Name: Video: Preparing 293FT Cells Transfected with pCMV5-NanoLuc-CRAF and pCMV5-14-3-3ζ-Halo for BRET Emission Assay
Uploaded: 2024-03-01T14:30:00
Description: 52 Views. Preparing 293FT Cells Transfected with pCMV5-NanoLuc-CRAF and pCMV5-14-3-3ζ-Halo for BRET Emission Assay

preparing 293ft cells transfected with pcmv5-nanoluc-craf and pcmv5-14-3-3&#950;-halo for bret emission assay

CRAF-14-3-3 Interaction Analysis in Live Cells Using a BRET-Based Approach

RAF kinases (ARAF, BRAF, and CRAF) are the direct effectors of RAS GTPases and the initiating members of the pro-proliferative/pro-survival RAF-MEK-ERK kinase cascade. Recent studies have shown that CRAF expression plays a key role in the tumorigenesis of several KRAS-driven cancers, including non-small cell lung cancer and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma1,2,3,4,5. Moreover, germline CRAF mutations cause a particularly severe form of the RASopathy, Noonan syndrome6,7. Understanding CRAF regulation is critical for developing successful therapeutic approaches that target its function in cells.
All RAF kinases can be divided into two functional domains, a C-terminal catalytic (CAT) domain and an N-terminal regulatory (REG) domain, that controls its activity (Figure 1A)8. The REG domain encompasses the RAS binding domain (RBD), the cysteine-rich domain (CRD), and a serine/threonine-rich region (S/T-rich). Notably, the S/T-rich region contains the N&#39; site, which binds to 14-3-3 in a phosphorylation-dependent manner (S259 in CRAF; Figure 1A)8. The CAT domain encompasses the kinase domain, along with a second high-affinity 14-3-3 docking site, referred to as the C&#39; site (S621 in CRAF; Figure 1A)8. The differential binding of dimeric 14-3-3 proteins to the N&#39; and C&#39; sites, along with the CRD, plays critical roles in both RAF activation and inhibition9,10,11,12,13. Under normal signaling conditions, RAF activation is initiated by its recruitment to the plasma membrane by RAS, allowing it to form active dimers, of which the BRAF-CRAF heterodimer is the predominant active form14,15. Biochemical assays with BRAF and CRAF, along with cryogenic electron microscopy (Cryo-EM) structures of dimeric BRAF, indicate that a 14-3-3 dimer stabilizes active RAF dimers by binding simultaneously to the C&#39; site of both RAF protomers (Figure 1B)9,13,16,17. Conversely, studies have shown that under quiescent conditions, RAF adopts a cytosolic, autoinhibited confirmation, where the REG domain binds to the CAT domain and inhibits its activity12,18,19,20. This closed state is stabilized by a 14-3-3 dimer bound to the CRD and N&#39; site in the REG domain and to the C&#39; site in the CAT domain (Figure 1B)10,13,21. In BRAF, this model is supported by recent Cryo-EM structures of autoinhibited BRAF monomers and by our previous biochemical studies10,12,13,21,22. However, while 14-3-3 is shown to play an inhibitory role in CRAF regulation23, a BRAF-like autoinhibited state may play a lesser role in CRAF regulation12; therefore further studies are required to clarify the mechanisms by which 14-3-3 proteins regulate CRAF activity. The 14-3-3-mediated regulation of RAF kinases requires a plethora of RAF phosphorylation and de-phosphorylation events, the binding to various regulatory proteins, and interactions with the plasma membrane8. Therefore, it is critical that 14-3-3-RAF interactions are measured under physiologically relevant conditions and in the presence of an intact lipid bilayer.
To address this issue, NanoBRET (from here on referred to as N-BRET; see Table of Materials for kit details) technology was utilized to develop a proximity-based assay for measuring the interactions of CRAF with 14-3-3 proteins in live cells (Figure 1C). This BRET-based system measures the interactions of two proteins of interest (POI), where one protein is tagged with a nanoluciferase (Nano) donor and the other with a Halo tag, for labeling with the Halo618 energy acceptor ligand22,24. Interaction of the proteins of interest results in donor to acceptor energy transfer, which in turn generates the BRET signal (Figure 1C). The extremely bright Nano donor protein (emission (em) 460 nm) and the Halo618 ligand (em 618 nm) provide greater spectral separation and sensitivity over conventional BRET, making it an ideal platform for studying weaker interactions and detecting subtle changes in binding24. Indeed, we previously developed a N-BRET-based assay for measuring the autoinhibitory interactions of the RAF REG and CAT domains, which was essential for the characterization of a panel of RASopathy mutations in the BRAF CRD and demonstrated the critical importance of this domain for maintaining autoinhibition and preventing constitutive BRAF activation12.
The assay described here measures the interactions of CRAF, fused to an N-terminal Nano tag (Nano-CRAF), and the zeta isoform of 14-3-3 fused to C-terminal Halo tag (14-3-3&#950;-Halo; Figure 1C). We show that the interactions of Nano-CRAF with 14-3-3&#950;-Halo generates a robust BRET signal, which can in turn be disrupted by mutations which prevent 14-3-3 binding to the N&#39; site (S259A) and/or the C&#39; site (S621A). The following protocol provides detailed steps for performing, optimizing, and troubleshooting this assay.

Author Spotlight: Integrating BRET-Based Assays and Rare Mutation Analysis to Decipher RAF Kinase Regulation in Live Cells

Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET)-Based Assay for Measuring Interactions of CRAF with 14-3-3 Proteins in Live Cells

Preparing 293FT Cells Transfected with pCMV5-NanoLuc-CRAF and pCMV5-14-3-3&#950;-Halo for BRET Emission Assay

preparing-293ft-cells-transfected-with-pcmv5-nanoluc-craf-pcmv5-14-3

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

52 Views. Preparing 293FT Cells Transfected with pCMV5-NanoLuc-CRAF and pCMV5-14-3-3ζ-Halo for BRET Emission Assay

Video: Preparing 293FT Cells Transfected with pCMV5-NanoLuc-CRAF and pCMV5-14-3-3ζ-Halo for BRET Emission Assay

CRAF is a primary effector of RAS GTPases and plays a critical role in the tumorigenesis of several KRAS-driven cancers. In addition, CRAF is a hotspot for germline mutations, which are shown to cause the developmental RASopathy, Noonan syndrome. All RAF kinases contain multiple phosphorylation-dependent binding sites for 14-3-3 regulatory proteins. The differential binding of 14-3-3 to these sites plays essential roles in the formation of active RAF dimers at the plasma membrane under signaling conditions and in maintaining RAF autoinhibition under quiescent conditions. Understanding how these interactions are regulated and how they can be modulated is critical for identifying new therapeutic approaches that target RAF function. Here, I describe a bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET)-based assay for measuring the interactions of CRAF with 14-3-3 proteins in live cells. Specifically, this assay measures the interactions of CRAF fused to a Nano luciferase donor and 14-3-3 fused to a Halo tag acceptor, where the interaction of RAF and 14-3-3 results in donor-to-acceptor energy transfer and the generation of the BRET signal. The protocol further shows that this signal can be disrupted by mutations shown to prevent 14-3-3 binding to each of its high-affinity RAF docking sites. This protocol describes the procedures for seeding, transfecting, and replating the cells, along with detailed instructions for reading BRET emissions, performing data analysis, and confirming protein expression levels. In addition, example assay results, along with optimization and troubleshooting steps, are provided.

This protocol describes a BRET-based assay for measuring the interactions of the CRAF kinase with 14-3-3 proteins in live cells. The protocol outlines steps for preparing the cells, reading BRET emissions, and data analysis. An example result with identification of appropriate controls and troubleshooting for assay optimization is also presented.

CRAF is a primary effector of RAS GTPases and plays a critical role in the tumorigenesis of several KRAS-driven cancers. In addition, CRAF is a hotspot ...

Methods Article

Preparing 293FT Cells Transfected with pCMV5-NanoLuc-CRAF and pCMV5-14-3-3ζ-Halo for BRET Emission Assay