creating an advanced automated surgical environment with surveillance and real-time image transmission

Optimized 3D Reconstruction and Motion Mapping for Remote AR-Assisted Surgery

AR can superimpose the 3D model in a real-world environment. The technological development towards AR has made a paradigm shift in many fields, namely education1, medical2, manufacturing3, and entertainment4. AR technology, along with ultra-reliable low-latency communication, proves its inevitable role in the medical field. From the learning stage of human anatomy to surgical guidance, the stages of learning can be visualized with AR-powered software5,6 and hardware. AR provides a crucial and reliable solution to the medical practitioner in a surgical environment7,8.
Aortic valve stenosis is the heart valve disease, which is most common among mankind9. The root cause of the disease is poor food habits and irregular routines of day-to-day life. The symptom and result of the disease is the narrowing of the heart valve, followed by a reduction in the blood flow. This problem needs to be addressed before any damage takes place to the human heart. Thus, the heart is overburdened to process the blood flow. So, before any damage happens, surgery needs to be done, which, owing to technological developments in recent days, can also be done using the TAVR procedure. The procedure can be adopted based on the condition of the heart and other body parts of patients. In this TAVR10,11, the catheter is inserted to replace the damaged valve in the heart. However, placing the catheter position12 to replace the valve is tedious for the practitioner. This idea motivated us to design an automated surgery model based on AR13,14, which helps the surgeon to precisely position the valve during the replacement process. Moreover, the surgery can be performed by a motion mapping algorithm, which maps the surgeon&#39;s movement captured from a remote location to the robotic arm.
In the existing work15,16,17, the visualization of the TAVR18 procedure is monitored through fluoroscopy. Hence, it is difficult to analyze the heart valve and tedious to find the replacement location. This sets up a barrier to positioning the catheter in the human heart. In addition, the remote motion is mapped to the surgical field to make the process automated. However, to overcome the research gap, we propose an automated robotic-based surgery for valve replacement using AR-assisted technology.
The protocol is a generic model that can be applied to all surgical environments. In the beginning stage of the work, 2D images are captured all around the surgical environment with the fullest spatial resolution of the largest degree of freedom. This means that enough images are captured for 3D reconstruction19 purpose, followed by motion mapping through hand gesture tracking20.

Author Spotlight: Revolutionizing Remote Surgery with Augmented Reality and Robotics for Enhanced Precision and Accessibility

Automatic Surgery in Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Using Augmented Reality

Our research focuses on revolutionizing remote surgery through augmented reality and robotics, aiming to enhance precision and accessibility in medical procedures. We are exploring how real-time 3D reconstruction and feature extraction can provide surgeons with unprecedented control and visualization, even from a distance. We have implemented our own directional intensified feature extraction to ensure precise and accurate detection of surgical features, enhancing the surgeon's control over the robotic arm.By using 3D reconstruction from minimal 2D images, we have significantly reduced the hardware complexity and improved the efficiency of our system. Our system provides the best surveillance of the surgical environment using a single mobile camera synchronized to take snaps every two seconds, ensuring real-time updates for the remote surgeon. We have developed seamless communication protocols with low latency and high reliability using Bluetooth and LAN, ensuring uninterrupted and accurate data transmission.Our approach to achieve precise, real-time synchronization between video feeds and robotic arm responses can serve as a benchmark for future research in remote surgery and telemedicine. It offers a model for integrating real-time data with robotic control systems. Our approach to achieve precise real-time synchronization between video feeds and robotic arm responses can serve as a benchmark for future research in remote surgery and telemedicine.It offers a model for integrating real-time data with robotic control systems.

Creating an Advanced Automated Surgical Environment with Surveillance and Real-Time Image Transmission

To prepare the surgery environment, arrange an object-carrying platter, a robotic arm, and two side-hanging arms on a working platform. After locking the mobile in the mobile holder, enable Bluetooth of the mobile device and the laptop, which serve as the surgeon's HoloLens emulator. Pair the devices for uninterrupted image transmission.Ensure that the hanging arms are controlled by a stepper motor for a flawless revolution of 360 degrees. Connect the motor to the microcontroller board using the TB6600 driver. Click the Download button to download the microcontroller integrated development environment from the browser.Then go to File and open a new sketch to write the code. Connect the microcontroller board to interface with the new sketch through a communication port number for connection port. Check the communication port and verify that it shows the microcontroller board.Check the hardware switch settings of the stepper motor driver TB6600 to ensure a current flow of two amperes. Set SW4 to on and SW5 and SW6 to off. Set SW1 and SW3 to off and SW2 to on to achieve 1/8 micro steps, meeting the required revolution steps.Connect RTC 3231 with the microcontroller to have real global time synchronization. Ensure the revolution step size is 12 degrees and the motor step increments only when the seconds read from the RTC module are odd. Connect the 5-volt pin of the microcontroller board to the RTCVCC and the microcontroller's ground to the RTC's ground.Connect the SCL pin of RTC to the A0 pin and the SDA to the A1 pin of the microcontroller. This module ensures a 12-degree step size, completing 30 steps per revolution with increments occurring every odd second. Run the code available on the GitHub page to verify the setup is working correctly.Download Android Studio to develop the automatic camera application. Connect the mobile phone to the system. In Android Studio, click New, New Project, and choose Empty Views Activity.Click on Next to develop an Android code available at the given site. Confirm that the app captures the images automatically and sends them to a remote device consistently. Transmit snapshots from the mobile app immediately to the remote surgeon system through Bluetooth.

creating-an-advanced-automated-surgical-environment-with-surveillance

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Augmented Reality (AR) is in high demand in medical applications. The aim of the paper is to provide automatic surgery using AR for the Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR). TAVR is the alternate medical procedure for open-heart surgery. TAVR replaces the injured valve with the new one using a catheter. In the existing model, remote guidance is given, while the surgery is not automated based on AR. In this article, we deployed a spatially aligned camera that is connected to a motor for the automation of image capture in the surgical environment. The camera tracks the 2D high-resolution image of the patient's heart along with the catheter testbed. These captured images are uploaded using the mobile app to a remote surgeon who is a cardiology expert. This image is utilized for the 3D reconstruction from 2D image tracking. This is viewed in a HoloLens like an emulator in a laptop. The surgeon can remotely inspect the 3D reconstructed images with additional transformation features such as rotation and scaling. These transformation features are enabled through hand gestures. The surgeon's guidance is transmitted to the surgical environment to automate the process in real-time scenarios. The catheter testbed in the surgical field is controlled by the hand gesture guidance of the remote surgeon. The developed prototype model demonstrates the effectiveness of remote surgical guidance through AR.

This article presents the design and implementation of an automatic surgery module based on augmented reality (AR)- based 3D reconstruction. The system enables remote surgery by allowing surgeons to inspect reconstructed features and replicate surgical hand movements as if they were performing the surgery in close proximity.

Augmented Reality (AR) is in high demand in medical applications. The aim of the paper is to provide automatic surgery using AR for the Transcatheter ...

Developing Interactive Surgery Environment with Real-Time Surveillance and Augmented Reality Integration

To begin, open the graphical user interface server module. Enter the VVID port number in the VVID text field. Click on Create Socket to create and bind the socket.Then click on Connect to establish a connection with the mobile app. Now click on Capture to capture and save the scene surveillance images in the local folder. Let the client module include a robotic arm designed to have rotational movement in its base, shoulder, elbow, wrist, and fingers.Ensure that MG996R servos are used to govern the rotational movement at the base, shoulder, and elbow. Use the SG90 servo motor to control the rotational movement at the wrist and fingers. Compile the code given in the microcontroller integrated development environment to drive the robotic arm based on the commands received from the remote surgeon.Read two images at a time in a sequence, one by one, from the local folder to identify the possible overlapping between them. Extract the features using the DITF method. Reconstruct three-dimensional images from the collected features using SFM.Enable the surgeon to inspect the three-dimensional reconstructed image features using hand gesture controls for rotation and zoom in or out, allowing visualization from all perspectives. Normalize and map the distance between the tip of the surgeon's thumb and the index finger of the right hand into a corresponding angle of rotation. Transmit the hand gesture control through Bluetooth to the remote surgery environment.Ensure that the rotation of the object platter at the remote site mirrors the rotation of the three-dimensional reconstructed features at the surgeon's end. The accuracy of motion mapping decreased as the distance between two fingers increased. The DITF algorithm achieved the lowest latency compared to ORB and BEBLID.