This work was supported by funding received from the National Institutes of Health (1R01AI083269).

The murine studies were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of the University of North Carolina Chapel Hill and all animal care was in accordance with the IACUC guidelines.
1. Preparation of Newborn and Adult Thymi
<ol>
	<li>Prepare all reagents and equipment prior to euthanizing donor mice.</li>
	<li>Sterilize surgical instruments by autoclaving or other appropriate methods. All surgical procedures must be performed under a laminar flow hood to maintain sterile conditions and avo...

<ol>
	<li>Kappler, J. W., Roehm, N., Marrack, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=T+cell+tolerance+by+clonal+elimination+in+the+thymus.">T cell tolerance by clonal elimination in the thymus.</a> Cell. 49 (2), 273-280 (1987).</li><li>Takahama, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Journey+through+the+thymus:+stromal+guides+for+T-cell+development+and+selection.">Journey through the thymus: stromal guides for T-cell development and selection.</a> Nat. Rev. Immunol. 6, 127-135 (2006).</li><li>Klein, L., Kyewski, B., Allen, P. M., Hogquist, K. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Positive+and+negative+selection+of+the+T+cell+repertoire:+what+thymocytes+see+(and+don&#8217;t+see).">Positive and negative selection of the T cell repertoire: what thymocytes see (and don&#8217;t see).</a> Nat. Rev. Immunol. 14 (6), 377-391 (2014).</li><li>Schwartz, R. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acquisition+of+immunologic+self-tolerance.">Acquisition of immunologic self-tolerance.</a> Cell. 57 (7), 1073-1081 (1989).</li><li>Kishimoto, H., Sprent, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+defect+in+central+tolerance+in+NOD+mice.">A defect in central tolerance in NOD mice.</a> Nat. Immunol. 2 (11), 1025-1031 (2001).</li><li>Anderson, G., Jenkinson, E. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Investigating+central+tolerance+with+reaggregate+thymus+organ+cultures.">Investigating central tolerance with reaggregate thymus organ cultures.</a> Methods. Mol. Biol. 380, 185-196 (2007).</li><li>He, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thymic+development+of+autoreactive+T+cells+in+NOD+mice+is+regulated+in+an+age-dependent+manner.">Thymic development of autoreactive T cells in NOD mice is regulated in an age-dependent manner.</a> J. Immunol. 191 (12), 5858-5866 (2013).</li><li>Stewart, C. C., Stewart, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chapter+6.+Immunophenotyping.">Chapter 6. Immunophenotyping.</a> Current Protocols in Cytometry. , (2001).</li><li>Rice, H. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thymic+transplantation+for+complete+DiGeorge+syndrome:+medical+and+surgical+considerations.">Thymic transplantation for complete DiGeorge syndrome: medical and surgical considerations.</a> J. Pediatr. Surg. 39 (11), 1607-1615 (2004).</li><li>Markert, M. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transplantation+of+thymus+tissue+in+complete+DiGeorge+Syndrome.">Transplantation of thymus tissue in complete DiGeorge Syndrome.</a> N. Engl. J. Med. 341, 1180-1189 (1999).</li><li>Market, M. L., Devlin, B. H., McCarthy, E. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thymus+transplantation.">Thymus transplantation.</a> Clin. Immunol. 135 (2), 236-246 (2010).</li><li>Wells, A. D., Li, X., Strom, T. B., Turka, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+peripheral+T-cell+depletion+in+transplantation+tolerance.">The role of peripheral T-cell depletion in transplantation tolerance.</a> Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 356 (1409), 617-623 (2001).</li><li>Albuquerque, A. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+FOXN1-Deficiency+is+associated+with+ab+double-negative+and+FoxP3++T-cell+expansions+that+are+distinctly+modulated+upon+thymic+transplantation.">Human FOXN1-Deficiency is associated with ab double-negative and FoxP3+ T-cell expansions that are distinctly modulated upon thymic transplantation.</a> PLoS One. 7 (5), e37042 (2012).</li><li>Chinn, I. K., Milner, J. D., Scheinberg, P., Douek, D. C., Markert, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thymus+transplantation+restores+the+repertoires+of+forkhead+box+protein+3+(FoxP3)++and+FoxP3-+T+cells+in+complete+DiGeorge+anomaly.">Thymus transplantation restores the repertoires of forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3)+ and FoxP3- T cells in complete DiGeorge anomaly.</a> Clin Exp Immunol. 173 (1), 140-149 (2013).</li><li>Savino, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+thymus+is+a+common+target+organ+in+infectious+diseases.">The thymus is a common target organ in infectious diseases.</a> PLoS Pathog. 2 (6), e62 (2006).</li></ol>

Events regulating thymic selection are poorly understood. Recent studies have demonstrated ontogenic changes in the efficiency of selection. Coupling this approach with different transgenic thymus donor and recipient mice will further facilitate studies to identify the events and parameters that regulate thymic selection. Notably, thymic transplantation is used for the treatment and management of T cell and thymic disorders seen for instance in athymic infants lacking functional T cells and in patients with DiGeorge synd...

The thymus is an organ in which critical events in T cell development occur1. Resident thymocytes, upon rearrangement of the T cell receptor (TCR) &#945; and &#946; genes, undergo a series of interactions with lymphostromal and antigen presenting cells (APC) in the cortical and medullary regions of the thymus2. Thymic positive selection is mediated by cortical thymic epithelial cells (TEC) to produce thymocytes that recognize antigenic peptides in the context of host major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II molecules2-3. Subsequent thymic negative selection entails purging of autoreactive thymocytes, driven by an interaction with medullary TEC or dendritic cells (DC) that present peptides derived from self-proteins bound by MHC class I and II molecules3. The end result of these processes is the establishment of a pool of mature CD4+ and CD8+ T cells able to respond to a broad spectrum of foreign antigens while exhibiting minimal reactivity to self-proteins4.
The efficiency of thymic selection events is influenced by a host of factors, including thymic maturation, frequency of medullary and cortical TEC, subset composition of thymic DC, and the source of thymic precursors3. Notably, aberrant thymic selection can result in autoimmune5 or immunodeficient pathologies, which arise from impaired negative or positive selection, respectively. The molecular events regulating thymic selection, however, are poorly understood. In vitro approaches such as reaggregate thymic organ cultures (RTOC)6, have proven to be useful for analyzing basic events associated with thymic selection, but fail to fully recapitulate the dynamics of ongoing in vivo events. As a result, this thymic transplantation-based approach was established to better study thymocyte selection events in vivo7.
This protocol describes transplanting thymi from newborn and adult donor mice into immunodeficient scid recipient mice. This technique permits the study of mechanisms that regulate positive and negative thymic selection, as well as thymic output of various T cell subsets during ontogeny. Most recently, this approach has been used to demonstrate that the efficiency of thymic selection is limited early after birth in mice leading to increased development of autoreactive T cells, and a reduced T cell repertoire specific for foreign antigens7.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol&#160;</td>
			<td>Decon Laboratories</td>
			<td>2705HC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS</td>
			<td>GIBCO</td>
			<td>14190-144</td>
			<td>pH 7.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Betadine Solution</td>
			<td>Purdue Products</td>
			<td>67618-150-17</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>18 gauge needle</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>305195</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sutures (1.0 metric)</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>J493G</td>
			<td>18&#34; (45cm)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AUTOCLIP Wound Clips (9mm)</td>
			<td>Clay Adams&#174; Brand</td>
			<td>427631</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transfer pipette</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>13-711-20</td>
			<td>Sterile, disposable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse anti-CD3 Ab</td>
			<td>eBioscience</td>
			<td>11-0031-85</td>
			<td>Clone: 1452C11</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse anti-CD4 Ab</td>
			<td>eBioscience</td>
			<td>48-0042-82</td>
			<td>Clone: RM4-5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse anti-CD8 Ab</td>
			<td>eBioscience</td>
			<td>25-0081-82</td>
			<td>Clone: 53-6.7</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lancet</td>
			<td>Medipoint</td>
			<td>Goldenrod 4mm</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pacific Orange Succinimidyl Ester, Triethylammonium Salt</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>P30253</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96-well round botton polypropylene plates</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3365</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.2mL polypropylene cluster tubes</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>4401</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5mL polypropylene round-bottom tubes</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>352002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>40uM Nylon Cell Strainer</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>352340</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>16% Paraformaldehyde Solution, EM Grade</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Services</td>
			<td>15710</td>
			<td>Hazardous</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Puralube Optical Ointment</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>NC0138063</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lympholyte</td>
			<td>Cedarlane</td>
			<td>CL5030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>60 mm cell culture dish</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>430196</td>
			<td>60mm x 15mm, Sterile</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation and transplantation of different aged murine thymic grafts.

The mechanisms that regulate the efficacy of thymic selection remain ill-defined. The method presented here allows in vivo analyses of the development and selection of T cells specific for self and foreign antigens. The approach entails implantation of thymic grafts derived from various aged mice into immunodeficient scid recipients. Over a relatively short period of time the recipients are fully reconstituted with T cells derived from the implanted thymus graft. Only thymocytes seeding the thymus at the time of isolation undergo selection and develop into mature T cells. As such, changes in the nature and specificity of the engrafted T cells as a function of age-dependent thymic events can be assessed. Although technical expertise is required for successful thymic transplantation, this method provides a unique strategy to study in vivo a wide range of pathologies that are due to or a result of aberrant thymic function and/or homeostasis.

The success of this procedure is dependent on minimal surgical trauma as well as the accurate positioning of the graft underneath the kidney capsule. The thymic graft should be cut to ensure appropriately sized thymic sections for subsequent transplantation as shown in Figure 1. Following the schematic in Figure 1, thymi from newborn or adult mice can be used for successful subcapsular transplantation with consistent and reproducible T cell engraftment results. As mentioned, appropriate ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Transplantation of Different Aged Murine Thymic Grafts. at JoVE.com

Isolation and Transplantation of Different Aged Murine Thymic Grafts.

This report provides a detailed description of transplanting murine thymi from different aged donor mice under the kidney capsule of immunodeficient mouse recipients. The goal of this approach is to model T cell development and thymic selection events in vivo.

The mechanisms that regulate the efficacy of thymic selection remain ill-defined. The method presented here allows in vivo analyses of the development and ...

isolation-and-transplantation-of-different-aged-murine-thymic-grafts

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

13.6K 조회수.  University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. This report provides a detailed description of transplanting murine thymi from different aged donor mice under the kidney capsule of immunodeficient mouse recipients. The goal of this approach is to model T cell development and thymic selection events in vivo. 