We would like to thank Alex Miller for manuscript revisions. This work was supported with the research grants awarded to M.G. from Cure CMD, Struggle Against Muscular Dystrophy (SAM) and Muscular Dystrophy Association (218938).

1. Doku Hasat ve kas Dokuların Donma <ol><li> Izofluran (2-kloro-2- (diflorometoksi) -1,1,1-trifloro-etan) aşırı dozda fare öldürülür. Davlumbaz bu adımı gerçekleştirin ve böyle bir kurutucuda veya izofluran batırılmış bir pamuklu çubuk içeren bir fanus gibi bir ikincil çevreleme yöntemini kullanın. </li><li> Sıkıca Kapkaççı sıkarak ölümü onaylayın. Böyle servikal dislokasyon olarak ötenazi ikincil yöntemi kullanın. </li><li> Kaslar gevşek saç tellerinin yapışmasını azaltmak için% 70 alkol ile kürk ıslatın. Böyle 5. olarak ince bir forseps kullanarak uzuv kapalı cilt soyma. </li><li> Dikkatle, altından kemiklerden (bu durumda tibialis anterior (TA)) ilgi kas ayrı tendonu başlayarak çıkarın. </li><li> , Kas tüketim OCT (Optimum Kesme Sıcaklığı bileşik) onu karşılamak ve etiketli atılabilir dondurma kalıp üzerinde düz yatıyordu. Kas tai için normal fizyolojik oryantasyon (başında olduğundan emin olungermeden l). Alternatif olarak, küçük strafor karelere kas dondurmak ve kasların doğru uzunluğunu sağlamak için böcek işaretçilerine kullanarak pin. </li><li> Sıvı azot kullanılarak çelik beherglasta 2-metilbütan (izopentan) soğutun. 5 dakika - Bu ortalama 3 alır. Beyaz çökeltiler beher alt ve duvarlarında oluşturmak başlayana kadar aralıklı karıştırarak tutun. NOT: Bu durumda, izopentan uygun donma sıcaklığına ulaşmıştır (-150 ° C) </li><li> Soğutulmuş 2-metilbütana kasları içeren kalıpları batırın. 20 sn - 15 gastroknemius soleus (GS) ve triceps gibi 12 sn ve daha büyük kaslar - Böyle diyafram ve ekstansör digitorum longus 6 (EDL) gibi küçük kasları dondurun. Çok uzun bu çatlama neden olabileceğinden için kasları donma yok. </li><li> Kuru buz üzerinde donmuş dokuları aktarın ve izopentan buharlaşması (bu işlem etrafında ortalama 15 alır unutmayın - 20 dakika) izin verin. Alüminyum folyo dokuları sarın ve u saklayınlökotrien antagonistlerinin düşük sıcaklık kesit kadar (-70 ° C ila -80 ° C). </li></ol> 2. Doku Blok Hazırlanır OCT Dokuları katıştırma <ol><li> Kuru buz üzerinde Taşımacılık dokuları çözülme önlemek için cyrostat için. Doku transferi ve bunları, 30 dakika için dengelenmeye bırakın (doku tam çözülme önlemek için -20 -24 ° C&#39;ye ayarlanmış) bölme kriostada. </li><li> Peltier defne soğutma açın. Kriyostat bu soğutma yoksa, hızlı OCT dondurmak için aerosol soğutma sprey kullanın. Bu donma hasara yol açabilir olarak gömme sırasında herhangi bir noktada kas çözülme izin vermeyin. </li><li> Örnek diskte Ekim düzgün bir ince katman ekleyin ve soğumaya bırakın. OCT en durumdayken sıvı üst alt donmuş zaman, (boyuna kesitler için OCT enine kesitler ve paralel için OCT dik) doğru yönde de doku yerleştirin. Hızlı OCT dondurmak için aerosol soğutma sprey kullanın. Isı ext ile doku unembeded bölümünü dokununreaktöre verilmiş ve 45 saniye bekleyin. </li><li> , Kas çevresinde Ekim başka ince bir tabaka ekleyin aerosol soğutma sprey ile sprey ve bir önceki adımda olduğu gibi ısı ayıklayın. </li><li> Bütün kas kaplıdır kadar sprey ve ısı çıkarıcı soğutma aerosol bir arada kullanarak Ekim dondurmak hızla küçük artışlarla Ekim ekleyerek tutun. </li><li> Doku bloğun üstünde ısı çıkarıcı koyun ve 5 dakika bekleyin. </li></ol> 3. Bölüm hazırlanması ve Kasların Orta göbek Bölgesi&#39;nden Bölümler belirlenmesi <ol><li> Numune kafasına örnek monte edin. Diski sabitlemek için topuzu sıkın. Numune disk numune kafası ile iyi temas halinde olduğundan emin olun. </li><li> ° -21 ila -24 ° C&#39;ye odası sıcaklığını ayarlamak ve ayarlanan sıcaklık elde edilene kadar bekleyin. </li><li> Kalınlık ayarlarını (7 mikron) ayarlayın; ilerleyen ya da kaba ve ince ayarlarını kullanarak bloğu geri çekilmeden tarafından blok kırpın. </li><li> Bölümleri toplayınüzerinde slayt kesme bölümlerinin yapışmasını kolaylaştırmak için zıt ücretleri arasındaki cazibe kullanarak bölümleri üzerine slayt üst basarak pozitif yüklü mikroskop slaytlar önceden ısıtılmış. </li><li> Bölümlerin enine kesit alanı (CSA) ölçerek orta göbek bölümleri tanımlamak. Mikroskop bağlı olduğu bilgisayarda bu kullanarak görüntüleme yazılımı yapın. NOT: Faz kontrastlı görüntüler alınır ve tüm kas çevresi yazılım programına bir izleme fonksiyonu üzerinden ölçülür. Bu, her iki CSA ve asgari gelincik çapı ölçümleri (bir tanecik karşıt taraflarında iki paralel teğet arasındaki en küçük mesafe olarak ifade edilir lif enine kesit boyutunun ölçü) ürün elde edilir. Not: CSA ve minimum gelincik çap ölçümleri plato başladığınızda, orta göbek ulaşıldı. </li><li> Envanter gelecekteki boyama -80 ° C&#39;de slaytlar arşivlemek ve. NOT: lekelenme için Ekim öncesinde kaldırılması gerekmezg işlemleri. Slaytlar kaplandı sonra, hemen boyanabilir hazırız. </li></ol> 4. Boyama NOT: Ayrıntılı adım adım prosedürleri ürün veri sayfasında bulunabilir ve boyama işlemleri için takip edilmesi gerekirken, kişisel optimizasyon optimum boyama elde etmek için gerekli olabilir. <ol><li> Ortam (tabloya bakınız), montaj, su ile karışmayan olduğu için, (% 70,% 95 ve% 100 etanol içinde 2 dk) alkol artan sınıflar üzerinde kaydığı dihidrat ve ksilen (5 dakika için% 100) sağlamak için bunları temizlemek slaytlar zamanla opak olmazlar. </li><li> Bölümleri lamel ve kurumaya bırakın. Mikroskop ile görüntü görüntüleme yazılımı ile donatılmış. </li></ol>

<ol>
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N., Rampling, D., Smith, V. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Paraffin+wax+embedded+muscle+is+suitable+for+the+diagnosis+of+muscular+dystrophy.">Paraffin wax embedded muscle is suitable for the diagnosis of muscular dystrophy.</a> Journal of clinical pathology. 54, 517-520 (2001).</li><li>Fox, C. H., Johnson, F. B., Whiting, J., Roller, P. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Formaldehyde+fixation.">Formaldehyde fixation.</a> Journal of Histochemistry &amp; Cytochemistry. 33, 845-853 (1985).</li><li>Maccarty, W. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Diagnostic+Reliability+of+Frozen+Sections.">The Diagnostic Reliability of Frozen Sections.</a> The American journal of pathology. 5, 377-380 (1929).</li><li>Shi, S. 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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Histoloji ve immünohistokimya çeşitli nöromüsküler bozukluklar tezahürü ve patoloji ilerlemesini anlamada anahtar bir araç olarak kullanılmıştır. Klasik kas biyopsileri ilk formaldehit sabit ve daha sonra parafin mumu ile gömüldü. Formaldehit tespit mimari dokusu koruyan ve oda sıcaklığında doku depolama ve taşıma izin verirken, aynı zamanda doğru immün elde etmek için daha ileri adımlar gerektiren enzimler ve çapraz bağlarının proteinleri inaktive eder. Bu sorun donmuş kesitlerin kullan?...

Kas histoloji incelenmesi nöromüsküler bozuklukların 1-4 farklı anlamada kritik bir rol oynamaktadır. Diğer tekniklerle birlikte, bu araştırmacıların patoloji tezahürü ve ilerlemesinin daha iyi bir fikir almak için ve aynı zamanda bir terapötik müdahale 5-10 etkinliğini değerlendirmek için gerekli olabilir izin verir. Eksizyon hemen önce fizyolojik durumunu korumak amacıyla Ancak, doğru olması için, dokular uygun şekilde korunması gerekir. Bu kaldırma, koruma, kesit ve boyama esnasında büyük dikkat gerektirir. Dokular, ışık mikroskobu çalışma için iki farklı yolla hazırlanabilirler. (FFPE) bölümleri, gömülü ilk yöntem, formalin sabit parafin dokularının parafin mumu 11,12 ile gömülü önce% 10 doğal tamponlu formaldehit sabit gerektirir. tespit aşaması aynı zamanda çapraz bağlantılar endojen pr daha iyi morfolojisi korumak için yardımcı oluroteins böylece immün için karmaşık antijen alma prosedürleri gerektiren ve bu bölümlerde 12 enzimatik boyama olasılığını ortadan kaldırır. Dondurulmuş kesitler, diğer taraftan, önceden sabit veya işlenmesine gerek yoktur; Bu nedenle, proteinler doğal biyolojik konformasyonlar 13,14 muhafaza edebiliyoruz. Bundan başka, dondurulmuş kesitler de bazen sarkomlar ve diğer cerrahi biyopsi 15, ameliyat tanısında, örneğin gerekli olan hızlı gerçekleştirme süresi, izin verir. Düzgün yapılmazsa Ancak, bu yöntem histolojik inceleme için bölümler elverişsiz hale kas mimarisi değişiklikleri tanıtır zararı, don eğilimli. Bu kağıt düzgün muayene için en uygun boyama elde etmek için kas biyopsi hazırlamak için en etkili yöntem açıklayacağım.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Cryostat</td>
			<td>Leica CM 1850&#160;</td>
			<td>Leica Microsystems Inc.</td>
			<td>Buffalo Grove, IL 60089 United States, office phone 1-800 248 0123 
			Richard Allen Scientific</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon Eclipse 50i&#160;</td>
			<td>Nikon Instruments Inc.</td>
			<td>1300 Walt Whitman Road, Melville, N.Y. 11747-3064, U.S.A. 
			Phone: +1-631-547-8500 
			Olympus</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Image analysis software</td>
			<td>Nikon Imaging Software Basic Research</td>
			<td>Nikon Instruments Inc.</td>
			<td>1300 Walt Whitman Road, Melville, N.Y. 11747-3064, U.S.A. 
			Phone: +1-631-547-8500 
			Image J, Metamorph</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>14043-220-05</td>
			<td>JD Medical Dist. Co., Inc.</td>
			<td>JD Medical Distrubuting Co., Inc 1923 West Peoria Avenue Phoenix, Arizona 85029</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OCT</td>
			<td>4583</td>
			<td>Sakura Inc.</td>
			<td>Sakrua Fintek, USA, Torrence, CA 90501, USA 
			Leica Microsystem</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Freeze It</td>
			<td>23-022524</td>
			<td>Thermofisher</td>
			<td>790 Memorial Dr, Cambridge, MA, USA, 02139 
			VWR Scientific</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable tissue mold</td>
			<td>22-363-554</td>
			<td>Thermofisher</td>
			<td>790 Memorial Dr, Cambridge, MA, USA, 02139 
			VWR Scientific</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Colorfrost plus slides</td>
			<td>9991001</td>
			<td>Thermofisher</td>
			<td>790 Memorial Dr, Cambridge, MA, USA, 02139 
			VWR Scientific</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetone</td>
			<td>650501-4L</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>3050 Spruce Street, St.Louis MO, 63103 
			VWR Scientific</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethyl alcohol</td>
			<td>HC-1300-1GL</td>
			<td>Thermofisher</td>
			<td>790 Memorial Dr, Cambridge, MA, USA, 02139 
			VWR Scientific</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-methyl butane</td>
			<td>M 32631-SL</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>3050 Spruce Street, St.Louis MO, 63103 
			VWR Scientific</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylene</td>
			<td>HC-7001GA</td>
			<td>Thermofisher</td>
			<td>790 Memorial Dr, Cambridge, MA, USA, 02139 
			VWR Scientific</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cytoseal 280</td>
			<td>8311-4</td>
			<td>Thermofisher</td>
			<td>790 Memorial Dr, Cambridge, MA 02139 
			VWR Scientific</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hematoxylin Gill #3</td>
			<td>CS402-1D</td>
			<td>Thermofisher</td>
			<td>790 Memorial Dr, Cambridge, MA, USA, 02139 
			VWR Scientific</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eosin</td>
			<td>6766007</td>
			<td>Thermofisher</td>
			<td>790 Memorial Dr, Cambridge, MA, USA, 02139 
			VWR Scientific</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

do's and don'ts in the preparation of muscle cryosections for histological analysis

Kas biyopsi histolojik değerlendirilmesi nöromüsküler bozuklukların patoloji gelişimi ve ilerlemesinde anlamada vazgeçilmez bir araç olarak hizmet vermiştir. Ancak, bunu yapmak için, uygun bakım eksize ve optimum boyama elde etmek için dokular korunması sırasında alınması gerekir. Doku koruma yöntemlerinden biri parafin mumu ile gömerek sonra formaldehit dokuları tamir ve kapsar. Bu yöntem de morfoloji koruyan ve oda sıcaklığında uzun süreli depolama için izin verir, ancak hantal ve toksik kimyasalların kullanımını gerektirir. Bundan başka, etkili bir immün için antijen alma protokolleri gerektiren antijeni çapraz bağlayabilen, formaldehit tespit sonuçları. Aksine, dondurulmuş kesit tespiti gerektiren ve bu nedenle, biyolojik antijen yapısını muhafaza etmez. Bu yöntem aynı zamanda intraopera gibi hızlı histolojik değerlendirme gerektiren durumlarda özellikle yararlıdır hale sefer hızlı sırayla ayrı bir avantaj sağlarCerrahi biyopsi tive. Burada farklı histolojik ve immünolojik lekeleri ile görselleştirme için kas biyopsisi hazırlamak en etkili yöntem tarif.

hasat ve dokuların dondurulması için set-up Şekil 1&#39;de görülebilir. Kesilen dokular kurutma (Şekil 1A) önlemek için PBS batırılmış bir gazlı bez üzerine saklanmalıdır. Dokular da doğru morfolojisi (Şekil 1B) sağlamak için Ekim batırılmış ve cryo kalıp düzenlendiği doğru yönde ve mümkün olduğunca fizyolojik uzunluğuna yakın olmalıdır histolojik analiz için kullanılmak üzere seçildiğinde. Bir doku dondurma için müsait izopen...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Do's and Don'ts in the Preparation of Muscle Cryosections for Histological Analysis at JoVE.com

Do&#039;s and Don&#039;ts in the Preparation of Muscle Cryosections for Histological Analysis

Here we demonstrate the most efficient methods for freezing, embedding, cryosectioning, and staining of muscle biopsies to avoid freezing artifacts.

Histolojik Analiz kas cryosections Hazırlanmasında Yapılması ve Yapılmaması Gerekenler

Histological evaluation of muscle biopsies has served as an indispensable tool in the understanding of the development and progression of pathology of ...

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Do's and Don'ts in the Preparation of Muscle Cryosections for Histological Analysis

31.4K Görüntüleme.  Boston University. Here we demonstrate the most efficient methods for freezing, embedding, cryosectioning, and staining of muscle biopsies to avoid freezing artifacts.

Video: Do's and Don'ts in the Preparation of Muscle Cryosections for Histological Analysis

In Vivo Canine Muscle Function Assay

We describe a minimally-invasive and reproducible method to measure canine pelvic limb muscle strength and muscle response to repeated eccentric 
contractions. The pelvic limb of an anesthetized dog is immobilized in a stereotactic frame to align the tibia at a right angle to the femur. Adhesive wrap affixes the 
paw to a pedal mounted on the shaft of a servomotor to measure torque. Percutaneous nerve stimulation activates pelvic limb muscles of the paw to either push (extend) or 
pull (flex) against the pedal to generate isometric torque. Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation activates tibiotarsal extensor muscles. Repeated eccentric (lengthening) 
contractions are induced in the tibiotarsal flexor muscles by percutaneous peroneal nerve stimulation. The eccentric protocol consists of an initial isometric contraction 
followed by a forced stretch imposed by the servomotor. The rotation effectively lengthens the muscle while it contracts, e.g., an eccentric contraction. During 
stimulation flexor muscles are subjected to an 800 msec isometric and 200 msec eccentric contraction. This procedure is repeated every 5 sec. To avoid fatigue, 4 min rest 
follows every 10 contractions with a total of 30 contractions performed.

In Vivo Canine Muscle Function Assay

We describe a minimally-invasive and painless method to measure canine hindlimb muscle strength and muscle response to repeated eccentric contractions.

Vivo Köpek Kas Fonksiyon Testi

We describe a minimally-invasive and reproducible method to measure canine pelvic limb muscle strength and muscle response to repeated eccentric 
...

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High-throughput Flow Cytometry Cell-based Assay to Detect Antibodies to N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor or Dopamine-2 Receptor in Human Serum

Over the recent years, antibodies against surface and conformational proteins involved in neurotransmission have been detected in autoimmune CNS diseases in children and adults. These antibodies have been used to guide diagnosis and treatment. Cell-based assays have improved the detection of antibodies in patient serum. They are based on the surface expression of brain antigens on eukaryotic cells, which are then incubated with diluted patient sera followed by fluorochrome-conjugated secondary antibodies. After washing, secondary antibody binding is then analyzed by flow cytometry. Our group has developed a high-throughput flow cytometry live cell-based assay to reliably detect antibodies against specific neurotransmitter receptors. This flow cytometry method is straight forward, quantitative, efficient, and the use of a high-throughput sampler system allows for large patient cohorts to be easily assayed in a short space of time. Additionally, this cell-based assay can be easily adapted to detect antibodies to many different antigenic targets, both from the central nervous system and periphery. Discovering additional novel antibody biomarkers will enable prompt and accurate diagnosis and improve treatment of immune-mediated disorders.

Over the recent years, live cell-based assays have been used successfully to detect antibodies against surface and conformational antigens. Here, we describe a method using high-throughput flow cytometry enabling the analysis of large cohorts of patients. Detection of novel antibodies will improve diagnosis and treatment of immune-mediated disorders.

İnsan Serum içinde N-metil-D-aspartat reseptör ya da dopamin-2 reseptör antikorları algılamak üzere yüksek verimli Flow Cytometry hücre bazlı bir deneyde

Over the recent years, antibodies against surface and conformational proteins involved in neurotransmission have been detected in autoimmune CNS diseases ...

Ultrasound Based Assessment of Coronary Artery Flow and Coronary Flow Reserve Using the Pressure Overload Model in Mice

Transthoracic Doppler echocardiography (TTDE) is a clinically useful, noninvasive tool for studying coronary artery flow velocity and coronary flow reserve (CFR) in humans. Reduced CFR is accompanied by marked intramyocardial and pericoronary fibrosis and is used as an indication of the severity of dysfunction. This study explores, step-by-step, the real-time changes measured in the coronary flow velocity, CFR and systolic to diastolic peak velocity (S/D) ratio in the setting of an aortic banding model in mice. By using a Doppler transthoracic imaging technique that yields reproducible and reliable data, the method assesses changes in flow in the septal coronary artery (SCA), for a period of over two weeks in mice, that previously either underwent aortic banding or thoracotomy. 
During imaging, hyperemia in all mice was induced by isoflurane, an anesthetic that increased coronary flow velocity when compared with resting flow. All images were acquired by a single imager. Two ratios, (1) CFR, the ratio between hyperemic and baseline flow velocities, and (2) systolic (S) to diastolic (D) flow were determined, using a proprietary software and by two independent observers. Importantly, the observed changes in coronary flow preceded LV dysfunction as evidenced by normal LV mass and fractional shortening (FS). 
The method was benchmarked against the current gold standard of coronary assessment, histopathology. The latter technique showed clear pathologic changes in the coronary artery in the form of peri-coronary fibrosis that correlated to the flow changes as assessed by echocardiography. 
The study underscores the value of using a non-invasive technique to monitor coronary circulation in mouse hearts. The method minimizes redundant use of research animals and demonstrates that advanced ultrasound-based indices, such as CFR and S/D ratios, can serve as viable diagnostic tools in a variety of investigational protocols including drug studies and the study of genetically modified strains.

Coronary flow reserve (CFR) is useful for assessment of myocardial oxygen demand and evaluation of cardiovascular risk. This study establishes a step-by-step transthoracic Doppler echocardiographic (TTDE) method for longitudinal monitoring of the changes in CFR, as measured from coronary artery in mice, under the experimental pressure overload of aortic banding.

Farelerde Basınç Aşırı Modeli Koroner Arter Akış ve Koroner Akım Rezervi Ultrason Dayalı Değerlendirme

Transthoracic Doppler echocardiography (TTDE) is a clinically useful, noninvasive tool for studying coronary artery flow velocity and coronary flow ...

Human Vastus Lateralis Skeletal Muscle Biopsy Using the Weil-Blakesley Conchotome

Percutaneous muscle biopsy using the Weil-Blakesley conchotome is well established in both clinical and research practice. It is a safe, effective and well tolerated technique. The Weil-Blakesley conchotome has a sharp biting tip with a 4 - 6 mm wide hollow. It is inserted through a 5 - 10 mm skin incision and can be maneuvered for controlled tissue penetration. The tip is opened and closed within the tissue and then rotated through 90 -180&#176; to cut the muscle. The amount of muscle obtained following repeated sampling can vary from 20 mg to 290 mg which can be processed for both histology and molecular studies. The wound needs to be kept dry and vigorous physical activity kept to a minimum for approximately 72 hr although normal levels of activity can restart immediately following the procedure. This procedure is safe and effective when close attention is paid to the selection of subjects, full asepsis and post procedure care. &#160;Both right and left vastus lateralis are suitable for biopsy dependent on participant preference.

Human Vastus Lateralis Skeletal Muscle Biopsy Using the Weil-Blakesley Conchotome

This video demonstrates the technique of percutaneous muscle biopsy of the human vastus lateralis using the Weil-Blakesley conchotome.

İnsan<em&gt; Vastus lateralis</em&gt; Weil-Blakesley Conchotome kullanılması İskelet Kası Biyopsi

Percutaneous muscle biopsy using the Weil-Blakesley conchotome is well established in both clinical and research practice. It is a safe, effective and ...

Dissection of the Mouse Pancreas for Histological Analysis and Metabolic Profiling

We have been investigating the pancreas specific transcription factor, 1a cre-recombinase; lox-stop-lox- Kristen rat sarcoma, glycine to aspartic acid at the 12 codon (Ptf1acre/+;LSL-KrasG12D/+) mouse strain as a model of human pancreatic cancer. The goal of our current studies is to identify novel metabolic biomarkers of pancreatic cancer progression. We have performed metabolic profiling of urine, feces, blood, and pancreas tissue extracts, as well as histological analyses of the pancreas to stage the cancer progression. The mouse pancreas is not a well-defined solid organ like in humans, but rather is a diffusely distributed soft tissue that is not easily identified by individuals unfamiliar with mouse internal anatomy or by individuals that have little or no experience performing mouse organ dissections. The purpose of this article is to provide a detailed step-wise visual demonstration to guide novices in the removal of the mouse pancreas by dissection. This article should be especially valuable to students and investigators new to research that requires harvesting of the mouse pancreas by dissection for metabolic profiling or histological analyses.

This video article provides a detailed demonstration of the procedures required to successfully remove the pancreas from a mouse by dissection for histological analysis and metabolic profiling.

Fare pankreas diseksiyon histolojik analiz ve metabolik profil oluşturma

We have been investigating the pancreas specific transcription factor, 1a cre-recombinase; lox-stop-lox- Kristen rat sarcoma, glycine to aspartic acid at ...

Echocardiographic and Histological Examination of Cardiac Morphology in the Mouse

An increasing number of genetically modified mouse models has become available in recent years. Moreover, the number of pharmacological studies performed in mice is high. Phenotypic characterization of these mouse models also requires the examination of cardiac function and morphology. Echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are commonly used approaches to characterize cardiac function and morphology in mice. Echocardiographic and MRI equipment specialized for use in small rodents is&#160;expensive and requires a dedicated space. This protocol describes cardiac measurements in mice using a clinical echocardiographic system with a 15 MHz human vascular probe. Measurements are performed on anesthetized adult mice. At least three image sequences are recorded and analyzed for each animal in M-mode in the parasternal short-axis view. Afterwards, cardiac histological examination is performed, and cardiomyocyte diameters are determined on hematoxylin-eosin- or wheat germ agglutinin (WGA)-stained paraffin sections. Vessel density is determined morphometrically after Pecam-1 immunostaining. The protocol has been applied successfully to pharmacological studies and different genetic animal models under baseline conditions, as well as after experimental myocardial infarction by the permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). In our experience, echocardiographic investigation is limited to anesthetized animals and is feasible in adult mice weighing at least 25 g.

Echocardiographic examination is frequently used in mice. Expensive high-resolution ultrasound devices have been developed for this purpose. This protocol describes an affordable echocardiographic procedure combined with histological morphometric analyses to determine cardiac morphology.

Kardiyak Morfoloji Ekokardiyografik ve histolojik muayene fare

An increasing number of genetically modified mouse models has become available in recent years. Moreover, the number of pharmacological studies performed ...

In Vivo Evaluation of the Mechanical and Viscoelastic Properties of the Rat Tongue

The tongue is a highly innervated and vascularized muscle hydrostat on the floor of the mouth of most vertebrates. Its primary functions include supporting mastication and deglutition, as well as taste-sensing and phonetics. Accordingly, the strength and volume of the tongue can impact the ability of vertebrates to accomplish basic activities such as feeding, communicating, and breathing. Human patients with sleep apnea have enlarged tongues, characterized by reduced muscle tone and increased intramuscular fat that can be visualized and quantified by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The abilities to measure force generation and viscoelastic properties of the tongue constitute important tools for obtaining functional information to correlate with imaging data. Here, we present techniques for measuring tongue force production in anesthetized Zucker rats via electrical stimulation of the hypoglossal nerves and for determining the viscoelastic properties of the tongue by applying passive Lissajous force/deformation curves.

In Vivo Evaluation of the Mechanical and Viscoelastic Properties of the Rat Tongue

We describe a surgical procedure in an anesthetized rat model for determining the muscle tone and viscoelastic properties of the tongue. The procedure involves specific stimulation of the hypoglossal nerves and application of passive Lissajous force/deformation curves to the muscle.

Sıçan Dilinin Mekanik ve Viskoelastik Özelliklerinin In Vivo Değerlendirilmesi

The tongue is a highly innervated and vascularized muscle hydrostat on the floor of the mouth of most vertebrates. Its primary functions include ...

On-Site Sampling and Extraction of Brain Tumors for Metabolomics and Lipidomics Analysis

Despite the variety of tools available for cancer diagnosis and classification, methods that enable fast and simple characterization of tumors are still in need. In recent years, mass spectrometry has become a method of choice for untargeted profiling of discriminatory compound as potential biomarkers of a disease. Biofluids are generally considered as preferable matrices given their accessibility and easier sample processing while direct tissue profiling provides more selective information about a given cancer. Preparation of tissues for the analysis via traditional methods is much more complex and time-consuming, and, therefore, not suitable for fast on-site analysis. The current work presents a protocol combining sample preparation and extraction of small molecules on-site, immediately after tumor resection. The sampling device, which is of the size of an acupuncture needle, can be inserted directly into the tissue and then transported to the nearby laboratory for instrumental analysis. The results of metabolomics and lipidomics analyses demonstrate the capability of the approach for the establishment of phenotypes of tumors related to the histological origin of the tumor, malignancy, and genetic mutations, as well as for the selection of discriminating compounds or potential biomarkers. The non-destructive nature of the technique permits subsequent performance of routinely used tests e.g., histological tests, on the same samples used for SPME analysis, thus enabling attainment of more comprehensive information to support personalized diagnostics.

The manuscript presents on-site sampling of human brain tumors with solid phase microextraction followed by their biochemical profiling towards the discovery of biomarkers.

Metabolomik ve Lipidomik Analizler için Beyin Tümörlerinin Yerinde Örnekleme sivesi ve ekstraksiyonu

Despite the variety of tools available for cancer diagnosis and classification, methods that enable fast and simple characterization of tumors are still ...

Dissection Techniques and Histological Sampling of the Heart in Large Animal Models for Cardiovascular Diseases

The standard gross examination and sampling are key elements in the reproducibility and success of experimental studies of cardiovascular diseases carried out in large animals. Considering the complex anatomy of the heart, interspecies differences, and the types of compensatory and pathological reactions, consistent protocols are challenging to implement. The utilization of multiple dissection protocols is usually adapted to suit the prosector's experience, and personal preference continues to be a source of experimental and interobserver variability. Here, the aim is to present the main anatomical features and landmarks, dissection protocols, and histological sampling standards of the heart in some commonly used species (including dogs, pigs, ruminants, and cats) as models of cardiovascular diseases.
Two standard gross examination protocols are presented here. First, the inflow-outflow method, which follows the physiological blood flow direction through the heart and large vessels (frequently used in dogs, ruminants, and pigs), and second, the four-chamber dissection technique (exemplified in cats). Both techniques can be adapted to any species in certain experimental circumstances. The sampling protocols include all the areas of interest (sinoatrial node, ventricles, interventricular septum, atria, valves, and aorta), and if properly carried out, improve both the reproducibility and reliability of experimental studies.

Due to the complex anatomy, a consistently reproducible dissection and harvesting protocol for cardiac samples can be challenging to implement. This manuscript presents the key elements of some standard cardiac dissection protocols, highlighting both the gross examination approaches and the sampling sites commonly used for histopathologic examination.

Diseksiyon Teknikleri ve Kardiyovasküler Hastalıklar için Büyük Hayvan Modellerinde Kalbin Histolojik Örneklemesi

The standard gross examination and sampling are key elements in the reproducibility and success of experimental studies of cardiovascular diseases carried ...

Preparation of Human Myocardial Tissue for Long-Term Cultivation

Cardiomyocyte cultivation has seen a vast number of developments, ranging from two-dimensional (2D) cell cultivation to iPSC derived organoids. In 2019, an ex vivo way to cultivate myocardial slices obtained from human heart samples was demonstrated, while approaching in vivo condition of myocardial contraction. These samples originate mostly from heart transplantations or left-ventricular assist device placements. Using a vibratome and a specially developed cultivation system, 300 &#181;m thick slices are placed between a fixed and a spring wire, allowing for stable and reproducible cultivation for several weeks. During cultivation, the slices are continuously stimulated according to individual settings. Contractions can be displayed and recorded in real-time, and pharmacological agents can be readily applied. User-defined stimulation protocols can be scheduled and performed to assess vital contraction parameters like post-pause-potentiation, stimulation threshold, force-frequency relation, and refractory period. Furthermore, the system enables a variable pre- and afterload setting for a more physiological cultivation.
Here, we present a step-by-step guide on how to generate a successful long-term cultivation of human left ventricular myocardial slices, using a commercial biomimetic cultivation solution.

We present a protocol for ex vivo cultivation of human ventricular myocardial tissue. It allows for detailed analysis of contraction force and kinetics, as well as the application of pre- and afterload to mimic the in vivo physiological environment more closely.

Uzun Süreli Yetiştirme için İnsan Miyokard Dokusunun Hazırlanması

Cardiomyocyte cultivation has seen a vast number of developments, ranging from two-dimensional (2D) cell cultivation to iPSC derived organoids. In 2019, ...