Name: isolation and transplantation of different aged murine thymic grafts.
Uploaded: 2015-05-13T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 5 min 47 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Transplantation of Different Aged Murine Thymic Grafts. at JoVE.com

This work was supported by funding received from the National Institutes of Health (1R01AI083269).

Gli studi murini sono stati approvati dalla cura e l&#39;uso Comitato Istituzionale Animal (IACUC) della University of North Carolina a Chapel Hill e tutte le cure degli animali era in conformità con le linee guida IACUC. 1. Preparazione del neonato e Adult Thymi <ol><li> Preparare tutti i reagenti e le attrezzature prima di eutanasia topi donatori. </li><li> Sterilizzare gli strumenti chirurgici in autoclave o altri metodi appropriati. Tutte le procedure chirurgiche sono svolte sotto una cappa a flusso laminare per mantenere condizioni sterili ed evitare la contaminazione. Montare gli strumenti necessari per l&#39;estrazione di thymi da topi donatori. </li><li> Riempire piastre da 60 mm sterile 1x PBS (pH 7.4) e disporli sul ghiaccio all&#39;interno della cappa. Questo verrà utilizzato per memorizzare brevemente thymi asportato da topi donatori prima del trapianto. </li><li> Come da orientamenti etici, eutanasia topi donatori neonati per decapitazione e donatori adulti topi da CO 2 asfissia seguita da dislocazione cervicale. </li><li> Per removal del timo: Appoggiare il mouse in una posizione reclinata dorsale su un tovagliolo di carta assorbente sterile e spruzzare con il 70% di etanolo prima di effettuare una incisione. </li><li> Esporre la cavità addominale e toracica facendo un&#39;incisione mediana attraverso la pelle. Piegare la pelle sul petto e zampe anteriori per rivelare la cavità toracica. </li><li> Fare due incisioni laterali attraverso il diaframma e gabbia toracica per esporre il mediastino superiore e anteriore cavità toracica. Il timo deve essere visibile come due lobi bianche immediatamente sopra e adiacente al cuore. </li><li> Tease a parte il tessuto connettivo circostante il timo con una pinza sottile, facendo attenzione a non interrompere la capsula. Mentre trattenendo la gabbia toracica con una pinza, utilizzare una seconda coppia di pinze per estrarre i due lobi del timo posizionando pinze curve sotto l&#39;organo e tirando verticalmente. Questo può essere fatto utilizzando un ambito dissezione per estrarre thymi da topi appena nati. </li><li> Posizionare il timo in 60 millimetri dish contenente sterile 1x PBS (pH 7.4) su ghiaccio e lobi del timo separati tagliando attraverso l&#39;istmo connettivo. Rimuovere eventuali detriti dai lobi del timo facendo attenzione a non danneggiare la capsula, e tagliare il timo nel numero appropriato di sezioni per il trapianto. </li><li> Non manipolare il thymi ottenuto da topi appena nati. NOTA: Utilizzato per un massimo di due topi riceventi (1 lobo per destinatario). </li><li> Transplant il thymi ottenuto da topi adulti in un massimo di 4-6 topi riceventi. Utilizzando un paio di pinze, afferrare accuratamente un adulto lobo timico, come mostrato nella Figura 1, tagliare il timo in tre sezioni uguali utilizzando forbici chirurgiche. </li><li> Ripetere i passaggi 1,3-1,4 per ogni mouse donatore. Al fine di limitare il tempo thymi sono esposti, preparare timo 1 donatore alla volta. </li></ol> 2. Timo impianto sotto la capsula renale <ol><li> Montare l&#39;apparecchiatura pre-sterilizzato elencati nella Tabella 1. Asettica Propertecnica dovrebbe essere utilizzata nel corso della procedura per evitare l&#39;esposizione trapianto destinatari di strumenti o reagenti contaminati. </li><li> Prima del trapianto, pesare ed etichettare ogni mouse destinatario. </li><li> Impostare il microscopio da dissezione e circuito di anestesia nella cappa a flusso laminare. </li><li> Usando un rasoio elettrico, radere il lato sinistro del mouse destinatario e non assicurano capelli rimangono intorno all&#39;area utilizzata per effettuare l&#39;incisione. </li><li> Accendere vaporizzatore isofluorane e anestetizzare il mouse utilizzando una dose compresa tra 1-2%. Accertare corretta anesthetization prima di avviare la procedura chirurgica verificando l&#39;assenza di riflesso seguente pinch punta. </li><li> Dopo il mouse viene adeguatamente anestetizzato, applicare una pomata veterinaria agli occhi del mouse per prevenire la secchezza e preparare il mouse per il trapianto come segue: </li><li> Posizionare il mouse sotto il microscopio da dissezione in una posizione reclinata laterale destro in modo che il lato rasata è rivolto verso l&#39;alto. Starting nel centro della zona chirurgica, dispensare in un movimento circolare utilizzando una pipetta di trasferimento monouso 70% etanolo, seguito da povidone-iodio (Betadine). Ripetere il trattamento di etanolo / betadine 3 volte prima di effettuare una incisione. </li><li> Con le forbici dissezione fanno un 1-2 cm un&#39;incisione fianco direttamente sopra il rene. </li><li> Utilizzando pinze medie afferrare tessuto connettivo adiacente al rene e sollevare delicatamente il rene in modo che si trova in cima alla muscolatura. Per mantenere il rene esposta e in posizione sopra la muscolatura, inserire un braccio di pinze medie sotto il rene, con particolare attenzione a non disturbare il ileo renale. </li><li> Al fine di prevenire l&#39;essiccamento del tessuto, irrigare il rene con sterile 1x PBS (pH 7.4) durante ogni passaggio finché manipolazione della capsula renale e rene è completo. </li><li> Utilizzando una pinza sottile pizzicare e sollevare la capsula vicino al bordo del rene più distale alle ghiandole surrenali per separarlo dal rene. </li><li> Utilizzare un calibro 18ago per fare una incisione abbastanza grande per inserire il pezzo preparato del timo donatore (Figura 2A). Assicurarsi di mantenere l&#39;incisione capsulare più piccolo possibile per impedire la dislocazione dell&#39;innesto nel tempo. </li><li> Pur mantenendo la capsula tirato via dal rene, utilizzare una seconda coppia di pinza sottile per inserire l&#39;innesto sotto la capsula e spingere il timo il più avanti dall&#39;incisione capsulare possibile (Figura 2B). </li><li> Rimuovere le pinze da sotto il rene, e restituire delicatamente il rene al suo posto attraverso l&#39;incisione. </li><li> Chiudere la muscolatura da sutura alla parete peritoneale e l&#39;applicazione di betadine una volta chiusa. Dopo sutura, applicare la clip ferita per chiudere il derma e applicare betadine alla zona circostante. </li><li> Ritorna il mouse in una gabbia che si è riscaldato con una lampada di calore. </li><li> Monitorare ogni mouse post-operatorio fino a quando non riprende piena consapevolezza e la mobilità e non posizionare i topi that non hanno recuperato dopo anestesia in una gabbia con altri animali. </li><li> Trattare topi con post-operatorie farmaci di gestione del dolore, se necessario. Fornire topi con analgesici post-operatorie, come paracetamolo in acqua potabile ad una concentrazione di 1,6 mg / ml. </li><li> Ripetere i passaggi 2,3-2,9 per ogni mouse destinatario. </li><li> Assicurarsi che il ritorno topi alla normale attività entro post-operatorio 1 ora. Monitorare peso post-operatorio, capacità motorie, nonché l&#39;acqua e mangime attività di ciascuna mouse per determinare complicazioni derivanti della procedura di trapianto. NOTA: la perdita di peso post-operatorio, rispetto al peso pre-operatoria, nonché la mobilità alterato o mancata mangiare o bere può indicare complicazioni. </li><li> Monitorare la ricostituzione delle cellule T del sangue periferico da sanguinamento topi con coda nick seguita dalla separazione dei linfociti che utilizzano mezzi di separazione cellulare Lympholyte secondo le specifiche del costruttore. Realizzare characteriza cellule Tzione mediante colorazione con anticorpi coniugati linfociti fluorescenza specifici per i marcatori di cellule T CD3, CD4, CD8, e così come un discriminatore morti vivono come un estere attivato 8 succinimidile fluorescente. Analisi come mostrato in Figura 3 può essere realizzato mediante gating su singlets, cellule vive e cellule positive CD3. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Kappler, J. W., Roehm, N., Marrack, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=T+cell+tolerance+by+clonal+elimination+in+the+thymus.">T cell tolerance by clonal elimination in the thymus.</a> Cell. 49 (2), 273-280 (1987).</li><li>Takahama, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Journey+through+the+thymus:+stromal+guides+for+T-cell+development+and+selection.">Journey through the thymus: stromal guides for T-cell development and selection.</a> Nat. Rev. Immunol. 6, 127-135 (2006).</li><li>Klein, L., Kyewski, B., Allen, P. M., Hogquist, K. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Positive+and+negative+selection+of+the+T+cell+repertoire:+what+thymocytes+see+(and+don&#8217;t+see).">Positive and negative selection of the T cell repertoire: what thymocytes see (and don&#8217;t see).</a> Nat. Rev. Immunol. 14 (6), 377-391 (2014).</li><li>Schwartz, R. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acquisition+of+immunologic+self-tolerance.">Acquisition of immunologic self-tolerance.</a> Cell. 57 (7), 1073-1081 (1989).</li><li>Kishimoto, H., Sprent, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+defect+in+central+tolerance+in+NOD+mice.">A defect in central tolerance in NOD mice.</a> Nat. Immunol. 2 (11), 1025-1031 (2001).</li><li>Anderson, G., Jenkinson, E. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Investigating+central+tolerance+with+reaggregate+thymus+organ+cultures.">Investigating central tolerance with reaggregate thymus organ cultures.</a> Methods. Mol. Biol. 380, 185-196 (2007).</li><li>He, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thymic+development+of+autoreactive+T+cells+in+NOD+mice+is+regulated+in+an+age-dependent+manner.">Thymic development of autoreactive T cells in NOD mice is regulated in an age-dependent manner.</a> J. Immunol. 191 (12), 5858-5866 (2013).</li><li>Stewart, C. C., Stewart, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chapter+6.+Immunophenotyping.">Chapter 6. Immunophenotyping.</a> Current Protocols in Cytometry. , (2001).</li><li>Rice, H. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thymic+transplantation+for+complete+DiGeorge+syndrome:+medical+and+surgical+considerations.">Thymic transplantation for complete DiGeorge syndrome: medical and surgical considerations.</a> J. Pediatr. Surg. 39 (11), 1607-1615 (2004).</li><li>Markert, M. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transplantation+of+thymus+tissue+in+complete+DiGeorge+Syndrome.">Transplantation of thymus tissue in complete DiGeorge Syndrome.</a> N. Engl. J. Med. 341, 1180-1189 (1999).</li><li>Market, M. L., Devlin, B. H., McCarthy, E. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thymus+transplantation.">Thymus transplantation.</a> Clin. Immunol. 135 (2), 236-246 (2010).</li><li>Wells, A. D., Li, X., Strom, T. B., Turka, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+peripheral+T-cell+depletion+in+transplantation+tolerance.">The role of peripheral T-cell depletion in transplantation tolerance.</a> Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 356 (1409), 617-623 (2001).</li><li>Albuquerque, A. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+FOXN1-Deficiency+is+associated+with+ab+double-negative+and+FoxP3++T-cell+expansions+that+are+distinctly+modulated+upon+thymic+transplantation.">Human FOXN1-Deficiency is associated with ab double-negative and FoxP3+ T-cell expansions that are distinctly modulated upon thymic transplantation.</a> PLoS One. 7 (5), e37042 (2012).</li><li>Chinn, I. K., Milner, J. D., Scheinberg, P., Douek, D. C., Markert, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thymus+transplantation+restores+the+repertoires+of+forkhead+box+protein+3+(FoxP3)++and+FoxP3-+T+cells+in+complete+DiGeorge+anomaly.">Thymus transplantation restores the repertoires of forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3)+ and FoxP3- T cells in complete DiGeorge anomaly.</a> Clin Exp Immunol. 173 (1), 140-149 (2013).</li><li>Savino, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+thymus+is+a+common+target+organ+in+infectious+diseases.">The thymus is a common target organ in infectious diseases.</a> PLoS Pathog. 2 (6), e62 (2006).</li></ol>

The authors do not have any competing financial interests to disclose.

Events regulating thymic selection are poorly understood. Recent studies have demonstrated ontogenic changes in the efficiency of selection. Coupling this approach with different transgenic thymus donor and recipient mice will further facilitate studies to identify the events and parameters that regulate thymic selection. Notably, thymic transplantation is used for the treatment and management of T cell and thymic disorders seen for instance in athymic infants lacking functional T cells and in patients with DiGeorge synd...

Il timo è un organo in cui gli eventi critici nello sviluppo delle cellule T si verificano 1. Timociti residente sul riarrangiamento del recettore delle cellule T (TCR) α e β geni, subiscono una serie di interazioni con lymphostromal e cellule presentanti l&#39;antigene (APC) nelle regioni corticali e midollari del timo 2. Thymic selezione positiva è mediata da cellule epiteliali corticali timici (TEC) per produrre timociti che riconoscono peptidi antigenici nell&#39;ambito dell&#39;ospite classe complesso maggiore di istocompatibilità (MHC) I e II molecole 2-3. Successivamente timica selezione negativa comporta spurgo dei timociti autoreattivi, guidato da un&#39;interazione con TEC midollare o cellule dendritiche (DC) che presentano peptidi derivati ​​da auto-proteine ​​legate da MHC di classe I e II molecole 3. Il risultato finale di questi processi è la creazione di un pool di cellule mature CD4 + e CD8 + T in grado di rispondere ad un ampio spettrodi antigeni estranei mentre esibendo reattività minima auto-proteine ​​4. L&#39;efficienza di eventi di selezione timici è influenzata da una serie di fattori, tra cui la maturazione timica, frequenza midollare e TEC corticale, composizione sottoinsieme di timico DC, e la fonte di precursori timici 3. In particolare, la selezione del timo aberranti può provocare autoimmuni 5 o immunodeficienza patologie che derivano da alterazioni selezione negativa o positiva, rispettivamente. Gli eventi molecolari che regolano la selezione del timo, tuttavia, sono poco conosciuti. In vitro approcci come reaggregate colture d&#39;organo del timo (RTOC) 6, hanno dimostrato di essere utile per analizzare gli eventi di base associate con la selezione del timo, ma non riescono a riassumere pienamente le dinamiche del corso negli eventi vivo. Di conseguenza, questo approccio basato trapianto-timico è stato stabilito a migliori eventi di selezione thymocyte studio in vivo 7 </sup&gt;. Questo protocollo descrive trapianto thymi da topi donatori neonati e per adulti in immunodeficienti topi riceventi SCID. Questa tecnica permette lo studio dei meccanismi che regolano la selezione timica positiva e negativa, nonché uscita timica di vari sottogruppi di cellule T durante l&#39;ontogenesi. Recentemente, questo approccio è stato utilizzato per dimostrare che l&#39;efficienza della selezione timica è limitato subito dopo la nascita in topi con conseguente aumento sviluppo di cellule T autoreattive e una ridotta repertorio cellule T specifiche per antigeni estranei 7.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Ethanol&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Decon Laboratories</td><td>2705HC</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PBS</td><td>GIBCO</td><td>14190-144</td><td>pH 7.4</td></tr><tr><td>Betadine Solution</td><td>Purdue Products</td><td>67618-150-17</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>18 gauge needle</td><td>BD</td><td>305195</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sutures (1.0 metric)</td><td>Ethicon</td><td>J493G</td><td>18&quot; (45cm)</td></tr><tr><td>AUTOCLIP Wound Clips (9mm)</td><td>Clay Adams&amp;reg; Brand</td><td>427631</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Transfer pipette</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>13-711-20</td><td>Sterile, disposable</td></tr><tr><td>Mouse anti-CD3 Ab</td><td>eBioscience</td><td>11-0031-85</td><td>Clone: 1452C11</td></tr><tr><td>Mouse anti-CD4 Ab</td><td>eBioscience</td><td>48-0042-82</td><td>Clone: RM4-5</td></tr><tr><td>Mouse anti-CD8 Ab</td><td>eBioscience</td><td>25-0081-82</td><td>Clone: 53-6.7</td></tr><tr><td>Lancet</td><td>Medipoint</td><td>Goldenrod 4mm</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pacific Orange Succinimidyl Ester, Triethylammonium Salt</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>P30253</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>96-well round botton polypropylene plates</td><td>Corning</td><td>3365</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1.2 ml polypropylene cluster tubes</td><td>Corning</td><td>4401</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>5 ml polypropylene round-bottom tubes</td><td>BD</td><td>352002</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>40uM Nylon Cell Strainer</td><td>Falcon</td><td>352340</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>16% Paraformaldehyde Solution, EM Grade</td><td>Electron Microscopy Services</td><td>15710</td><td>Hazardous</td></tr><tr><td>Puralube Optical Ointment</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>NC0138063</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lympholyte</td><td>Cedarlane</td><td>CL5030</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>60 mm cell culture dish</td><td>Corning</td><td>430196</td><td>60 mm x 15 mm, Sterile</td></tr></tbody></table>

isolation and transplantation of different aged murine thymic grafts.

I meccanismi che regolano l&#39;efficacia della selezione timica restano mal definiti. Il metodo qui presentato permette in vivo analisi dello sviluppo e selezione di cellule T specifiche per sé e antigeni estranei. L&#39;approccio prevede l&#39;impianto di innesti timici derivate da diversi topi anziani in riceventi SCID immunodeficienti. Nel corso di un periodo relativamente breve di tempo i destinatari sono completamente ricostituiti con cellule T derivate dal trapianto del timo impiantata. Solo timociti semina timo al momento della selezione subiscono isolamento e svilupparsi in cellule T mature. Come tali, i cambiamenti nella natura e la specificità delle cellule T trapiantate in funzione di eventi timici dipendenti dall&#39;età possono essere valutate. Anche se è richiesta competenza tecnica per il trapianto timica successo, questo metodo fornisce una strategia unica di studiare in vivo una vasta gamma di patologie che sono causa o il risultato di aberrant funzione e / o homeostas timicoè.

Il successo di questa procedura dipende trauma chirurgico minimo nonché il posizionamento accurato del graft sotto la capsula renale. L&#39;innesto timica deve essere tagliato per assicurare dimensioni appropriate sezioni timici per il successivo trapianto, come mostrato in Figura 1. Seguendo lo schema di figura 1, thymi da topi neonati o adulti può essere usato per il trapianto subcapsular successo con risultati costanti e riproducibili attecchimento delle cellule T. Come accennato, ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Transplantation of Different Aged Murine Thymic Grafts. at JoVE.com

Isolation and Transplantation of Different Aged Murine Thymic Grafts.

This report provides a detailed description of transplanting murine thymi from different aged donor mice under the kidney capsule of immunodeficient mouse recipients. The goal of this approach is to model T cell development and thymic selection events in vivo.

Isolamento e Trapianto di diversi invecchiato murini del timo innesti.

The mechanisms that regulate the efficacy of thymic selection remain ill-defined. The method presented here allows in vivo analyses of the development and ...

isolation-and-transplantation-of-different-aged-murine-thymic-grafts

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

13.7K Views.  University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. This report provides a detailed description of transplanting murine thymi from different aged donor mice under the kidney capsule of immunodeficient mouse recipients. The goal of this approach is to model T cell development and thymic selection events in vivo. 

Video: Isolation and Transplantation of Different Aged Murine Thymic Grafts.

Characterization of Thymic Settling Progenitors in the Mouse Embryo Using In Vivo and In Vitro Assays

Characterizing thymic settling progenitors is important to understand the pre-thymic stages of T cell development, essential to devise strategies for T cell replacement in lymphopenic patients. We studied thymic settling progenitors from murine embryonic day 13 and 18 thymi by two complementary in vitro and in vivo techniques, both based on the &#8220;hanging drop&#8221; method. This method allowed colonizing irradiated fetal thymic lobes with E13 and/or E18 thymic progenitors distinguished by CD45 allotypic markers and thus following their progeny. Colonization with mixed populations allows analyzing cell autonomous differences in biologic properties of the progenitors while colonization with either population removes possible competitive selective pressures. The colonized thymic lobes can also be grafted in immunodeficient male recipient mice allowing the analysis of the mature T cell progeny in vivo, such as population dynamics of the peripheral immune system and colonization of different tissues and organs. Fetal thymic organ cultures revealed that E13 progenitors developed rapidly into all mature CD3+ cells and gave rise to the canonical &#947;&#948; T cell subset, known as dendritic epithelial T cells. In comparison, E18 progenitors have a delayed differentiation and were unable to generate dendritic epithelial T cells. The monitoring of peripheral blood of thymus-grafted CD3-/- mice further showed that E18 thymic settling progenitors generate, with time, larger numbers of mature T cells than their E13 counterparts, a feature that could not be appreciated in the short term fetal thymic organ cultures.

Characterization of Thymic Settling Progenitors in the Mouse Embryo Using In Vivo and In Vitro Assays

This article describes in vivo and in vitro methodology to characterize the thymic settling progenitors by the analysis of the kinetics of generation, phenotype and numbers of their T cell progeny.

Caratterizzazione di timica assestamento Progenitori nell&#39;embrione mouse Uso<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; E<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; Saggi

Characterizing thymic settling progenitors is important to understand the pre-thymic stages of T cell development, essential to devise strategies for T ...

Ricerca

Biologia dello sviluppo

Intravital Imaging of the Mouse Thymus using 2-Photon Microscopy

Two-photon Microscopy (TPM) provides image acquisition in deep areas inside tissues and organs. In combination with the development of new stereotactic tools and surgical procedures, TPM becomes a powerful technique to identify "niches" inside organs and to document cellular "behaviors" in live animals. While intravital imaging provides information that best resembles the real cellular behavior inside the organ, it is both more laborious and technically demanding in terms of required equipment/procedures than alternative ex vivo imaging acquisition. Thus, we describe a surgical procedure and novel "stereotactic" organ holder that allows us to follow the movements of Foxp3+ cells within the thymus.
Foxp3 is the master regulator for the generation of regulatory T cells (Tregs). Moreover, these cells can be classified according to their origin: ie. thymus-differentiated Tregs are called "naturally-occurring Tregs" (nTregs), as opposed to peripherally-converted Tregs (pTregs). Although significant amount of research has been reported in the literature concerning the phenotype and physiology of these T cells, very little is known about their in vivo interactions with other cells. This deficiency may be due to the absence of techniques that would permit such observations. The protocol described in this paper provides a remedy for this situation.
Our protocol consists of using nude mice that lack an endogenous thymus since they have a punctual mutation in the DNA sequence that compromises the differentiation of some epithelial cells, including thymic epithelial cells. Nude mice were gamma-irradiated and reconstituted with bone marrows (BM) from Foxp3-KIgfp/gfp mice. After BM recovery (6 weeks), each animal received embryonic thymus transplantation inside the kidney capsule. After thymus acceptance (6 weeks), the animals were anesthetized; the kidney containing the transplanted thymus was exposed, fixed in our organ holder, and kept under physiological conditions for in vivo imaging by TPM. We have been using this approach to study the influence of drugs in the generation of regulatory T cells.

We have developed novel laboratory tools and protocols for intravital imaging acquisition of the thymus. Our technique should help in the identification of &#x201C;niches&#x201D; within the thymus where T cell development occurs.

Imaging intravitale del Timo mouse utilizzando 2-Photon Microscopy

Two-photon Microscopy (TPM) provides image acquisition in deep areas inside tissues and organs. In combination with the development of new stereotactic ...

Immunologia e infezioni

Induction of Graft-versus-host Disease and In Vivo T Cell Monitoring Using an MHC-matched Murine Model

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is the limiting barrier to the broad use of bone marrow transplant as a curative therapy for a variety of hematological deficiencies. GVHD is caused by mature alloreactive T cells present in the bone marrow graft that are infused into the recipient and cause damage to host organs. However, in mice, T cells must be added to the bone marrow inoculum to cause GVHD. Although extensive work has been done to characterize T cell responses post transplant, bioluminescent imaging technology is a non-invasive method to monitor T cell trafficking patterns in vivo. 
Following lethal irradiation, recipient mice are transplanted with bone marrow cells and splenocytes from donor mice. T cell subsets from L2G85.B6 (transgenic mice that constitutively express luciferase) are included in the transplant. By only transplanting certain T cell subsets, one is able to track specific T cell subsets in vivo, and based on their location, develop hypotheses regarding the role of specific T cell subsets in promoting GVHD at various time points. At predetermined intervals post transplant, recipient mice are imaged using a Xenogen IVIS CCD camera. Light intensity can be quantified using Living Image software to generate a pseudo-color image based on photon intensity (red = high intensity, violet = low intensity). 
Between 4-7 days post transplant, recipient mice begin to show clinical signs of GVHD. Cooke et al.1 developed a scoring system to quantitate disease progression based on the recipient mice fur texture, skin integrity, activity, weight loss, and posture. Mice are scored daily, and euthanized when they become moribund. Recipient mice generally become moribund 20-30 days post transplant. 
Murine models are valuable tools for studying the immunology of GVHD. Selectively transplanting particular T cell subsets allows for careful identification of the roles each subset plays. Non-invasively tracking T cell responses in vivo adds another layer of value to murine GVHD models.

Induction of Graft-versus-host Disease and In Vivo T Cell Monitoring Using an MHC-matched Murine Model

Murine bone marrow transplantation is a widely used technique to study immunological mechanisms governing graft-versus-host disease in humans. The ability to monitor T cell trafficking patterns in vivo allows for detailed analysis of the development and perpetuation of T cell responses during graft-versus-host disease.

Induzione di Graft-versus-host disease e<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; T monitoraggio cellulare Utilizzando un MHC-abbinato modello murino

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is the limiting barrier to the broad use of bone marrow transplant as a curative therapy for a variety of hematological ...

Transplantation of Tail Skin to Study Allogeneic CD4 T Cell Responses in Mice

The study of T cell responses and their consequences during allo-antigen recognition requires a model that enables one to distinguish between donor and host T cells, to easily monitor the graft, and to adapt the system in order to answer different immunological questions. Medawar and colleagues established allogeneic tail-skin transplantation in mice in 1955. Since then, the skin transplantation model has been continuously modified and adapted to answer specific questions. The use of tail-skin renders this model easy to score for graft rejection, requires neither extensive preparation nor deep anesthesia, is applicable to animals of all genetic background, discourages ischemic necrosis, and permits chemical and biological intervention. 
In general, both CD4+ and CD8+ allogeneic T cells are responsible for the rejection of allografts since they recognize mismatched major histocompatibility antigens from different mouse strains. Several models have been described for activating allogeneic T cells in skin-transplanted mice. The identification of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II molecules in different mouse strains including C57BL/6 mice was an important step toward understanding and studying T cell-mediated alloresponses. In the tail-skin transplantation model described here, a three-point mutation (I-Abm12) in the antigen-presenting groove of the MHC-class II (I-Ab) molecule is sufficient to induce strong allogeneic CD4+ T cell activation in C57BL/6 mice. Skin grafts from I-Abm12 mice on C57BL/6 mice are rejected within 12-15 days, while syngeneic grafts are accepted for up to 100 days. The absence of T cells (CD3-/- and Rag2-/- mice) allows skin graft acceptance up to 100 days, which can be overcome by transferring 2 x 104 wild type or transgenic T cells. Adoptively transferred T cells proliferate and produce IFN-&#947; in I-Abm12-transplanted Rag2-/- mice.

Tail-skin transplantation is a powerful model for studying T cell-dependent rejection and tolerance induction during allogeneic immune responses in mice. The advantages of this protocol are minor invasive surgery, and ease of monitoring with no need to sacrifice the recipient mouse.

Il trapianto di coda della pelle per studiare allogenico di cellule T CD4 risposte in topi

The study of T cell responses and their consequences during allo-antigen recognition requires a model that enables one to distinguish between donor and ...

Isolation, Identification, and Purification of Murine Thymic Epithelial Cells

The thymus is a vital organ for T lymphocyte development. Of thymic stromal cells, thymic epithelial cells (TECs) are particularly crucial at multiple stages of T cell development: T cell commitment, positive selection and negative selection. However, the function of TECs in the thymus remains incompletely understood. In the article, we provide a method to isolate TEC subsets from fresh mouse thymus using a combination of mechanical disruption and enzymatic digestion. The method allows thymic stromal cells and thymocytes to be efficiently released from cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix connections and to form a single-cell suspension. Using the isolated cells, multiparameter flow cytometry can be applied to identification and characterization of TECs and dendritic cells. Because TECs are a rare cell population in the thymus, we also describe an effective way to enrich and purify TECs by depleting thymocytes, the most abundant cell type in the thymus. Following the enrichment, cell sorting time can be decreased so that loss of cell viability can be minimized during purification of TECs. Purified cells are suitable for various downstream analyses like Real Time-PCR, Western blot and gene expression profiling. The protocol will promote research of TEC function and as well as the development of in vitro T cell reconstitution.

Here we describe an efficient method for isolation, identification, and purification of mouse thymic epithelial cells (TECs). The protocol can be utilized for studies of thymus function for normal T cell development, thymus dysfunction, and T cell reconstitution.

Isolamento, identificazione e purificazione di cellule murine timica epiteliali

The thymus is a vital organ for T lymphocyte development. Of thymic stromal cells, thymic epithelial cells (TECs) are particularly crucial at multiple ...

Murine Full-thickness Skin Transplantation

Murine full-thickness skin transplantation is a well-established in vivo model to study alloimmune response and graft rejection. Despite its limited application to humans, skin transplantation in mice has been widely employed for transplantation research. The procedure is easy to learn and perform, and it does not require delicate microsurgical techniques nor extensive training. Moreover, graft rejection in this model occurs in a very reproducible immunological reaction and is easily monitored by direct inspection and palpation. In addition, secondary skin transplantation with donor-matched or third-party skin grafts can be performed on more complex transplant models as an alternative and uncomplicated method to assess donor-specific tolerance. The complications are low and are in general limited to anesthesia overdose or respiratory distress after the procedure. Graft failure, on the other hand, occurs commonly as a result of poor preparation of the graft, incorrect positioning in the graft bed, or inappropriate placement of the bandage. In this article, we present a protocol for full-thickness skin transplantation in mice and describe the important steps necessary for a successful procedure.

Murine full-thickness skin transplantation is a well-established model to study rejection in an alloimmune setting. Here, we provide a tutorial of each step involved in performing a BALB/c--&#62;C57BL/6 full-thickness skin transplant.

Murine tutto spessore trapianto della pelle

Murine full-thickness skin transplantation is a well-established in vivo model to study alloimmune response and graft rejection. Despite its limited ...

A Novel Microsurgical Model for Heterotopic, En Bloc Chest Wall, Thymus, and Heart Transplantation in Mice

Exploration of novel strategies in organ transplantation to prolong allograft survival and minimizing the need for long-term maintenance immunosuppression must be pursued. Employing vascularized bone marrow transplantation and co-transplantation of the thymus have shown promise in this regard in various animal models.1-11 Vascularized bone marrow transplantation allows for the uninterrupted transfer of donor bone marrow cells within the preserved donor microenvironment, and the incorporation of thymus tissue with vascularized bone marrow transplantation has shown to increase T-cell chimerism ultimately playing a supportive role in the induction of immune regulation. The combination of solid organ and vascularized composite allotransplantation can uniquely combine these strategies in the form of a novel transplant model. Murine models serve as an excellent paradigm to explore the mechanisms of acute and chronic rejection, chimerism, and tolerance induction, thus providing the foundation to propagate superior allograft survival strategies for larger animal models and future clinical application. Herein, we developed a novel heterotopic en bloc chest wall, thymus, and heart transplant model in mice using a cervical non-suture cuff technique. The experience in syngeneic and allogeneic transplant settings is described for future broader immunological investigations via an instructional manuscript and video supplement.

To study combined solid organ and vascularized composite allotransplantation, we describe a novel heterotopic en bloc chest wall, thymus, and heart transplant model in mice using a cervical non-suture cuff technique.

A Novel microchirurgica modello per eterotopica, in blocco parete toracica, Timo, e trapianto cardiaco nei topi

Exploration of novel strategies in organ transplantation to prolong allograft survival and minimizing the need for long-term maintenance immunosuppression ...

Medicina

Renal Subcapsular Transplantation of 2'-Deoxyguanosine-Treated Murine Embryonic Thymus in Nude Mice

The thymus is an important central immune organ, which plays an essential role in the development and differentiation of T cells. Thymus transplantation is an important method for investigating thymic epithelial cell function and T cells maturation in vivo. Here we will describe the experimental methods used within our laboratory to transplant 2&#8217;-deoxyguanosine (to deplete donor&#8217;s lymphocytes) treated embryonic thymus into the renal capsule of an athymic nude mouse. This method is both simple and efficient and does not require special skills or devices. The results obtained via this simple method showed that transplanted thymus can effectively support the recipient&#8217;s T cells production. Additionally, several key points with regards to the protocol will be further elucidated.

We provide a simple and efficient method to transplant 2&#8217;-deoxyguanosine treated E18.5 thymus into the renal capsule of a nude mouse. This method should aide in the study of both thymic epithelial cells function and T cells maturation.

Trapianto di subcapsulare renale di 2'-Deoxyguanosine-Treated Murine Embryonic Thymus in Topi Nudi

The thymus is an important central immune organ, which plays an essential role in the development and differentiation of T cells. Thymus transplantation ...

Ottimizzazione dell'isolamento delle cellule stromali dal timo e dal midollo osseo

Stromal Cell Isolation From Hematopoietic Organs

Single-cell sequencing has enabled the mapping of heterogeneous cell populations in the stroma of hematopoietic organs. These methodologies provide a lens through which to study previously unresolved heterogeneity at steady state, as well as changes in cell type representation induced by extrinsic stresses or during aging. Here, we present step-wise protocols for the isolation of high-quality stromal cell populations from murine and human thymus, as well as murine bone and bone marrow. Cells isolated through these protocols are suitable for generating high-quality single-cell multiomics datasets. The impacts of sample digestion, hematopoietic lineage depletion, FACS analysis/sorting, and how these factors influence compatibility with single-cell sequencing are discussed here. With examples of FACS profiles indicating successful and inefficient dissociation and downstream stromal cell yields in post-sequencing analysis, recognizable pointers for users are provided. Considering the specific requirements of stromal cells is crucial for acquiring high-quality and reproducible results that can advance knowledge in the field.

Autore in primo piano: Avanzamento della ricerca ematopoietica utilizzando l'isolamento delle cellule stromali per il sequenziamento di singole cellule

Here we present protocols that enable isolation of stromal cells from murine bone, bone marrow, thymus and human thymic tissue compatible with single-cell multiomics.

Isolamento delle cellule stromali da organi ematopoietici

Single-cell sequencing has enabled the mapping of heterogeneous cell populations in the stroma of hematopoietic organs. These methodologies provide a lens ...

Isolamento e Trapianto di diversi invecchiato murini del timo innesti.

Riepilogo

Esplora Altri Video

Capitoli in questo video

Caratterizzazione di timica assestamento Progenitori nell'embrione mouse Uso

Imaging intravitale del Timo mouse utilizzando 2-Photon Microscopy

Induzione di Graft-versus-host disease e

Il trapianto di coda della pelle per studiare allogenico di cellule T CD4 risposte in topi

Isolamento, identificazione e purificazione di cellule murine timica epiteliali

Murine tutto spessore trapianto della pelle

A Novel microchirurgica modello per eterotopica, in blocco parete toracica, Timo, e trapianto cardiaco nei topi

Trapianto di subcapsulare renale di 2'-Deoxyguanosine-Treated Murine Embryonic Thymus in Topi Nudi

Isolamento delle cellule stromali da organi ematopoietici

Isolamento delle cellule stromali da organi ematopoietici