölümleri boyutlu şekilde kesilmelidir. Şekil 1&#39; de şematik sonra, yeni doğan veya yetişkin farelerden Thymi tutarlı ve tekrarlanabilir bir T hücre nakli sonuçları ile başarılı bir subkapsüler nakli için de kullanılabilir. Belirtildiği gibi, böbrek...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Transplantation of Different Aged Murine Thymic Grafts. at JoVE.com

Isolation and Transplantation of Different Aged Murine Thymic Grafts.

This report provides a detailed description of transplanting murine thymi from different aged donor mice under the kidney capsule of immunodeficient mouse recipients. The goal of this approach is to model T cell development and thymic selection events in vivo.

İzolasyon ve Farklı Yaşlı Fare Timik Greft Nakli.

The mechanisms that regulate the efficacy of thymic selection remain ill-defined. The method presented here allows in vivo analyses of the development and ...

isolation-and-transplantation-of-different-aged-murine-thymic-grafts

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

13.7K Görüntüleme.  University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. This report provides a detailed description of transplanting murine thymi from different aged donor mice under the kidney capsule of immunodeficient mouse recipients. The goal of this approach is to model T cell development and thymic selection events in vivo. 

Video: Isolation and Transplantation of Different Aged Murine Thymic Grafts.

Murine Model of CD40-activation of B cells

Research on B cells has shown that CD40 activation improves their antigen presentation capacity. When stimulated with interleukin-4 and CD40 ligand (CD40L), human B cells can be expanded without difficulties from small amounts of peripheral blood within 14 days to very large amounts of highly-pure CD40-B cells (&gt;109 cells per patient) from healthy donors as well as cancer patients1-4. CD40-B cells express important lymph node homing molecules and can attract T cells in vitro5. Furthermore they efficiently take up, process and present antigens to T cells6,7. CD40-B cells were shown to not only prime na&iacute;ve, but also expand memory T cells8,9. Therefore CD40-activated B cells (CD40-B cells) have been studied as an alternative source of immuno-stimulatory antigen-presenting cells (APC) for cell-based immunotherapy1,5,10. In order to further study whether CD40-B cells induce effective T cell responses in vivo and to study the underlying mechanism we established a cell culture system for the generation of murine CD40-activated B cells. Using splenocytes or purified B cells from C57BL/6 mice for CD40-activation, optimal conditions were identified as follows: Starting from splenocytes of C57BL/6 mice (haplotype H-2b) lymphocytes are purified by density gradient centrifugation and co-cultured with HeLa cells expressing recombinant murine CD40 ligand (tmuCD40L HeLa)11. Cells are recultured every 3-4 days and key components such as CD40L, interleukin-4, -Mercaptoethanol and cyclosporin A are replenished. In this protocol we demonstrate how to obtain fully activated murine CD40-B cells (mCD40B) with similar APC-phenotype to human CD40-B cells (Fig 1a,b). CD40-stimulation leads to a rapid outgrowth and expansion of highly pure (&gt;90%) CD19+ B cells within 14 days of cell culture (Fig 1c,d). To avoid contamination with non-transfected cells, expression of the murine CD40 ligand on the transfectants has to be controlled regularly (Fig 2). Murine CD40-activated B cells can be used to study B-cell activation and differentiation as well as to investigate their potential to function as APC in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, they represent a promising tool for establishing therapeutic or preventive vaccination against tumors and will help to answer questions regarding safety and immunogenicity of this approach12.

In this video, we demonstrate the procedure of CD40-activation and expansion of murine B cells from splenocytes of C57BL/6 mice, which can be used as a model antigen-presenting cell (APC) to study induction of immunity.

Murin Model B hücreleri CD40 aktivasyonu

Research on B cells has shown that CD40 activation improves their antigen presentation capacity. When stimulated with interleukin-4 and CD40 ligand ...

İmmünoloji ve Enfeksiyon

RNA Isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Colonizing the Murine Gastrointestinal Tract

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) infections result in significant morbidity and mortality in hosts with compromised immune systems, such as patients with leukemia, severe burn wounds, or organ transplants1. In patients at high-risk for developing PA bloodstream infections, the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is the main reservoir for colonization2, but the mechanisms by which PA transitions from an asymptomatic colonizing microbe to an invasive, and often deadly, pathogen are unclear. Previously, we performed in vivo transcription profiling experiments by recovering PA mRNA from bacterial cells residing in the cecums of colonized mice 3 in order to identify changes in bacterial gene expression during alterations to the host&#x2019;s immune status.
As with any transcription profiling experiment, the rate-limiting step is in the isolation of sufficient amounts of high quality mRNA. Given the abundance of enzymes, debris, food residues, and particulate matter in the GI tract, the challenge of RNA isolation is daunting. Here, we present a method for reliable and reproducible isolation of bacterial RNA recovered from the murine GI tract. This method utilizes a well-established murine model of PA GI colonization and neutropenia-induced dissemination4. Once GI colonization with PA is confirmed, mice are euthanized and cecal contents are recovered and flash frozen. RNA is then extracted using a combination of mechanical disruption, boiling, phenol/chloroform extractions, DNase treatment, and affinity chromatography. Quantity and purity are confirmed by spectrophotometry (Nanodrop Technologies) and bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies) (Fig 1). This method of GI microbial RNA isolation can easily be adapted to other bacteria and fungi as well.

RNA Isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Colonizing the Murine Gastrointestinal Tract

A reliable method for the RNA isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa recovered from murine cecums is described. The RNA recovered is of sufficient quantity and quality for subsequent qPCR, transcription profiling, and RNA Seq experiments. This technique can be adapted for RNA isolation of other intestinal microbes.

RNA İzolasyonu Pseudomonas aeruginosa Murin Gastrointestinal Yolu koloniler

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) infections result in significant morbidity and mortality in hosts with compromised immune systems, such as patients with ...

Examination of Thymic Positive and Negative Selection by Flow Cytometry

A healthy immune system requires that T cells respond to foreign antigens while remaining tolerant to self-antigens. Random rearrangement of the T cell receptor (TCR) &alpha; and &beta; loci generates a T cell repertoire with vast diversity in antigen specificity, both to self and foreign. Selection of the repertoire during development in the thymus is critical for generating safe and useful T cells. Defects in thymic selection contribute to the development of autoimmune and immunodeficiency disorders1-4. 
T cell progenitors enter the thymus as double negative (DN) thymocytes that do not express CD4 or CD8 co-receptors. Expression of the &alpha;&beta;TCR and both co-receptors occurs at the double positive (DP) stage. Interaction of the &alpha;&beta;TCR with self-peptide-MHC (pMHC) presented by thymic cells determines the fate of the DP thymocyte. High affinity interactions lead to negative selection and elimination of self-reactive thymocytes. Low affinity interactions result in positive selection and development of CD4 or CD8 single positive (SP) T cells capable of recognizing foreign antigens presented by self-MHC5.
Positive selection can be studied in mice with a polyclonal (wildtype) TCR repertoire by observing the generation of mature T cells. However, they are not ideal for the study of negative selection, which involves deletion of small antigen-specific populations. Many model systems have been used to study negative selection but vary in their ability to recapitulate physiological events6. For example, in vitro stimulation of thymocytes lacks the thymic environment that is intimately involved in selection, while administration of exogenous antigen can lead to non-specific deletion of thymocytes7-9. Currently, the best tools for studying in vivo negative selection are mice that express a transgenic TCR specific for endogenous self-antigen. However, many classical TCR transgenic models are characterized by premature expression of the transgenic TCR&alpha; chain at the DN stage, resulting in premature negative selection. Our lab has developed the HYcd4 model, in which the transgenic HY TCR&alpha; is conditionally expressed at the DP stage, allowing negative selection to occur during the DP to SP transition as occurs in wildtype mice10.
Here, we describe a flow cytometry-based protocol to examine thymic positive and negative selection in the HYcd4 mouse model. While negative selection in HYcd4 mice is highly physiological, these methods can also be applied to other TCR transgenic models. We will also present general strategies for analyzing positive selection in a polyclonal repertoire applicable to any genetically manipulated mice.

We present a flow cytometry-based method to examine T cell development in vivo using genetically manipulated mice on a wildtype or T cell receptor transgenic background.

Akım Sitometri tarafından Timik Pozitif ve Negatif Seçim incelenmesi

A healthy immune system requires that T cells respond to foreign  antigens while remaining tolerant to self-antigens. Random rearrangement of the  T cell ...

Isolation, Processing and Analysis of Murine Gingival Cells

We have developed a technique to precisely isolate and process murine gingival tissue for flow cytometry and molecular studies. The gingiva is a unique and important tissue to study immune mechanisms because it is involved in host immune response against oral biofilm that might cause periodontal diseases. Furthermore, the close proximity of the gingiva to alveolar bone tissue enables also studying bone remodeling under inflammatory conditions. Our method yields large amount of immune cells that allows analysis of even rare cell populations such as Langerhans cells and T regulatory cells as we demonstrated previously 1. Employing mice to study local immune responses involved in alveolar bone loss during periodontal diseases is advantageous because of the availability of various immunological and experimental tools. Nevertheless, due to their small size and the relatively inconvenient access to the murine gingiva, many studies avoided examination of this critical tissue. The method described in this work could facilitate gingival analysis, which hopefully will increase our understating on the oral immune system and its role during periodontal diseases.

This study describes an efficient technique to isolate and process gingival tissues from the mouse oral cavity in order to produce a single-cell culture. The resulting cells can be further used for flow cytometry analysis and molecular studies.

Murin Dişeti Hücre İzolasyonu, İşleme ve Analiz

We have developed a technique to precisely isolate and process murine gingival tissue for flow cytometry and molecular studies. The gingiva is a unique ...

Isolation, Identification, and Purification of Murine Thymic Epithelial Cells

The thymus is a vital organ for T lymphocyte development. Of thymic stromal cells, thymic epithelial cells (TECs) are particularly crucial at multiple stages of T cell development: T cell commitment, positive selection and negative selection. However, the function of TECs in the thymus remains incompletely understood. In the article, we provide a method to isolate TEC subsets from fresh mouse thymus using a combination of mechanical disruption and enzymatic digestion. The method allows thymic stromal cells and thymocytes to be efficiently released from cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix connections and to form a single-cell suspension. Using the isolated cells, multiparameter flow cytometry can be applied to identification and characterization of TECs and dendritic cells. Because TECs are a rare cell population in the thymus, we also describe an effective way to enrich and purify TECs by depleting thymocytes, the most abundant cell type in the thymus. Following the enrichment, cell sorting time can be decreased so that loss of cell viability can be minimized during purification of TECs. Purified cells are suitable for various downstream analyses like Real Time-PCR, Western blot and gene expression profiling. The protocol will promote research of TEC function and as well as the development of in vitro T cell reconstitution.

Here we describe an efficient method for isolation, identification, and purification of mouse thymic epithelial cells (TECs). The protocol can be utilized for studies of thymus function for normal T cell development, thymus dysfunction, and T cell reconstitution.

İzolasyon, tanımlama ve Murin Thymic Epitel Hücreleri saflaştırılması

The thymus is a vital organ for T lymphocyte development. Of thymic stromal cells, thymic epithelial cells (TECs) are particularly crucial at multiple ...

Isolation of Murine Lymph Node Stromal Cells

Secondary lymphoid organs including lymph nodes are composed of stromal cells that provide a structural environment for homeostasis, activation and differentiation of lymphocytes. Various stromal cell subsets have been identified by the expression of the adhesion molecule CD31 and glycoprotein podoplanin (gp38), T zone reticular cells or fibroblastic reticular cells, lymphatic endothelial cells, blood endothelial cells and FRC-like pericytes within the double negative cell population. For all populations different functions are described including, separation and lining of different compartments, attraction of and interaction with different cell types, filtration of the draining fluidics and contraction of the lymphatic vessels. In the last years, different groups have described an additional role of stromal cells in orchestrating and regulating cytotoxic T cell responses potentially dangerous for the host. 
Lymph nodes are complex structures with many different cell types and therefore require a appropriate procedure for isolation of the desired cell populations. Currently, protocols for the isolation of lymph node stromal cells rely on enzymatic digestion with varying incubation times; however, stromal cells and their surface molecules are sensitive to these enzymes, which results in loss of surface marker expression and cell death. Here a short enzymatic digestion protocol combined with automated mechanical disruption to obtain viable single cells suspension of lymph node stromal cells maintaining their surface molecule expression is proposed.

Isolation of lymph node stromal cells is a multistep procedure including enzymatic digestion and mechanical disaggregation to obtain fibroblastic reticular cells, lymphatic and blood endothelial cells. In the described procedure, a short digestion is combined with automated mechanical disaggregation to minimize surface marker degradation of viable lymph node stromal cells.

Kemirgen Lenf Düğümü Stromal Hücrelerinin İzolasyonu

Secondary lymphoid organs including lymph nodes are composed of stromal cells that provide a structural environment for homeostasis, activation and ...

Isolation and Intravenous Injection of Murine Bone Marrow Derived Monocytes

As a subtype of leukocytes and progenitors of macrophages, monocytes are involved in many important processes of organisms and are often the subject of various fields in biomedical science. The method described below is a simple and effective way to isolate murine monocytes from heterogeneous bone marrow.
Bone marrow from the femur and tibia of Balb/c mice is harvested by flushing with phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Cell suspension is supplemented with macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and cultured on ultra-low attachment surfaces to avoid adhesion-triggered differentiation of monocytes. The properties and differentiation of monocytes are characterized at various intervals. Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS), with markers like CD11b, CD115, and F4/80, is used for phenotyping. At the end of cultivation, the suspension consists of 45%&#177; 12% monocytes. By removing adhesive macrophages, the purity can be raised up to 86%&#177; 6%. After the isolation, monocytes can be utilized in various ways, and one of the most effective and common methods for in vivo delivery is intravenous tail vein injection. 
This technique of isolation and application is important for mouse model studies, especially in the fields of inflammation or immunology. Monocytes can also be used therapeutically in mouse disease models.

Here we present a protocol that generates large amounts of murine monocytes from heterogeneous bone marrow for translational applications. In comparison to others, this new method helps reduce the number of sacrificed animals and lowers costs by avoiding expensive methods such as high gradient magnetic cell separation (MACS).

İzolasyon ve Kemirgen Kemik İliği intravenöz enjeksiyon Türetilmiş Monositler

As a subtype of leukocytes and progenitors of macrophages, monocytes are involved in many important processes of organisms and are often the subject of ...

Isolation and Flow Cytometric Characterization of Murine Small Intestinal Lymphocytes

The intestines &#8212; which contain the largest number of immune cells of any organ in the body &#8212; are constantly exposed to foreign antigens, both microbial and dietary. Given an increasing understanding that these luminal antigens help shape the immune response and that education of immune cells within the intestine is critical for a number of systemic diseases, there has been increased interest in characterizing the intestinal immune system. However, many published protocols are arduous and time-consuming. We present here a simplified protocol for the isolation of lymphocytes from the small-intestinal lamina propria, intraepithelial layer, and Peyer&#39;s patches that is rapid, reproducible, and does not require laborious Percoll gradients. Although the protocol focuses on the small intestine, it is also suitable for analysis of the colon. Moreover, we highlight some aspects that may need additional optimization depending on the specific scientific question. This approach results in the isolation of large numbers of viable lymphocytes that can subsequently be used for flow cytometric analysis or alternate means of characterization.

There is growing interest in the quantitative characterization of intestinal lymphocytes owing to increasing recognition that these cells play a critical role in a variety of intestinal and systemic diseases. In this protocol, we describe how to isolate single cell populations from different small-intestinal compartments for subsequent flow cytometric characterization.

Fare Küçük Bağırsak Lenfositler izolasyonu ve Akım Sitometrisi Karakterizasyonu

The intestines &#8212; which contain the largest number of immune cells of any organ in the body &#8212; are constantly exposed to foreign antigens, both ...

Preparation and Applications of Organotypic Thymic Slice Cultures

Thymic selection proceeds in a unique and highly organized thymic microenvironment resulting in the generation of a functional, self-tolerant T cell repertoire. In vitro models to study T lineage commitment and development have provided valuable insights into this process. However, these systems lack the complete three-dimensional thymic milieu necessary for T cell development and, therefore, are incomplete approximations of in vivo thymic selection. Some of the challenges related to modeling T cell development can be overcome by using in situ models that provide an intact thymic microenvironment that fully supports thymic selection of developing T cells. Thymic slice organotypic cultures complement existing in situ techniques. Thymic slices preserve the integrity of the thymic cortical and medullary regions and provide a platform to study development of overlaid thymocytes of a defined developmental stage or of endogenous T cells within a mature thymic microenvironment. Given the ability to generate ~20 slices per mouse, thymic slices present a unique advantage in terms of scalability for high throughput experiments. Further, the relative ease in generating thymic slices and potential to overlay different thymic subsets or other cell populations from diverse genetic backgrounds enhances the versatility of this method. Here we describe a protocol for the preparation of thymic slices, isolation and overlay of thymocytes, and dissociation of thymic slices for flow cytometric analysis. This system can also be adapted to study non-conventional T cell development as well as visualize thymocyte migration, thymocyte-stromal cell interactions, and TCR signals associated with thymic selection by two-photon microscopy.

We describe the preparation of thymic slices that, in combination with flow cytometry, can be used to model positive and negative selection of developing T cells. Thymic slices can also be adapted for the in situ analysis of thymocyte migration, localization, and signaling via immunofluorescence and two-photon microscopy.

Hazırlık ve Organotipik Timik Dilim Kültürler Uygulamaları

Thymic selection proceeds in a unique and highly organized thymic microenvironment resulting in the generation of a functional, self-tolerant T cell ...

Isolation and Activation of Murine Lymphocytes

B and T cells, with their extremely diverse antigen-receptor repertoires, have the ability to mount specific immune responses against almost any invading pathogen1,2. Understandably, such intricate abilities are controlled by a large number of molecules involved in various cellular processes to ensure timely and spatially regulated immune responses3. Here, we describe experimental procedures that allow rapid isolation of highly purified murine lymphocytes using magnetic cell sorting technology. The resulting purified lymphocytes can then be subjected to various in vitro or in vivo functional assays, such as the determination of lymphocyte signaling capacity upon stimulation by immunoblotting4 and the investigation of proliferative abilities by 3H-thymidine incorporation or carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) labeling5-7. In addition to comparing the functional capacities of control and genetically modified lymphocytes, we can also determine the T cell stimulatory capacity of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in vivo, as shown in our representative results using transplanted CFSE-labeled OT-I T cells.

Lymphocytes are the major players in adaptive immune responses. Here, we present a lymphocyte purification protocol to determine the physiological functions of the desired molecules in lymphocyte activation in vitro and in vivo. The described experimental procedures are suitable for comparing functional capacities between control and genetically modified lymphocytes.

İzolasyon ve murin lenfositlerin aktivasyonu

B and T cells, with their extremely diverse antigen-receptor repertoires, have the ability to mount specific immune responses against almost any invading ...