Name: microscopic replantation of penile glans amputation due to circumcision
Uploaded: 2022-06-03T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Microscopic Replantation of Penile Glans Amputation Due to Circumcision at JoVE.com

The protocol was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration and all the methods described here have been approved by the ethics committee of Daping Hospital and written consent was obtained from the patients.
1. Instruments for operation
<ol>
	<li>Conduct all the procedures under an operating microscope with 5-10x magnification to achieve precise anastomoses and anatomic reconstruction.</li>
</ol>
2. Inclusion and ...

<ol>
	<li>Pippi Salle, J. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glans+amputation+during+routine+neonatal+circumcision:+mechanism+of+injury+and+strategy+for+prevention.">Glans amputation during routine neonatal circumcision: mechanism of injury and strategy for prevention.</a> Journal of Pediatric Urology. 9, 763-768 (2013).</li><li>Rizvi, S. A., Naqvi, S. A., Hussain, M., Hasan, A. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Religious+circumcision:+a+Muslim+view.">Religious circumcision: a Muslim view.</a> BJU International. 83, 13-16 (1999).</li><li>Weiss, H. A., Larke, N., Halperin, D., Schenker, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Complications+of+circumcision+in+male+neonates,+infants+and+children:+a+systematic+review.">Complications of circumcision in male neonates, infants and children: a systematic review.</a> BMC Urology. 10, 2 (2010).</li><li>Harrison, N. W., Eshleman, J. L., Ngugi, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ethical+issues+in+the+developing+world.">Ethical issues in the developing world.</a> BJU International. 76, 93-96 (1995).</li><li>Ceylan, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Severe+complications+of+circumcision:+an+analysis+of+48+cases.">Severe complications of circumcision: an analysis of 48 cases.</a> Journal of Pediatric Urology. 3 (1), 32-35 (2007).</li><li>Okeke, L. I., Asinobi, A. A., Ikuerowo, O. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epidemiology+of+complications+of+male+circumcision+in+Ibadan,+Nigeria.">Epidemiology of complications of male circumcision in Ibadan, Nigeria.</a> BMC Urology. 6, 21 (2006).</li><li>Shabanzadeh, D. M., Clausen, S., Maigaard, K., Fode, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Male+circumcision+complications+-+A+systematic+review,+meta-analysis+and+meta-regression.">Male circumcision complications - A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression.</a> Urology. 152, 25-34 (2021).</li><li>Aboutaleb, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reconstruction+of+an+amputated+glans+penis+with+a+buccal+mucosal+graft:+case+report+of+a+novel+technique.">Reconstruction of an amputated glans penis with a buccal mucosal graft: case report of a novel technique.</a> Korean Journal of Urology. 55 (12), 841-843 (2014).</li><li>Co&#349;kunfirat, O. K., Sayilkan, S., Velidedeoglu, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glans+and+penile+skin+amputation+as+a+complication+of+circumcision.">Glans and penile skin amputation as a complication of circumcision.</a> Annals of Plastic Surgery. 43 (4), 457 (1999).</li><li>El-Bahnasawy, M. S., El-Sherbiny, M. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Paediatric+penile+trauma.">Paediatric penile trauma.</a> BJU International. 90 (1), 92-96 (2002).</li><li>Petrella, F., Amar, S., El-Sherbiny, M., Capolicchio, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Total+glans+amputation+after+neonatal+circumcision.">Total glans amputation after neonatal circumcision.</a> Urology Case Reports. 37, 101624 (2021).</li><li>Raisin, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glans+injury+during+ritual+circumcision.">Glans injury during ritual circumcision.</a> Journal of Pediatric Urology. 16 (4), 471 (2020).</li><li>Nasr, R., Traboulsi, S. L., Abou Ghaida, R. R., Bakhach, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Iatrogenic+penile+glans+amputation:+major+novel+reconstructive+procedure.">Iatrogenic penile glans amputation: major novel reconstructive procedure.</a> Case Reports in Urology. 2013, 741980 (2013).</li><li>Yosra, K., Wiem, H., Mourad, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Saving+an+amputated+glans:+Role+of+winter+shunt.">Saving an amputated glans: Role of winter shunt.</a> Journal of Pediatric Urology. 16 (2), 238-240 (2020).</li><li>Manentsa, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Complications+of+high+volume+circumcision:+glans+amputation+in+adolescents;+a+case+report.">Complications of high volume circumcision: glans amputation in adolescents; a case report.</a> BMC Urology. 19 (1), 65 (2019).</li><li>Wang, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microscopic+Replantation+of+Complete+Penile+Amputation+With+Video+Demonstration.">Microscopic Replantation of Complete Penile Amputation With Video Demonstration.</a> Urology. , (2022).</li></ol>

For religious or therapeutic purposes, about one-quarter of men around the world have had circumcision1. The incidence of complications is far from negligible, approximately 1% to 20%3,4,5,6,7. Circumcision-related glans amputation is extremely rare and there are no exact statistics depicting its incidence. Owing to its rarity, previous...

Around 25% of men worldwide are circumcised1,2. Circumcision in China is mostly performed in childhood. Over the past decades, the improvements in surgical techniques and equipment have made circumcision less complicated, faster, and with fewer post-circumcision complications. However, the popularity of these devices has also brought new challenges.
The incidence of post-circumcision complications is around 1%-20%, mostly mild3,4,5,6,7. In a recent meta-analysis, which included 351 studies with 4,042,988 participants, the overall complication risk was 3.84% (95% confidence interval 3.35-4.37)7. Circumcision-related glans amputation is a quite rare yet devastating injury during the surgery. Such complication is conventionally treated by simple hemostasis to achieve self-healing, early gross replantation, or delayed plastic surgery8,9. However, these can result in permanent damage to penile appearance and function, along with psychologic problems, if not handled properly8,9. The prevention and treatment of glans amputation have recently developed into a challenging problem for circumcision due to the increasing public health awareness and use of various suture devices in China. There are currently no existing protocols or guidelines for the treatment of such injury, which may be due to its rarity. As a result, there is no unified understanding of the injury mechanism of glans amputations, and there is a lack of early treatment management or prevention strategies.
In this study, we reported a case series of amputated penile glans caused by dispoable stapler during&#160;circumcision, which were successfully treated by microsurgery. The&#160;technical details of microsurgery were presented by video, and their possible injury mechanisms and prevention strategies were also discussed. This protocol is applicable for early microscopic replantation of all patients with penile glans amputation caused by accidental injury.

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	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Catheter&#160;</td>
			<td>Guangzhou Weili Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>12 Fr</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cefuroxime sodium</td>
			<td>Yiyi Saite, Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>0.75 g</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cis-atrecu besylate</td>
			<td>Jiangsu Dongying CO.,&#160; Ltd</td>
			<td>10 mg</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Operating microscope system</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>OPMI VARIO 700&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pentylpheptyl ether hydrochloride</td>
			<td>Chengdu Lisi Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>1.0 mg</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Prolene</td>
			<td>Ethicon, LLC</td>
			<td>W2777/2780</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sufentanni citrate</td>
			<td>Renfu Phermaceutical</td>
			<td>50 &#181;g</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vicryl</td>
			<td>Ethicon, LLC</td>
			<td>W9981</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

microscopic replantation of penile glans amputation due to circumcision

Circumcision using a disposable stapler is becoming quite popular in China. However, improper surgical procedures also bring the risk of penile glans amputation, which is a very rare iatrogenic genital injury. Such complication is conventionally treated by simple hemostasis to achieve self-healing, early gross replantation, or delayed plastic surgery. However, these may lead to obvious unfavorable outcomes such as amputated glans loss, necrosis, malformation healing, or urethral orifice stenosis. In the present study, we adopted microscopic replantation as an emergency approach to achieve the precise anastomoses and anatomic reconstruction of penile glans. The goal of this protocol is to present a detailed emergency management strategy with meticulous surgical skills for the penile glans amputation. The postoperative results showed that the original shape of the glans was perfectly restored with satisfactory cosmetic appearance. The micturition function was completely restored to normal without any obvious complications. There was also no significant reduction in the sensation of amputated glans area. Hence, early meticulous microscopic replantation as soon as possible is an ideal emergency management strategy for the penile glans amputation due to circumcision.

Three 7-8 years old children, whose distal penile glans were completely (2 cases) or incompletely (1 case) amputated during circumcision using a disposable stapler, were admitted to the hospital within 2-3 h after injury from June 2019 to July 2021. Physical examination confirmed that about 1/3 of the distal end of the penile glans with 3-4 mm of distal urethra was completely or incompletely amputated. In one severe case, the inner plate of prepuce and frenulum on the ventral side of the glans were also seriously damaged...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Microscopic Replantation of Penile Glans Amputation Due to Circumcision at JoVE.com

Microscopic Replantation of Penile Glans Amputation Due to Circumcision

The present protocol describes the emergency management of microscopic replantation of penile glans amputation due to circumcision.

Circumcision using a disposable stapler is becoming quite popular in China. However, improper surgical procedures also bring the risk of penile glans ...

Microscopic replantation of penile glans amputation due to circumcision. Glans amputation during circumcision is an extremely rare, but devastating complication. Such complication is conventionally treated by simple hemostasis to achieve self-healing, early gross replantation or delayed plastic surgery which leads to obvious complications such as amputated glans loss, necrosis, malformation healing or urethral orifice stenosis.It is thus clear that this damage often results in permanent damage to penile appearance and function, along with psychological problems if not handled properly. We developed a new emergency strategy using microscopic technique to achieve an early precise anatomic replantation and reconstruction. The patients were injured during the operation of circumcision using disposable stapler.The distal penile glans was completely or incompletely amputated. There are three main steps in total. Step one, repair the amputated penile glans and frenulum.Apply 8-0 nonabsorbable thread to suture the inner cavernous incision of the glans. Meanwhile, use 6-0 absorbable thread to suture the tears on the surface of the glans. Step two, end-to-end urethral anastomosis.Align the amputated glans and frenulum with the stump of glans. Insert an 8Fr, Foley catheter via the urethral orifice for the drainage of urine. Perform end-to-end urethral anastomosis using 6-0 absorbable thread by intermittent suture method with precise positioning.Usually, suture one stitch at 12:00 and six o'clock of the urethra at first, and then on the base of two positioning points, suture about four stitches tightly on the left and right sides respectively in a counterclockwise or clockwise direction. Step three, anastomosis of amputated glans surface and reconstruction of the frenulum. Suture the edge of amputated glans to the edge of the penile stump using 6-0 absorbable thread.Suture a few fixed points at six, 12, nine, and three o'clock at first, and then suture the space between the fixed points with a space of one millimeter for each to achieve a precise anastomosis. Trim the excess inter plate of prepuce on the ventral side of the penile glans. Reconstruct the frenulum by intermittent suture to achieve a satisfactory shape.The penile glans of the three patients are repaired satisfactorily and normal appearances are achieved after surgery. Postoperative observation at different time. One day after operation, the glans area is dark red and congested.One week after operation, the surface of the replanted glans and frenulum turn blackish, which might be epidermal scabby tissue. One month after operation, the morphology of the glans basically returns back to normal, with little blackish scabs. Two months after operation, the morphology of the glans returns back to normal.Two years after the operation, the morphology of the glans and urination are completely normal. Representative outcomes. Three children aged seven to eight years, penile glans were completely or incompletely amputated during the operation of circumcision using a disposable stapler, were admitted to our hospital from June 2019 to July 2021.The cold and warm ischemia time was from zero to five and half an hour. The operative time was about two hours. The follow-up results showed that the penile glans of all the children healed very well.The original shape of the glans was perfectly restored and get satisfactory cosmetic appearance without any obvious complications. Conclusions, early meticulous microscopic replantation as soon as possible is an ideal early emergency treatment method for the penile glans amputation, which can achieve a perfect cosmetic appearance without any obvious complications or functional deficiency.

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Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

The Measurement and Treatment of Suppression in Amblyopia

Amblyopia, a developmental disorder of the visual cortex, is one of the leading causes of visual dysfunction in the working age population. Current estimates put the prevalence of amblyopia at approximately 1-3%1-3, the majority of cases being monocular2. Amblyopia is most frequently caused by ocular misalignment (strabismus), blur induced by unequal refractive error (anisometropia), and in some cases by form deprivation.
Although amblyopia is initially caused by abnormal visual input in infancy, once established, the visual deficit often remains when normal visual input has been restored using surgery and/or refractive correction. This is because amblyopia is the result of abnormal visual cortex development rather than a problem with the amblyopic eye itself4,5 . Amblyopia is characterized by both monocular and binocular deficits6,7 which include impaired visual acuity and poor or absent stereopsis respectively. The visual dysfunction in amblyopia is often associated with a strong suppression of the inputs from the amblyopic eye under binocular viewing conditions8. Recent work has indicated that suppression may play a central role in both the monocular and binocular deficits associated with amblyopia9,10 .
Current clinical tests for suppression tend to verify the presence or absence of suppression rather than giving a quantitative measurement of the degree of suppression. Here we describe a technique for measuring amblyopic suppression with a compact, portable device11,12 . The device consists of a laptop computer connected to a pair of virtual reality goggles. The novelty of the technique lies in the way we present visual stimuli to measure suppression. Stimuli are shown to the amblyopic eye at high contrast while the contrast of the stimuli shown to the non-amblyopic eye are varied. Patients perform a simple signal/noise task that allows for a precise measurement of the strength of excitatory binocular interactions. The contrast offset at which neither eye has a performance advantage is a measure of the "balance point" and is a direct measure of suppression. This technique has been validated psychophysically both in control13,14 and patient6,9,11 populations.
In addition to measuring suppression this technique also forms the basis of a novel form of treatment to decrease suppression over time and improve binocular and often monocular function in adult patients with amblyopia12,15,16 . This new treatment approach can be deployed either on the goggle system described above or on a specially modified iPod touch device15.

Amblyopia is a developmental disorder of the visual cortex that is often accompanied by strong suppression of one eye. We present a new technique for measuring and treating interocular suppression in patients with amblyopia that can be deployed using virtual reality goggles or a portable iPod Touch device.

Amblyopia, a developmental disorder of the visual cortex, is one of the leading causes of visual dysfunction in the working age population. Current ...

Predicting Amputation using Local Circulating Mononuclear Progenitor Cells in Angioplasty-treated Patients with Critical Limb Ischemia

Critical limb ischemia (CLI) represents an advanced stage of the peripheral arterial disease. Angioplasty improves the blood flow to the lower limb; however, some patients irreversibly progress to limb amputation. The extent of vascular damage and the mechanisms of vascular repair are factors affecting post-angioplasty outcome. Mononuclear Progenitor Cells (MPCs) are reactive to vascular damage and repair, with the ability to reflect vascular diseases. The present protocol describes quantification of MPCs obtained from blood circulation from vessel close to the angioplasty site, as well as its relationship with endothelial dysfunction and its predictive ability for limb amputation in the next 30 days after angioplasty in patients with CLI.

Lower limb amputation may occur even after angioplasty of obstructed vessels in Critical Limb Ischemia (CLI). Mononuclear Progenitor Cells (MPCs) reflect vascular repair. The present protocol describes the quantification of MPCs from circulation close to angioplasty, and its relationship with endothelial dysfunction and prediction of lower limb amputation.

Critical limb ischemia (CLI) represents an advanced stage of the peripheral arterial disease. Angioplasty improves the blood flow to the lower limb; ...

Microscopic Observation of Lymphocyte Dynamics in Rat Peyer's Patches

Na&#239;ve lymphocytes recirculate from the blood to the lymphoid tissues under physiological condition and it is commonly recognized as an important phenomenon in the gut immunity. The stroma of secondary lymphoid organs, such as Peyer&#8217;s patches (PPs) or mesenteric lymph nodes, are where na&#239;ve lymphocytes sense antigens. Na&#239;ve lymphocytes circulate through the bloodstream to reach high endothelial venules, the portal of entry into PPs. Some immunomodulators are estimated to influence lymphocyte migration, but the precise evaluation of microcirculation dynamics is very difficult, and establishing a method to observe lymphocyte migration in vivo can contribute to the clarification of the precise mechanisms. We refined the method of collecting lymphocytes from the lymph duct and observing the detailed dynamics of gut-tropic lymphocytes in rat PPs. We chose confocal laser scanning microscopy to observe rat PPs in vivo and recorded it using time-lapse photography. We can now obtain clear images that can contribute to the analysis of lymphocyte dynamics.

Microscopic Observation of Lymphocyte Dynamics in Rat Peyer&#039;s Patches

Here, we describe a precise method for collecting thoracic duct lymphocytes and observing the migration of gut-tropic lymphocytes in rat Peyer&#8217;s patches for 3 hours using time-lapse photography. This technique can clarify how the dynamics of lymphocytes are affected under inflammatory conditions.

Na&#239;ve lymphocytes recirculate from the blood to the lymphoid tissues under physiological condition and it is commonly recognized as an important ...

The Microscopic Transcanal Approach in Stapes Surgery Revisited

The microscopic transcanal (aka transmeatal) surgical approach was first described in the 60s, offering a minimally invasive means of reaching the external auditory canal, the middle ear, and epitympanon. Such an approach avoids a retroauricular or endaural skin incision; however, working through a narrow space needs angled microsurgical instruments and specific training in otologic surgery. The transcanal approach restricts the working space; however, it offers a binocular microscopic vision into the middle ear without extended skin incisions and thus, reducing post-operative pain and bleeding. In addition, this minimally invasive approach avoids scar tissue complications, hypoesthesia of the auricle, and potential protrusion of the pinna. Despite its numerous advantages, this method is still not routinely performed by otologic surgeons. Since this minimally invasive technique is more challenging, there is a need for extensive training in order for it to be widely adopted by otologic surgeons. This article provides step-by-step surgical instructions for stapes surgery and reports possible indications, pitfalls, and limitations using this microscopic transcanal technique.

This article describes the microscopic transcanal technique for stapes surgery, providing step-by-step surgical instructions for familiarizing surgeons with this approach.

The microscopic transcanal (aka transmeatal) surgical approach was first described in the 60s, offering a minimally invasive means of reaching the ...

A Model of Reverse Vascular Remodeling in Pulmonary Hypertension Due to Left Heart Disease by Aortic Debanding in Rats

Pulmonary hypertension due to left heart disease (PH-LHD) is the most common form of PH, yet its pathophysiology is poorly characterized than pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). As a result, approved therapeutic interventions for the treatment or prevention of PH-LHD are missing. Medications used to treat PH in PAH patients are not recommended for treatment of PH-LHD, as reduced pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and increased pulmonary blood flow in the presence of increased left-sided filling pressures may cause left heart decompensation and pulmonary edema. New strategies need to be developed to reverse PH in LHD patients. In contrast to PAH, PH-LHD develops due to increased mechanical load caused by congestion of blood into the lung circulation during left heart failure. Clinically, mechanical unloading of the left ventricle (LV) by aortic valve replacement in aortic stenosis patients or by implantation of LV assist devices in end-stage heart failure patients normalizes not only pulmonary arterial and right ventricular (RV) pressures but also PVR, thus providing indirect evidence for reverse remodeling in the pulmonary vasculature. Using an established rat model of PH-LHD due to left heart failure triggered by pressure overload with subsequent development of PH, a model is developed to study the molecular and cellular mechanisms of this physiological reverse remodeling process. Specifically, an aortic debanding surgery was performed, which resulted in reverse remodeling of the LV myocardium and its unloading. In parallel, complete normalization of RV systolic pressure and significant but incomplete reversal of RV hypertrophy was detectable. This model may present a valuable tool to study the mechanisms of physiological reverse remodeling in the pulmonary circulation and the RV, aiming to develop therapeutic strategies for treating PH-LHD and other forms of PH.

The present protocol describes a surgical procedure to remove ascending-aortic banding in a rat model of pulmonary hypertension due to left heart disease. This technique studies endogenous mechanisms of reverse remodeling in the pulmonary circulation and the right heart, thus informing strategies to reverse pulmonary hypertension and/or right ventricular dysfunction.

Pulmonary hypertension due to left heart disease (PH-LHD) is the most common form of PH, yet its pathophysiology is poorly characterized than pulmonary ...

Microscopic Cyst Resection for the Treatment of Patients Diagnosed with Epididymal Cyst

Epididymal cysts mostly occur in men aged 20-40 years old. Previous reports have covered concerns about postoperative complexes, including postoperative asoedema, hematoma, sustaining pain, and seminal tract obstruction in patients who have undertaken nonmicroscopic epididymal cyst resection or epididymal resection. Nonmicroscopic epididymal cyst surgery is suggested for patients with childbirth plans as a precaution. The treatment of male epididymal cysts via microtechnology is obviously a beneficial option; we took the lead in carrying out microscopic epididymal exploration and cyst resection surgery in China. From September 2017 to April 2021, 41 young and middle-aged male patients diagnosed with epididymal cysts underwent microtechnology treatment in a program titled &#34;microscopic epididymal exploration and cystectomy&#34;. The postoperative follow-up lasted for 3-50 months. The results confirmed that, as microscopic manipulation largely improved visualization of the subtle tissue structures of the epididymis, the cyst could be clearly dissected apart and completely removed intact under the microscope. Bleeding during the operation was significantly reduced (2-3 mL) and wound drainage was not required. According to follow-up data, microscopic treatment significantly reduced the incidence of postoperative scrotal hematoma, edema, and long-term postoperative pain, thereby promising a higher surgical success rate as well as recurrence prevention. Besides, preliminary experience and reflection suggest that microscopic epididymal exploration and cystectomy provide efficient preservation of the epididymal patency through refined treatment, while a better prognosis can be achieved. We recommend that surgery be carried out before the epididymal cyst develops to 0.8 cm in diameter, for fear that a larger epididymal cyst (&#62;0.9 cm in diameter) could cause the complete destruction of all tubules of the ipsilateral epididymis - a more severe case with damage to the testicular output network.

Here, we present a protocol to treat patients diagnosed with an epididymal cyst using microscopic cyst resection. Based on microscopic manipulation, a largely improved visualization of the subtle tissue structures of the epididymis was obtained, so the cyst could be clearly dissected apart and completely removed intact.

Epididymal cysts mostly occur in men aged 20-40 years old. Previous reports have covered concerns about postoperative complexes, including postoperative ...

Comparative Study of Blood Collection Techniques in Rats

Modified Tail Vein and Penile Vein Puncture for Blood Sampling in the Rat Model

Blood samples are required in most experimental animal designs to assess various hematological parameters. This paper presents two procedures for blood collection in rats: the lateral tail vein puncture and the dorsal penile vein puncture, which offer significant advantages over other previously described techniques. This study shows that these two procedures allow for fast sampling (under 10 min) and yield sufficient blood volumes for most assays (202 &#956;L &#177; 67.7 &#956;L). The dorsal penile vein puncture must be done under anesthesia, whereas the lateral tail vein puncture can be done on a conscious, restrained animal.
Alternating these two techniques, therefore, enables blood draw in any situation. While it is always recommended for an operator to be assisted during a procedure to ensure animal welfare, these techniques require only a single operator, unlike most blood sampling methods that require two. Moreover, whereas these previously described methods (e.g., jugular stick, subclavian vein blood draw) require extensive prior training to avoid harm to or death of the animal, tail vein and dorsal penile vein puncture are rarely fatal. For all these reasons, and according to the context (e.g., for studies including male rats, during the perioperative or immediate postoperative period, for animals with thin tail veins), both techniques can be used alternately to enable repeated blood draws.

Author Spotlight: Context Dependent Blood Collection Methods in Rats 

Here, we present a protocol to offer rapid, easy, and reliable blood collection alternatives for the rat model. We describe three different blood sampling methods according to the context: tail vein puncture under anesthesia or on a conscious animal, and dorsal penile vein puncture under anesthesia.

Blood samples are required in most experimental animal designs to assess various hematological parameters. This paper presents two procedures for blood ...

Standardized Tuina Protocol for Rat DRG Compression Model

Analgesic Effect of Tuina on Rat Models with Compression of the Dorsal Root Ganglion Pain

Neuropathic pain is a prevalent condition that affects 6.9%-10% of the population and results from nerve damage due to various etiologies, such as lumbar disc herniation, spinal canal stenosis, and intervertebral foramen stenosis. Although Tuina, a traditional Chinese manual therapy, has shown analgesic effects in clinical practice for the treatment of neuropathic pain, its underlying neurobiological mechanisms remain unclear. Animal models are essential for elucidating the basic principles of Tuina. In this study, we propose a standardized Tuina protocol for rats with compression of the dorsal root ganglion (DRG), which involves inducing DRG compression by inserting a stainless steel rod into the intervertebral foramen, performing Tuina manipulation with specific parameters of location, intensity, and frequency in a controlled environment, and assessing the behavioral and histopathological outcomes of Tuina treatment. This article also discusses the potential clinical implications and limitations of the study and suggests directions for future research on Tuina.

Author Spotlight: Analgesic Effect of Tuina on Rat Models with Compression of the Dorsal Root Ganglion Pain  

This article presents a manipulation for treating chronic compression of the dorsal root ganglion in rats using Tuina therapy, along with a method for evaluating its effectiveness based on pain behavior and histopathological results.

Neuropathic pain is a prevalent condition that affects 6.9%-10% of the population and results from nerve damage due to various etiologies, such as lumbar ...

Drawing Blood from the Penile Vein

Move the plunger back and forth in the syringe several times to smoothen the withdrawal and then pull on the plunger to create negative pressure in the syringe. Retract the foreskin of the anesthetized rat from the end of the penis and hold the glands between the index and thumb pulling gently. The dorsal penile vein will appear as a superficial blue cord.With the eye of the needle pointing upward, insert the insulin syringe into the vein at an angle of 35 degrees. Once the needle has entered the vein, blood will flow into the syringe. Slowly withdraw the plunger of the syringe at a slow and steady rate to collect the desired volume.Remove the syringe. A blood drop will form on the puncture site. Aspirate the drop to collect a few more microliters of blood in case of a non-sterile procedure.Apply light pressure to the puncture site to stop the bleeding and wipe the area with a new alcohol wipe. Place the penis back in its neutral position. After turning off the isoflurane, monitor the rat until complete recovery and return it to its cage.The blood volume collected in the dorsal penile vein puncture method under anesthesia was compared with the blood collected in the tail vein puncture method with and without anesthesia. The result shows that the penile vein puncture method under anesthesia and the tail vein puncture method without anesthesia yielded comparable quantities of blood.

Microscopic Electric Rotary Grinding of Plaques Combined with Graft Repair in the Management of Peyronie's Disease

Peyronie's Disease (PD) is clinically characterized by the development of localized fibrous plaques, primarily on the tunica albuginea, especially on the dorsal area of the penis. These plaques are the hallmark feature of this condition, resulting in penile curvature, deformity, and painful erections for affected individuals. Although various nonsurgical treatment options exist, their overall effectiveness is limited. As a result, surgical intervention has become the ultimate choice for patients with severe penile curvature deformities and associated erectile dysfunction. Our research team has successfully employed a combined approach involving microscopic electric rotary grinding of the fibrous plaques and the use of tunica vaginalis or bovine pericardium as graft materials for the repairing of the defects of tunica albuginea in the treatment of PD. This approach has consistently yielded highly satisfactory results regarding the restoration of penile shape, with excellent cosmetic results and significantly improved sexual satisfaction. 
This protocol aims to present a comprehensive surgical management strategy utilizing electric rotary grinding of the plaques and repairing the defects of tunica albuginea by using the tunica vaginalis, which represents an optimal surgical strategy for treating PD.

Microscopic Electric Rotary Grinding of Plaques Combined with Graft Repair in the Management of Peyronie&#039;s Disease

The presented protocol describes a microscopic surgical method for the treatment of Peyronie's disease by using electric rotary grinding of the plaques followed by using the tunica vaginalis or bovine pericardium as a graft for the repairing of the defects of the tunica albuginea.

Peyronie's Disease (PD) is clinically characterized by the development of localized fibrous plaques, primarily on the tunica albuginea, especially on the ...