We thank the staff of Functional Genomics Facility and&#160; Spectrography and Bioimaging Facility, NIBB Core Research Facilities, and Model Plant Research Facility, NIBB Bioresource Center.

1. Extraction of Total RNA from Plant Seeds
<ol>
	<li>Prepare buffer sets, spin columns, 1.5 and 2.0 mL polypropylene tubes, and nuclease-free 1.5 mL polypropylene tubes.</li>
	<li>Add 1% (w/v) molecular biology grade polyvinylpyrrolidone (hereafter referred to as PVP) to cell lysis buffer for RNA extraction and vortex vigorously. Incubate for 20 min at 25 &#176;C to dissolve completely. After 20 min incubation, mix the buffer gently by turning the tube upside down to prevent the formation of bubbles. Store at room tem...

<ol>
	<li>Hills, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Control+of+storage-product+synthesis+in+seeds.">Control of storage-product synthesis in seeds.</a> Curr Opin Plant Biol. 7 (3), 302-308 (2004).</li><li>Li-Beisson, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acyl-lipid+metabolism.">Acyl-lipid metabolism.</a> Arabidopsis Book. 11, e0161 (2013).</li><li>Bates, P. D., Stymne, S., Ohlrogge, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biochemical+pathways+in+seed+oil+synthesis.">Biochemical pathways in seed oil synthesis.</a> Curr Opin Plant Biol. 16 (3), 358-364 (2013).</li><li>Santos-Mendoza, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deciphering+gene+regulatory+networks+that+control+seed+development+and+maturation+in+Arabidopsis.">Deciphering gene regulatory networks that control seed development and maturation in Arabidopsis.</a> Plant J. 54 (4), 608-620 (2008).</li><li>Durrett, T. P., Benning, C., Ohlrogge, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plant+triacylglycerols+as+feedstocks+for+the+production+of+biofuels.">Plant triacylglycerols as feedstocks for the production of biofuels.</a> Plant J. 54 (4), 593-607 (2008).</li><li>Kanai, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Plastidic+DEAD-box+RNA+helicase+22,+HS3,+is+essential+for+plastid+functions+both+in+seed+development+and+in+seedling+growth.">The Plastidic DEAD-box RNA helicase 22, HS3, is essential for plastid functions both in seed development and in seedling growth.</a> Plant Cell Physiol. 54 (9), 1431-1440 (2013).</li><li>Kanai, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extension+of+oil+biosynthesis+during+the+mid-phase+of+seed+development+enhances+oil+content+in+Arabidopsis+seeds.">Extension of oil biosynthesis during the mid-phase of seed development enhances oil content in Arabidopsis seeds.</a> Plant Biotechnol J. 14 (5), 1241-1250 (2016).</li><li>Dekkers, B. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+reference+genes+for+RT-qPCR+expression+analysis+in+Arabidopsis+and+tomato+seeds.">Identification of reference genes for RT-qPCR expression analysis in Arabidopsis and tomato seeds.</a> Plant Cell Physiol. 53 (1), 28-37 (2012).</li><li>Salzman, R. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+improved+RNA+isolation+method+for+plant+tissues+containing+high+levels+of+phenolic+compounds+or+carbohydrates.">An improved RNA isolation method for plant tissues containing high levels of phenolic compounds or carbohydrates.</a> Plant Mol Biol Rep. 17 (1), 11-17 (1999).</li><li>Vicient, C. M., Delseny, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+total+RNA+from+Arabidopsis+thaliana+seeds.">Isolation of total RNA from Arabidopsis thaliana seeds.</a> Anal Biochem. 268 (2), 412-413 (1999).</li><li>Wang, G. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+high+quality+RNA+from+cereal+seeds+containing+high+levels+of+starch.">Isolation of high quality RNA from cereal seeds containing high levels of starch.</a> Phytochem Analysis. 23 (2), 159-163 (2012).</li><li>Birtic, S., Kranner, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+high-quality+RNA+from+polyphenol-,+polysaccharide-+and+lipid-rich+seeds.">Isolation of high-quality RNA from polyphenol-, polysaccharide- and lipid-rich seeds.</a> Phytochem Analysis. 17 (3), 144-148 (2006).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Gene expression profiles contribute to our understanding of plant physiology; therefore, specific RNA isolation methods have been developed for each sample condition9-12. We investigated the processes that were inhibited during RNA isolation from seeds and found that RNA binding to silica membranes was severely inhibited. Large amounts of oil, proteins, and polyphenols inhibit RNA isolation. We modified the RNA extraction process to remove these compounds with a lysis solution before the process of RNA binding...

Plants produce seeds, which give rise to the next generation. Seeds accumulate large amounts of storage reserves, such as oils, carbohydrates, and proteins, for post-germinative growth. Humans utilize seed storage reserves as sources of food and animal feed, and thus plant seeds are one of the major suppliers of edible organic matter worldwide. Increasing seed yields is an important challenge in plant science.
Since seed storage reserves are commercially valuable sources of food and industrial materials, the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of the metabolism of these reserves have been widely investigated1-6. Further elucidating these mechanisms will be useful for increasing seed yields in crops. Seeds develop in plant ovaries after fertilization, and they mature through a series of developmental stages1,6,7. Further understanding the molecular mechanism underlying seed development requires detailed, precise gene expression profiles from a series of developing seeds to be produced. However, the high amounts of oils, proteins, carbohydrates, and polyphenols in plant seeds make it difficult to isolate highly purified RNA, which precludes precise profiling of gene expression.
Here, we introduce an efficient method for RNA isolation from oilseeds containing large amounts of oils, proteins, and polyphenols. Using this method, researchers will be able to prepare highly purified RNA. Such RNA will be useful for monitoring transcriptional changes in key genes controlling the metabolic regulation of seed storage reserves in developing and mature oilseeds.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="655">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">RNeasy Plant Mini Kit</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">QIAGEN</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">74904</td>
			<td style="width:191px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:247px;">polyvinylpyrrolidone</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">P5288-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">HOMOGENIZER S-303</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">AS ONE</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">1-1133-02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:247px;">NanoDrop Lite</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">ND-NDL-US-CAN</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:247px;">PrimeScript RT reagent Kit (Perfect Real Time)</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">TAKARA</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">RR037A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:247px;">KAPA SYBR Fast qPCR kit</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Kapa biosystems</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">KK4601</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an efficient method for the isolation of highly purified rna from seeds for use in quantitative transcriptome analysis

Plant seeds accumulate large amounts of storage reserves comprising biodegradable organic matter. Humans rely on seed storage reserves for food and as industrial materials. Gene expression profiles are powerful tools for investigating metabolic regulation in plant cells. Therefore, detailed, accurate gene expression profiles during seed development are required for crop breeding. Acquiring highly purified RNA is essential for producing these profiles. Efficient methods are needed to isolate highly purified RNA from seeds. Here, we describe a method for isolating RNA from seeds containing large amounts of oils, proteins, and polyphenols, which have inhibitory effects on high-purity RNA isolation. Our method enables highly purified RNA to be obtained from seeds without the use of phenol, chloroform, or additional processes for RNA purification. This method is applicable to Arabidopsis, rapeseed, and soybean seeds. Our method will be useful for monitoring the expression patterns of low level transcripts in developing and mature seeds.

We first investigated the optimal concentration of PVP using Arabidopsis mature seeds. Total RNA was isolated from approximately 1,000 seeds according to the protocol described above using cell lysis buffer containing 0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 1.0% or 2.0% PVP. After homogenization and centrifugation, the supernatant was collected while avoiding the oil layer and seed debris (Figure 1A).
<img alt="Figure 1" src=...

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An Efficient Method for the Isolation of Highly Purified RNA from Seeds for Use in Quantitative Transcriptome Analysis

We have succeeded in establishing a method for RNA isolation from plant seeds containing large amounts of oils, proteins, and polyphenols, which have inhibitory effects on high-purity RNA isolation. Our method is suitable for monitoring the expression of genes with low level transcripts in seeds.

Plant seeds accumulate large amounts of storage reserves comprising biodegradable organic matter. Humans rely on seed storage reserves for food and as ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to extract high purity RNA from plant seeds. This method can help answer key questions in the cereal biology field, such as understanding gene profiles, containing the original transcripts in seeds. The main advantage of this technique is that researchers are able to prepare high-purified RNA with slight modification to the spin column-based method.Generally, individuals new to this method will struggle because the high amount of oils, proteins, carbohydrates and polyphenols in front sieve make it difficult to isolate highly purified RNA;demonstrating the procedure will be Kazumi Hikino, a technician from our laboratory. To begin the experiment, add one percent weight per volume molecular biology grade PVP to cell lysis buffer for RNA extraction, and vortex the mixture vigorously. Incubate the PVP for 20 minutes at 25 degrees celsius to dissolve it completely.After 20 minutes of incubation, mix the buffer gently by turning the tube upside down to prevent bubbles from forming. Harvest fruits from Arabidopsis thaliana plants and place them into two 1.5 millimeter polypropylene tubes on ice, then place the fruits on aluminum plates kept at four degrees celsius and isolate seeds from the fruits under a stereo microscope. Next, place approximately 200 isolated seeds into 1.5 milliliter polypropylene tubes that have been previously stored in an aluminum rack on ice, and immediately place the tubes in liquid nitrogen.Remove the tubes from the liquid nitrogen and return them to the aluminum rack on ice. Add 100 microliters of the one percent PVP buffer to each tube and centrifuge the tubes for one minute at 1000 times G, at four degrees celsius. After centrifugation, homogenize the sample with a stainless steel pestle using a motor grinder for 60 seconds while keeping the tube in the aluminum rack on ice;next, add 550 microliters of the 100%PVP buffer and gently turn the tube upside down to mix and incubate the tube.After incubation, centrifuge the solution then transfer 550 microliters of the supernatant to a new 1.5 millimeter polypropylene tube and centrifuge the supernatant. Transfer 450 microliters of the supernatant to a new 1.5 millimeter polypropylene tube. Use the supernatant as the cell lysate for RNA extraction using a commercially available kit.Prepare an aluminum rack on ice, and thaw the total RNA mix by gently tapping, then place the tube on the rack. Measure the RNA concentration using a microvolume spectrophotometer. Then dilute the total RNA in RNase-free water.Thaw the total RNA and buffer sets from the commercial kit, keep the enzymes from the kit on ice after gentle tapping. Prepare sterilized nuclease free 0.2 milliliter polypropylene tubes for subsequent analysis. On ice, combine five microliters of total RNA, one microliter or 50 micromolar of oligo DT primer and one microliter, or 50 micromolar random six-mer in the 0.2 milliliter polypropylene tube.Incubate the mixture for 15 minutes at 37 degrees celsius, then place the tube on ice. Adjust the plasmid concentrations for DNA templates for the standard curves. Next, dilute the CDNA solutions at one to 100 with distilled water, then add two microliters of the diluted CDNA solutions and the previously prepared plasmids for the standard curves to the master mix from the quantitative realtime PCR kit.Finally, set up the realtime PCR and insert the samples. Total RNA was isolated from approximately 1, 000 seeds using varying concentrations of cell lysis buffer, PVP. The quantities and purity of the isolated RNAs demonstrate that 1.0%PVP is the most effective concentration to isolate large amounts of purified RNA from seeds.The concentrations, A260 and A280 ratios, and A260 A230 ratios of RNA isolated from 200 seeds showed that this method was best at isolating highly-purified RNA from eight and 12 days after flowering, or DAF seeds. Although the amounts of wrinkled one and sugar-dependent one transcripts are relatively low in developing seeds, it was possible to detect expression changes between seeds at different developmental stages via realtime PCR;this method is also suitable for other oil seeds, as demonstrated in this table. After its development, this technique paved the way for researchers in the field of plant biology to explore gene expression profiles in high concentration of stored reserves, such as seeds and fruits.

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9.5K Görüntüleme.  National Institute for Basic Biology. The overall goal of this procedure is to extract high purity RNA from plant seeds. This method can help answer key questions in the cereal biology field, such as understanding gene profiles, containing the original transcripts in seeds. The main advantage of this technique is that researchers are able to prepare high-purified RNA with slight modification to the spin column-based method.Generally, individuals new to this method will struggle because the high amount of oils, proteins, ca...