We thank the StemCore facility at Monash University for provision of hESC lines and the FlowCore facility at Monash University for FACS services. This work was supported by research grants from the Australian Stem Cell Centre, the New South Wales and Victorian Government Stem Cell Research Grant Program to ALL. ALL is a Partner Investigator of the Australian Research Council (ARC) Special Research Initiative in Stem Cell Science, Stem Cells Australia.

The following protocol was performed using hESC-MEL111 standard bulk cultures provided by the StemCore facility at Monash University (Melbourne). This cell line is routinely cultured on a layer of mitotically inactivated mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) in bFGF supplemented hESC/KOSR media7 and is maintained with enzymatic dissociation (Collagenase) each 5-7 days8. hESC cultures grown to ~80% confluency in 75 cm2 (T75) flasks are used as input populations for this protocol. All the cell manipulation procedures described below should be performed under aseptic conditions in a HEPA-filtered class II bio-safety cabinet.
Two days prior to performing a TG30/GCTM-2 FACS assay, prepare the T75 culture plates (described in section 1) that are to be used for the reculture of cells recovered post-FACS (described in section 4).
1. Seeding of MEFs and Preparation of MEF-conditioned Medium
1.1 DAY -2: Plating of MEFs into T75 flasks
<ol>
	<li>Pipette 10 ml of 0.1% w/v gelatin into each T75 flask and tilt to coat surface evenly.</li>
	<li>Incubate for 30 min at room temperature in a biosafety cabinet.</li>
	<li>Aspirate gelatin solution.</li>
	<li>Add 20 ml MEF-medium to the flask and pre-equilibrate to 37 &#176;C/5% CO2 for 30 min in a cell culture incubator.</li>
	<li>Plate mitotically inactivated MEFs onto prepared flask(s) at the following densities. For 1/3 MEF density seed 1.4 x 104 cells/cm2 (T75= 1 x 106 MEFs). For full density MEF seed 5.3 x 104 cells/cm2 (T75 = 4 x 106 MEFs).</li>
</ol>
Note: We routinely use MEFs that were mitotically inactivated by &#947;-irradiation. A protocol for preparation of &#947;-irradiated MEFs can be found in Michalska12.
<ol start="6">
	<li>Incubate irradiated MEF cultures at 37 &#176;C/5% CO2 overnight. The 1/3 flasks can be incubated for 1-4 days without MEF-medium change. These flasks are used for replating of post-FACS cells (as in protocol&#160;4). Full MEF flasks are incubated overnight to generate CM as per below in step 1.2.</li>
</ol>
1.2 DAY -1: Preparation of MEF-conditioned medium (CM)
<ol>
	<li>Aspirate MEF-medium from full-MEF T75 flasks.</li>
	<li>Add pre-equilibrated 25 ml hESC/KOSR medium supplemented with 5 ng/ml human FGF-2 per T75 flask. Incubate at 37 &#176;C/5% CO2 for 24 hr.</li>
	<li>Collect MEF-conditioned medium (CM) into a sterile tissue culture tube, freshly supplement CM with 10 ng/ml human FGF-2 and filter using a 0.22 &#956;m polyethersulfone filter.</li>
	<li>To produce additional CM, repeat steps 1.2.2 and 1.2.3 daily on the same MEF culture for one week.</li>
</ol>
On the day of performing a TG30/GCTM-2 assay, replace MEF-medium in 1/3 MEF T75 flasks with CM and pre-equilibrate for at least 30 min prior to seeding any hESCs or hESC-derivative cells recovered from the procedure as described below. CM is either used fresh or stored at 4 &#176;C for up to 2 weeks. CM is used in this protocol as in our hands it increases the viability of the cells post-FACS compared to nonconditioned media (results not shown).
2. Performing a TG30/GCTM-2 FACS Assay: Dissociation of hESC Bulk Cultures into Single Cells
Note: Prechill 20% FBS/DMEM-F12 medium at 4 &#176;C.
<ol>
	<li>Aspirate the hESC/KOSR media from two T75 flasks with a cultured hESC line.</li>
	<li>Rinse the cells in each T75 with 10 ml DPBS and aspirate to remove.</li>
	<li>Add 3 ml TrypLE Express dissociation solution into each T75 flask. Incubate at 37 &#176;C/5% CO2 for 5 min.</li>
	<li>Bump the side of the flasks to obtain complete dislodgement of the cells. Check under microscope. If cells do not dislodge easily, incubate for a further 2-3 min at 37 &#176;C/5% CO2.</li>
	<li>Add 10 ml 20% FBS/DMEM-F12 (kept at 4 &#176;C) to each T75 flask. Using a sterile 10 ml pipette gently triturate the dissociated cells several times against the flask wall to achieve a predominantly single cell suspension.</li>
	<li>Place a 70 &#956;m cell strainer on a 50 ml sterile polypropylene tube. Use a sterile 10 ml pipette to force the hESC single cell suspensions pooled from the two T75 flasks through the strainer.</li>
	<li>Discard cell strainer, replace the tube lid and centrifuge the pooled hESC suspension at 1,000 x g for 2 min.</li>
	<li>Discard supernatant and wash the cells by gently resuspending the pellet in 10 ml 20% FBS/DMEM-F12 (prechilled at 4 &#176;C).</li>
	<li>Perform a second centrifugation at 1,000 x g for 2 min.</li>
	<li>Discard supernatant, add 10 ml 20% FBS/DMEM-F12 (prechilled at 4 &#176;C) and gently triturate to resuspend cells. Place the 50 ml tube on ice. This tube will be used for the Sort Sample immunostaining procedure described below.</li>
	<li>Take 20 &#956;l of the hESC single cell suspension (step 2.10) for cell number counting using a hemotocytometer. You should expect a yield of 10-15 million cells per T75 flask.</li>
</ol>
Note: FBS is used in this part of the protocol to increase cell viability post-FACS.
3. Immunofluorescent Staining of Cell Surface Antigens TG30 and GCTM-2
<ol>
	<li>Aliquot 150 &#956;l (~100,000 cells) of a hESC single cell suspension (from step 2.11) into each of six microcentrifuge tubes of 1.5 ml. These six aliquots will be used for the staining controls required to calibrate the assay on the FACS machine. The remaining ~9 ml cell suspension will be your Sort Sample in which the dissociated culture will be costained for detection of TG30 and GCTM-2, according to Tables 1 and 2.</li>
	<li>Perform binding reactions of primary antibodies in 20% FBS/DMEM-F12. Final reaction volumes should be ~9 ml for the Sort Sample and 200 &#956;l for the controls. Include isotype controls as primary antibodies. Place tubes horizontally on ice and mix gently for 30 min on a rocking platform.</li>
	<li>Centrifuge primary antibody reactions at 1,000 x g for 2 min.</li>
	<li>Discard supernatant and wash the cells by resuspending the pellet in 20 ml 20% FBS/DMEM-F12 (prechilled at 4 &#176;C) for the Sort Sample and 200 &#956;l for the controls.</li>
	<li>Perform a second spin at 1,000 x g for 2 min.</li>
	<li>Perform binding reactions of secondary antibodies in 20% FBS/DMEM-F12. Final reaction volumes should be 2.5 ml for the Sort Sample and 200 &#956;l for the controls. Prepare the PE-anti-mouse CD90.2 reaction tube at this stage. Place tubes horizontally on ice and mix gently for 30 min on a rocking platform.</li>
</ol>
Note: During this incubation time, it is convenient to collect CM and prepare 1/3 MEF T75 flasks with CM as in section 1.2.
<ol start="7">
	<li>Centrifuge secondary antibody reactions at 1,000 x g for 2 min.</li>
	<li>Discard supernatant and wash the cells TWICE by resuspending the pellet in 20 ml 20% FBS/DMEM-F12 (prechilled at 4 &#176;C) for the Sort Sample and 200 &#956;l for the controls.</li>
	<li>Perform a spin at 1,000 x g for 2 min following each wash and place tubes on ice.</li>
	<li>Discard supernatants and resuspend cell pellets in 20% FBS/DMEM-F12 supplemented with propidium iodide (PI) at 0.3 &#956;g/ml. Use 2-3 ml for the Sort Sample and 300 &#956;l for the controls.</li>
</ol>
Note: DO NOT add PI to the control tube with unstained cells.
<ol start="11">
	<li>Use a P1000 micropipette to force each individual cell suspension through a 35 &#956;m lid cell strainer, coupled to 5 ml tube polystyrene round bottom test tubes.</li>
	<li>Centrifuge at 50 g/min to force through residual cell suspension on the strainer lids.</li>
	<li>Resuspend each single cell suspension by tapping the sides of the tubes, and place on ice. Your cells are now ready for FACS. Please proceed straightaway.</li>
</ol>
4. Post-FACS Culture of TG30/GCTM-2 Subfraction Cells in 75 cm2 (T75) Flasks
<ol>
	<li>We have previously reported how to set up a FACS machine for TG30/GCTM-2 immunoprofiling7. The procedure allows the recovery of viable single hESCs, free of MEFs, and within the gates of P4 (TG30Neg-GCTM-2Neg), P5 (TG30Low-GCTM-2Low), P6 (TG30Mid-GCTM-2Mid) and P7 (TG30Hi-GCTM-2Hi) - see Figure 1E. Set up the FACS machine for TG30/GCTM-2 FACS as in our previous report to recover the cell subfractions to be used next.</li>
	<li>Add 1 ml CM, prepared as in step 1.2, to each of two 5 ml polystyrene round bottom test tubes prior to collecting cells from the FACS machine. Place on ice.</li>
	<li>Recover 400,000 cells each from differentiated P4 (TG30Neg-GCTM-2Neg) and pluripotent P7 (TG30Hi-GCTM-2Hi) cell subfractions using TG30/GCTM-2 FACS.</li>
	<li>Centrifuge the collection tubes at 1,000 x g for 5 min.</li>
	<li>Aspirate the supernatants. Add 1 ml prequilibrated 37 &#176;C/5% CO2 CM to resuspend each cell pellet using a P1000 micropipettor. Seed the cells for each fraction onto a pre-equilibrated 1/3 MEF T75 flask with CM (prepared as per step 1.2)</li>
	<li>Culture at 37 &#176;C/5% CO2 for 24 hr in a cell culture incubator.</li>
	<li>Aspirate CM daily and replace with freshly prepared CM (as in step 1.2) for approximately two weeks. Cultures of pluripotent P7 (TG30Hi-GCTM-2Hi) cells show human stem-like colonies after one week and reach ~80% confluency at 9-11 days. Cultures of P4 (TG30Neg-GCTM-2Neg) cells mostly grow as a lawn of fibroblast-like cells that reaches confluency at 11-13 days. At this stage, if required, P4 and P7 cell cultures can be used for TG30/GCTM-2 FACS mediated consecutive reculture of either P4 or P7 subfractions (See Figures 2 and 3).</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Pera, M. F., Tam, P. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extrinsic+regulation+of+pluripotent+stem+cells.">Extrinsic regulation of pluripotent stem cells.</a> Nature. 10 (7299), 713-720 (2010).</li><li>Pistollato, F., Bremer-Hoffmann, S., Healy, L., Young, L., Stacey, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Standardization+of+pluripotent+stem+cell+cultures+for+toxicity+testing.">Standardization of pluripotent stem cell cultures for toxicity testing.</a> Expert Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol. 8 (2), 239-257 (2012).</li><li>Miura, K., Okada, Y., Aoi, T., Okada, A., Takahashi, K., Okita, K., Nakagawa, M., Koyanagi, M., Tanabe, K., Ohnuki, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Variation+in+the+safety+of+induced+pluripotent+stem+cell+lines.">Variation in the safety of induced pluripotent stem cell lines.</a> Nat. Biotechnol. 27 (8), 743-745 (2009).</li><li>Polanco, J. C., Laslett, A. L., Lenka, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Safety+Assessment+of+Reprogrammed+Cells+Prior+to+Clinical+Applications:+Potential+Approaches+to+Eliminate+Teratoma+Formation.">Safety Assessment of Reprogrammed Cells Prior to Clinical Applications: Potential Approaches to Eliminate Teratoma Formation.</a> Pluripotent Stem Cells. , (2013).</li><li>Laslett, A. 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Nothing to disclose.

In the clinical context, differentiated somatic cell types are the final desired product for transplantation and therapeutic applications, and hPSC are a self-renewing and scalable source to generate those somatic cells or their progenitors in the laboratory. The presence of residual undifferentiated hESCs with an inherent potential for teratoma formation is a safety risk when considering hESC-derived somatic cells for transplantation into patients. For a review of this and other risks associated with cell therapy please see Sharpe et al.16 Therefore, to realize such applications, it is imperative that researchers aim to generate target cell populations that are also pluripotent stem cell-free. Towards this end, we demonstrate here that using our TG30/GCTM-2 FACS methodology it is possible to monitor for the presence of pluripotent cells (TG30Hi-GCTM-2Hi) in a differentiating cell population and obtain viable hESC-differentiated derivatives that can be enriched and recultured post-FACS. Although it is not possible to obtain 100% pluripotent stem cell-free samples with a single pass of our protocol, enriched hESC-derivatives can be recultured and after consecutive passaging 100% somatic-cell purity is achieved. The demonstrated viability of somatic cells for expansion post-FACS also potentially allows for the production of adequate numbers of cells suitable for potential transplantation therapies.
The encouraging results of this pilot study prompted us to perform a more comprehensive investigation using our TG30/GCTM-2 protocol in a comparative study with several human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) lines15. In that study, we found that pluripotent stem cell-free samples obtained using our TG30/GCTM-2 FACS protocol did not generate teratomas when transplanted into immune-deprived mice. Therefore, we can confidently state that with the use of this in vitro protocol, early stage differentiation cell cultures determined to be free of pluripotent TG30Hi-GCTM-2Hi cells do not develop teratomas in vivo. This strongly supports the robustness of our assay, providing a potential approach to eliminate the risk of teratoma formation prior to use of hPSC-derived cells in clinical applications.
Conversely, we also show that the TG30/GCTM-2 FACS assay can be used to retrieve a pluripotent cell population with high level of expression of these two surface antigens (TG30Hi-GCTM-2Hi). Previous studies have shown that TG30Hi-GCTM-2Hi cells exhibit the highest correlation with OCT4hi expression and form the highest number of hESC-like colonies5,6,13,15. We therefore reason that the pluripotency network is activated at its maximum levels in TG30Hi-GCTM-2Hi expressing cells. We consider that using our TG30/GCTM-2 FACS protocol and retrieving P7 (TG30Hi-GCTM-2Hi) cells could allow for large-scale purification of enriched live hESC cultures, as inputs to differentiation assays.
In conclusion, we demonstrate here the potentiality of our FACS assays based on the combined expression of surface antigens TG30 and GCTM-2 for both the purging and enrichment of hESCs. Future studies with protocols for directed differentiation of hPSCs are likely to also be informative regarding this potentiality. We are aware that in some assays where differentiated hESC-derivatives temporally express TG30 (CD9) or GCTM-2, these two antibodies might not be appropriate or sufficient to purge pluripotent cells from a differentiated population at a particular time point in the assay6. Therefore, there is an ongoing need to find novel antibodies that specifically recognize live hESCs to overcome the possible limitation of cross-reaction with some differentiated cell types.

HPSC (hPSC) include human embryonic stem cells (hESC) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hIPSC). HPSC can self-renew indefinitely in appropriate culture conditions without losing their ability known as &#34;pluripotency&#34;. Pluripotency is defined as the potential for a cell to differentiate into essentially any somatic cell lineage including cells representative of each of the three embryonic germ cell layers. The remarkable potential of hPSC provides a means for a large variety of cell-based applications including therapeutic options. For instance, there are disorders involving cell death and degeneration, where normal functionality of cells in the human body is compromised, as in heart failure, spinal injuries, diabetes, Parkinson&#39;s disease, some cancers, and other clinical pathologies. Patients suffering these conditions could potentially be treated by transplanting healthy and functional somatic cells that have been derived from hPSC in the laboratory. However, the current hPSC differentiation protocols are not 100% efficient and yield a mixture of differentiated target and off-target cell types, as well as residual hPSCs that have not undergone differentiation, instead continuing to self-renew1-3. The presence of even a small number of hPSC in a sample of hPSC-derived somatic cells intended for transplantation into patients constitutes a serious clinical risk as these cells by their inherent nature to form tissues of all three embryonic germ layers, could potentially form in vivo a type of tumor known as a teratoma. Therefore, only target cell populations determined to be free of pluripotent stem cells can be considered safe for transplantation into patients. There are several approaches reported to potentially accomplish the purging of residual hPSCs following differentiation, (for review see Polanco and Laslett4). We have previously reported the use of the monoclonal antibodies TG30 (CD9) and GCTM-2 coupled to fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) to identify pluripotent stem cells and discriminate them from cells undergoing early stage of differentiation in cultures of hESC lines5-7.
One advantage of using antibodies to detect cell surface antigens is that the target cells are usually viable after antibody binding and/or labeling. Therefore, target cells can be collected after antibody labeling and recultured for expansion and further applications before transplantation. One caveat for cell surface antigens expressed on hPSC is that they are not exclusive to the pluripotent stage and are in many cases re-expressed temporally during development and will therefore be detected in some differentiated cell types. Therefore, if the aim is to use antibodies to detect human pluripotent cells and purge them from a sample of hPSC-derived cells, selected antibodies should not also react with antigens on the specific differentiated cell types intended for transplantation. Unfortunately, there are limited numbers of antibodies that detect cell surface markers on live hPSCs 4, making limited the options for selection. In addition, a few studies have pointed out that detection of one single cell-surface marker is not sufficient to eliminate all hPSC, suggesting that any attempt to eliminate all hPSC pluripotent subpopulations should rely on methods that use two or more antibodies detecting different epitopes expressed by hPSCs 9-10. As mentioned above, only hPSC-derived cells that could be determined as pluripotent stem cell-free cell populations are appropriate for human transplantation. Reaching this level of stringency may not be achieved with a single pass through an antibody-mediated cell sorting technology. Reculture of the enriched population of differentiated target cells and subsequent rounds of cell sorting may be required to definitively obtain pluripotent stem cell-free samples.
In our laboratory, we have extensively characterized two hES cell-surface antibodies, TG30 (CD9) and GCTM-2, for the detection of live pluripotent cells. Our studies have shown that combined detection of both TG30 and GCTM-2 strongly correlates with the expression of canonical pluripotency-associated genes in hESC lines 5-7. TG30/GCTM-2 FACS immunoprofiling has consistently shown that hESC cultures constitute a quantitative continuous gradient of TG30/GCTM-2 expression 5-7. We have arbitrarily established four populations (P) of cells within this TG30/GCTM-2 gradient: P4 (TG30Neg-GCTM-2Neg), P5 (TG30Low-GCTM-2Low), P6 (TG30Mid-GCTM-2Mid) and P7 (TG30Hi-GCTM-2Hi) 5-7. Our characterization of these P4, P5, P6 and P7 cell populations has shown that the P6 and P7 subfractions express a large number of pluripotency-associated genes and efficiently form stem-like colonies when recultured post-FACS 2-3. On the other hand, P4 (TG30Neg-GCTM-2Neg) cells express a large number of differentiation markers and constitute the spontaneously differentiated cell types that typically occur in expanding cultures of hESC lines 5-6. We decided to test the potentiality of our TG30/GCTM-2 FACS for the selective elimination of residual hPSCs following early stage differentiation, and also for the enrichment of pluripotent stem cell populations. The protocol described below shows how to collect and reculture differentiated P4 (TG30Neg-GCTM-2Neg) cells post-FACS to accomplish purging of pluripotent P7 (TG30Hi-GCTM-2Hi). Furthermore, we also explain the collection and reculture of pluripotent P7 (TG30Hi-GCTM-2Hi) cells to obtain an enriched culture of pluripotent cells, which could subsequently be used as a defined input population to potentially increase the efficiency and consistency of differentiation assays.

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Short Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Long Name </td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM/F-12</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11320082</td>
			<td>Long Name: Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle Medium:Nutrient Mixture F-12</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KOSR</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>10828028</td>
			<td>Long Name: Knockout Serum Replacement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GlutaMAX</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>35050061</td>
			<td>Long Name: GlutaMAX supplement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nonessential Amino Acids</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11140050</td>
			<td>Long Name: MEM Nonessential Amino Acids Solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>21985023</td>
			<td>Long Name: 2-Mercaptoethanol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DPBS</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>14190250</td>
			<td>Long Name: Dulbecco&#39;s Phosphate-Buffered Saline, no calcium, no magnesium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TrypLE Express</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>12604039</td>
			<td>Long Name: TrypLE Express (1x), no Phenol Red</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AF-488</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>A21131</td>
			<td>Long Name: Alexa Fluor 488 goat anti-mouse IgG2a</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AF-647</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>A21238</td>
			<td>Long Name: Alexa Fluor 647 goat anti-mouse IgM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PE-anti IgG2a</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>P21139</td>
			<td>Long Name: R-Phycoerythrin Goat Anti-Mouse IgG2a (&#947;2a) Conjugate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11965-092</td>
			<td>Long Name: Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle Medium, high glucose</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pen/Strep</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15140-122</td>
			<td>Long Name: Penicillin-Streptomycin, Liquid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Distilled Water</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15230-089.</td>
			<td>Long Name: Sterile Distilled Water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PI</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>P4864</td>
			<td>Long Name: Propidium iodide solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>12203C</td>
			<td>Long Name: Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gelatin</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>G-1890</td>
			<td>Long Name: Gelatin from porcine skin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human FGF-2</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>GF003AF-100UG</td>
			<td>Long Name: Fibroblast Growth Factor basic, human recombinant, animal-free</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter 0.22 &#956;m</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>SCGPU02RE</td>
			<td>Long Name: Stericup-GP, 0.22 &#956;m, polyethersulfone, 250 ml, radio-sterilized</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>70 &#956;m Cell Strainer</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>352350</td>
			<td>Long Name: Cell strainer with 70 &#956;m Nylon mesh</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>35 &#956;m Lid cell strainer, 5 ml tube</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>352235</td>
			<td>Long Name: 5 ml polystyrene round bottom test tube, with a cell strainer cap (35 &#956;m)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 ml Polystyrene round bottom test tube</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>352054</td>
			<td>Long Name: 5 ml polystyrene round bottom test tube, sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IgG2a Isotype Control</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>554126</td>
			<td>Long Name: Purified Mouse IgG2a, &#954; Isotype Control</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IgM Isotype Control</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>553472</td>
			<td>Long Name: Purified Mouse IgM, &#954; Isotype Control</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PE-CD90.2</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>553014</td>
			<td>Long Name: PE Rat Anti-Mouse CD90.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>8-peaks calibration</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>559123</td>
			<td>Long Name: Rainbow Calibration Particles (8 peaks)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 ml sterile Polypropylene tube</td>
			<td>Greiner Bio-One</td>
			<td>227261</td>
			<td>Long Name: 50 ml Polypropylene tube with conical bottom, Sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T75 flask</td>
			<td>Greiner Bio-One</td>
			<td>658175</td>
			<td>Long Name: CELLSTAR Filter Cap Cell Culture 75 cm2 Flasks</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TG30</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>MAB4427</td>
			<td>Long Name: TG30 Antibody, clone TG30</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GCTM-2</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>MAB4346</td>
			<td>Long Name: GCTM-2 is not commercially available but TG343 and equivalent monoclonal antibody is</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Table 4. List of materials and reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>[header]</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FACS machine</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>FACSVantage SE with FACSDiva option</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inverted microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>IX71</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Table 5. List of equipment.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

enrichment and purging of human embryonic stem cells by detection of cell surface antigens using the monoclonal antibodies tg30 and gctm-2

Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) can self-renew indefinitely in vitro, and with the appropriate cues can be induced to differentiate into potentially all somatic cell lineages. Differentiated hESC derivatives can potentially be used in transplantation therapies to treat a variety of cell-degenerative diseases. However, hESC differentiation protocols usually yield a mixture of differentiated target and off-target cell types as well as residual undifferentiated cells. For the translation of differentiated hESC-derivatives from the laboratory to the clinic, it is important to be able to discriminate between undifferentiated (pluripotent) and differentiated cells, and generate methods to separate these populations. Safe application of hESC-derived somatic cell types can only be accomplished with pluripotent stem cell-free populations, as residual hESCs could induce tumors known as teratomas following transplantation. Towards this end, here we describe a methodology to detect pluripotency associated cell surface antigens with the monoclonal antibodies TG30 (CD9) and GCTM-2 via fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) for the identification of pluripotent TG30Hi-GCTM-2Hi hESCs using positive selection. Using negative selection with our TG30/GCTM-2 FACS methodology, we were able to detect and purge undifferentiated hESCs in populations undergoing very early-stage differentiation (TG30Neg-GCTM-2Neg). In a further study, pluripotent stem cell-free samples of differentiated TG30Neg-GCTM-2Neg cells selected using our TG30/GCTM-2 FACS protocol did not form teratomas once transplanted into immune-compromised mice, supporting the robustness of our protocol. On the other hand, TG30/GCTM-2 FACS-mediated consecutive passaging of enriched pluripotent TG30Hi-GCTM-2Hi hESCs did not affect their ability to self-renew in vitro or their intrinsic pluripotency. Therefore, the characteristics of our TG30/GCTM-2 FACS methodology provide a sensitive assay to obtain highly enriched populations of hPSC as inputs for differentiation assays and to rid potentially tumorigenic (or residual) hESC from derivative cell populations.

hESC-derivatives that are pluripotent stem cell-free can be obtained by consecutive passaging of cells from the P4 (TG30Neg-GCTM-2Neg) subfraction.
Previous reports have established that in hESC standard cultures a mixture of subpopulations coexist exhibiting an expression gradient of genes associated with pluripotency5,6,13. Combined detection of cell surface antigens like TG30 (CD9) and GCTM-2 allows for the discrimination of a number of subsets of cells at the pluripotent stage and at various stages of early differentiation, as indicated by their expression of stem cell markers and lineage specific transcription factors5,6,13. In agreement with previous reports, we were able to discriminate P4 (TG30Neg-GCTM-2Neg), P5 (TG30Low-GCTM-2Low), P6 (TG30Mid-GCTM-2Mid), and P7 (TG30Hi-GCTM-2Hi) cells in the hESC-MEL1 line used for this study (Figure 1). With this result, we proceeded to collect differentiated P4 (TG30Neg-GCTM-2Neg) cells and pluripotent P7 (TG30Hi-GCTM-2Hi) cells for further culture in studies described below.
We investigated whether using a negative selection approach we could purge undifferentiated hESCs from cell populations undergoing very early-stage differentiation (TG30Neg-GCTM-2Neg). We used a defined number of P4 (TG30Neg-GCTM-2Neg) cells that were consecutively cultured post-FACS (Figure 2A) for approximately two weeks, and reanalyzed using TG30/GCTM-2 FACS prior to replating at each passage. Results showed that the P4-subfraction enriched for TG30Neg-GCTM-2Neg differentiated cell types after consecutive passaging, and a minor presence of P7 (TG30Hi-GCTM-2Hi) cells at the initial passage (Figure 2A, Passage 1) eventually disappeared after further passaging, becoming pluripotent stem cell-free samples (Figure 2A, Passage 3).
Enrichment of pluripotent hESC cells can be achieved by collection of cells TG30Hi-GCTM-2Hi cells.
Based on previous observations using this assay, we would expect an enrichment of pluripotent hESCs by collecting P7 (TG30Hi-GCTM-2Hi) cells that should form hESC colonies. Therefore, we also investigated TG30/GCTM-2 FACS-mediated consecutive passaging of pluripotent P7 (TG30Hi-GCTM-2Hi) cells. In these P7 cultures, TG30/GCTM-2 FACS immunoprofiling was performed prior to replating cells at each passage and only P7 (TG30Hi-GCTM-2Hi) cells were recultured. In this way, we observed that the majority of cells were located in the subfractions associated with pluripotency (P6 and P7), indicating an enrichment of pluripotent cells that also maintained a capacity to differentiate and generate a small percentage of P4 (TG30Neg-GCTM-2Neg) cells (Figure 3A). Furthermore, cultures of P7 cells showed a large number of hESC-like colonies during passaging (Figure 3B), also indicating maintenance of the pluripotency state.
<img alt="Figure 1" fo:content-width="5.5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/50856/50856fig1.jpg" /> 
Figure 1. Representative sorting strategy to obtain TG30/GCTM-2 FACS subfractions. (A): Dissociated hES cell suspensions are sorted as single cells and potential clumps or doublets are gated out with the forward scatter for height and area (FSC-H and FSC-A). (B): Potential debris is removed with FSC-A and SSC-A, and only intact cells are further sorted. (C): Nonviable cells are excluded based on propidium iodide (PI) fluorescence (FSC-A and FL3-A). (D): MEF feeder cells were gated out by negative selection based on expression of mouse CD90.2-PE (FL2-A and SSC-A). (E): The isolated viable hESC fraction, free of MEF feeders, is finally fractionated into P4 (TG30Neg-GCTM-2Neg), P5 (TG30Low-GCTM-2Low), P6 (TG30Mid-GCTM-2Mid), and P7 (TG30Hi-GCTM-2Hi) subpopulations. The negative gate (TG30Neg-GCTM-2Neg, named P4) was set according to background autofluorescence for the unstained cells and also to isotype controls. (F): Percentages of the different gated subpopulations typical of a TG30/GCTM-2 flow cytometry analysis. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/50856/50856fig1large.jpg" target="_blank"> Click here to view larger figure</a>.
<img alt="Figure 2" fo:content-width="5.75in" src="/files/ftp_upload/50856/50856fig2.jpg" /> 
Figure 2. Representative consecutive cultures of spontaneously differentiated P4 (TG30Neg-GCTM-2Neg) cells from the hESC-MEL1 line. (A): Representative TG30/GCTM-2 FACS plots showing gated subsets of cells (P4, P5, P6 and P7) discriminated by the level of detected expression of TG30 and GCTM-2 cell surface markers. An initial population of 400,000 hESC-derivatives exhibiting P4 (TG30Neg-GCTM-2Neg) immunoprofiling is collected from bulk cultures of hESC-MEL1 line. These P4 (TG30Neg-GCTM-2Neg) cells are consecutively passaged post-FACS in conditions supportive for hESC renewal in T75 flasks, until reaching confluency (11-13 days). Prior to each passage, TG30/GCTM-2 FACS is performed to collect and reculture only the P4 (TG30Neg-GCTM-2Neg) differentiated cell types. (B): Typical morphology of the lawn of differentiated P4 (TG30Neg-GCTM-2Neg) cells after 14 days. (C): Sporadic hESC-like colonies seen after 14 days intermingled with the lawn of P4 (TG30Neg-GCTM-2Neg) cells at passage 1 only, are most likely generated by contaminating P7 (TG30Hi-GCTM-2Hi) cells. Scale bar = 200 &#956;m. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/50856/50856fig2large.jpg" target="_blank"> Click here to view larger figure</a>.
<img alt="Figure 3" fo:content-width="5.75in" src="/files/ftp_upload/50856/50856fig3.jpg" /> 
Figure 3. P7 (TG30Hi-GCTM-2Hi) cells derived from hESC lines can be consecutively passaged post-FACS without losing their intrinsic pluripotent properties. Representative TG30/GCTM-2 FACS immunoprofiling of the different consecutive passages, showing the discriminated subsets of cells (P4, P5, P6, and P7) according to the level of expression of TG30 and GCTM-2. (A): A starting population of 400,000 cells showing P7 (TG30Hi-GCTM-2Hi) characteristics is retrieved from bulk cultures of the hESC-MEL1 line. Pluripotent P7 (TG30Hi-GCTM-2Hi) cells are consecutively passaged post-FACS in conditions supportive for hESC renewal in T75 flasks, until reaching ~80% confluency (9-11 days). TG30/GCTM-2 FACS immunoprofiling is performed prior to replating cells at each passage and only theP7 (TG30Hi-GCTM-2Hi) cells are recultured. Results show that P7 (TG30Hi-GCTM-2Hi) cells conserve their pluripotent characteristics with subsequent passaging, including conservation of (TG30Hi-GCTM-2Hi) expression, forming hESC-like colonies (shown in B) and maintaining the ability to differentiate as can be inferred from the recapitulation of a small fraction of differentiated P4 (TG30Neg-GCTM-2Neg) in each of the FACS gradients. Scale bar = 200 &#956;m. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/50856/50856fig3large.jpg" target="_blank"> Click here to view larger figure</a>.
<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Sample (reaction volumes)</td>
			<td>Primary Antibody</td>
			<td>Secondary Antibody</td>
			<td>PE Rat Anti-Mouse CD90.2 b </td>
			<td>Propidium Iodide c</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sort Sample (~9 ml for primary ABs, 2.5 ml for secondary ABs)</td>
			<td>(TG30 + GCTM-2)a</td>
			<td>AF 488 goat anti-mouse IgG2a + AF 647 goat anti-mouse IgM</td>
			<td>+</td>
			<td>+</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Control-1: TG30 (200 &#956;l)</td>
			<td>TG30</td>
			<td>AF 488 goat anti-mouse IgG2a</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>+</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Control-2: GCTM-2 (200 &#956;l)</td>
			<td>GCTM-2</td>
			<td>AF 647 goat anti-mouse IgM</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>+</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Control-3: Anti-mouse CD90.2 (200 &#956;l)</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>+</td>
			<td>+</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Control-4: Phycoerythrin (PE) (200 &#956;l)</td>
			<td>Mouse IgG2a isotype</td>
			<td>R-phycoerythrin goat anti-mouse IgG2a</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>+</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Control-5: Mouse Immunoglobulin isotype (200 &#956;l)</td>
			<td>Mouse IgG2a isotype + IgM isotype</td>
			<td>AF 488 goat anti-mouse IgG2a + AF 647 goat anti-mouse IgM</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>+</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Control-6: Unstained cells (200 &#956;l)</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
Table 1. Sort sample and controls for FACS sorting.&#160;aSort sample is immunostained simultaneously with TG30 and GCTM-2 antibodies. bPE-anti-mouse CD90.2 is used to recognize mouse cells and remove MEFs from hESCs during FACS14. cNonviable cells are excluded using propidium iodide at a final concentration of 0.3 &#956;g/ml. Reagent added (+), not added (-) to reaction tube.
<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Antibody </td>
			<td>Host</td>
			<td>Isotype</td>
			<td>Working dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TG30 (1.4 mg/ml)</td>
			<td>Mouse</td>
			<td>IgG2a</td>
			<td>1:1,000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GCTM-2 (hybridoma supernatant)</td>
			<td>Mouse</td>
			<td>IgM</td>
			<td>1:5 ~ 1:10 a</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AF 488 goat anti-mouse IgG2a</td>
			<td>Goat</td>
			<td>Polyclonal</td>
			<td>1:500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AF 647 goat anti-mouse IgM</td>
			<td>Goat</td>
			<td>Polyclonal</td>
			<td>1:500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>R-phycoerythrin (PE) goat anti-mouse IgG2a</td>
			<td>Goat</td>
			<td>Polyclonal</td>
			<td>1:1,000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-mouse CD90.2</td>
			<td>Rat</td>
			<td>IgG2b</td>
			<td>1:100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Purified Mouse IgG2a, &#954; Isotype Control</td>
			<td>Mouse</td>
			<td>IgG2a</td>
			<td>1:200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Purified Mouse IgM, &#954; Isotype Control</td>
			<td>Mouse</td>
			<td>IgM</td>
			<td>1:200</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
Table 2. Antibody details and dilutions for FACS sorting. a Due to the extremely very high expression of GCTM-2 on the cell surface of hESCs it is not possible to reach saturation with this antibody. Each batch of GCTM-2 hybridoma supernatant must be titrated against a standard control or a previous batch to obtain similar results with hESCs in scale and to avoid over staining.
<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Name of medium</td>
			<td>Composition</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>hESC/KOSR medium</td>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle Medium:Nutrient Mixture F-12 (DMEM/F-12) supplemented with 20% Knockout Serum Replacement (KOSR), 2 mM GlutaMAX, 1% MEM Nonessential Amino Acids, 0.1 mM 2-Mercaptoethanol, 10 ng/ml human fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) and Pen/Strep at 1x.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEF medium</td>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle Medium, high glucose (DMEM) supplemented with 10% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS), 2 mM GlutaMAX, and Pen/Strep at 1x.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
Table 3. Composition of culture media.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Enrichment and Purging of Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Detection of Cell Surface Antigens Using the Monoclonal Antibodies TG30 and GCTM-2 at JoVE.com

Enrichment and Purging of Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Detection of Cell Surface Antigens Using the Monoclonal Antibodies TG30 and GCTM-2

We describe the use of the monoclonal antibodies TG30 (CD9) and GCTM-2 for the combined detection of cell surface antigens via fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) for the identification and enrichment of live human embryonic stem cells (hESC) using positive selection&#160;and also the use of negative selection to purge hESCs from a mixed cell population.

Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) can self-renew indefinitely in vitro, and with the appropriate cues can be induced to differentiate into potentially all ...

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Embryonic and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

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7.7K Views.  CSIRO. We describe the use of the monoclonal antibodies TG30 (CD9) and GCTM-2 for the combined detection of cell surface antigens via fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) for the identification and enrichment of live human embryonic stem cells (hESC) using positive selection and also the use of negative selection to purge hESCs from a mixed cell population.

Video: Enrichment and Purging of Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Detection of Cell Surface Antigens Using the Monoclonal Antibodies TG30 and GCTM-2

Propagation of Human Embryonic Stem (ES) Cells

Propagation of Human Embryonic Stem ES Cells

Derivation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells from Murine Embryonic Stem Cells

A stem cell is defined as a cell with the capacity to both self-renew and generate multiple differentiated progeny.  Embryonic stem cells (ESC) are derived from the blastocyst of the early embryo and are pluripotent in differentiative ability.  Their vast differentiative potential has made them the focus of much research centered on deducing how to coax them to generate clinically useful cell types.  The successful derivation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) from mouse ESC has recently been accomplished and can be visualized in this video protocol.  HSC, arguably the most clinically exploited cell population, are used to treat a myriad of hematopoietic malignancies and disorders.  However, many patients that might benefit from HSC therapy lack access to suitable donors.  ESC could provide an alternative source of HSC for these patients.  The following protocol establishes a baseline from which ESC-HSC can be studied and inform efforts to isolate HSC from human ESC.  In this protocol, ESC are differentiated as embryoid bodies (EBs) for 6 days in commercially available serum pre-screened for optimal hematopoietic differentiation.  EBs are then dissociated and infected with retroviral HoxB4.  Infected EB-derived cells are plated on OP9 stroma, a bone marrow stromal cell line derived from the calvaria of  M-CSF-/- mice, and co-cultured in the presence of hematopoiesis promoting cytokines for ten days.  During this co-culture, the infected cells expand greatly, resulting in the generation a heterogeneous pool of 100s of millions of cells.  These cells can then be used to rescue and reconstitute lethally irradiated mice.

This protocol details the derivation of transplantable hematopoietic stem cells from mouse embryonic stem cells (ESC) and their subsequent injection into lethally irradiated recipient mice. Briefly, ESC are differentiated as embryoid bodies, which are then infected with retroviral HoxB4 and co-cultured with OP9 stromal cells and hematopoietic cytokines.

A stem cell is defined as a cell with the capacity to both self-renew and generate multiple differentiated progeny.  Embryonic stem cells (ESC) are ...

Patterning of Embryonic Stem Cells Using the Bio Flip Chip

Cell-cell interactions consisting of diffusible signaling and cell-cell contact (juxtacrine signaling) are important in numerous biological processes such as tumor growth, stem cell differentiation, and stem cell self-renewal. A number of methods currently exist to modulate cell signaling in vitro. One method of modulating the total amount of diffusible signaling is to vary the cell seeding density during culture. Due to the random nature of cell seeding, this results in considerable variation in the actual cell-cell spacing and amount of cell-cell contact, and cannot prescribe the local environment. A more specific approach for modulating cell signaling is to use molecular inhibitors or genetic approaches to knock down specific signaling proteins, but both of these methods are best suited to manipulating small numbers of molecules. Here, we demonstrate a new approach to modulating cell-cell signaling that modulates the local environment of a cluster of cells by placing different numbers of cells at desired locations on a substrate. This method provides a complementary way to control the local diffusible and juxtacrine signaling between cells. Our method makes use of the Bio Flip Chip (BFC), a microfabricated silicone chip containing hundreds-to-thousands of microwells, each sized to hold either a single cell or small numbers of cells. We load the chip with cells simply by pipetting them onto the array of wells and washing unloaded cells off the array. The chip is then flipped onto a substrate, whereby the cells fall out of the wells and onto the substrate, maintaining their patterning. After the cells have attached, the chip can be removed (or left on). This approach to cell patterning is unique in that it: 1) doesn't alter the chemistry of the substrate, thus allowing cells to proliferate and migrate; 2) allows patterning onto any substrate, including tissue-culture polystyrene, glass, matrigel, and even feeder cell layers; and 3) is compatible with traditional microcontact printing, allowing the creation of extracellular matrix islands with cells placed inside those islands. In this video, we demonstrate the patterning of mouse embryonic stem cells onto tissue-culture polystyrene using the BFC.

We demonstrate a simple method for placing cells at desired locations on a substrate. This method patterns cells by flipping a silicone chip containing microwells filled with cells onto the substrate. This method provides a new way to modulate diffusible and juxtacrine signaling between cells.

Cell-cell interactions consisting of diffusible signaling and cell-cell contact (juxtacrine signaling) are important in numerous biological processes such ...

Derivation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Immunosurgery

The ability of human embryonic stem cells to self-renew and differentiate into all cell types of 
the body suggests that they hold great promise for both medical applications and as a research 
tool for addressing fundamental questions in development and disease. Here, we provide a 
concise, step-by-step protocol for the derivation of human embryonic stem cells from embryos 
by immunosurgical isolation of the inner cell mass. 


The ability of human embryonic stem cells to self-renew and differentiate into all cell types of 
the body suggests that they hold great promise for both medical applications and as a research 
tool for addressing fundamental questions in development and disease. Here, we provide a 
concise, step-by-step protocol for the derivation of human embryonic stem cells from embryos 
by immunosurgical isolation of the inner cell mass.

The ability of human embryonic stem cells to self-renew and differentiate into all cell types of 
the body suggests that they hold great promise for both ...

Culture and Maintenance of Human Embryonic Stem Cells  

Human embryonic stem (hES) cells must be monitored and cared for in order to maintain healthy, undifferentiated cultures. At minimum, the cultures must be  fed  every day by performing a complete medium change to replenish lost nutrients and to keep the cultures free of unwanted differentiation factors. Although a small amount of differentiation is normal and expected in stem cell cultures, the culture should be routinely cleaned up by manually removing, or "picking" differentiated areas. Identifying and removing excess differentiation from hES cell cultures are essential techniques in the maintenance of a healthy population of cells.

Culture and Maintenance of Human Embryonic Stem Cells

This protocol demonstrates how to maintain healthy, undifferentiated human embryonic stem (ES) cells.

Human embryonic stem (hES) cells must be monitored and cared for in order to maintain healthy, undifferentiated cultures. At minimum, the cultures must be ...

Freezing and Thawing Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Since James Thomson et al developed a technique in 1998 to isolate and grow hES in culture, freezing cells for later use and thawing and expanding cells from a frozen stock have become important procedures performed in routine hES cell culture. Since hES cells are very sensitive to the stresses of freezing and thawing, special care must taken. Here we demonstrate the proper technique for rapidly thawing hES cells from liquid nitrogen stocks, plating them on mouse embryonic feeder cells, and slowly freezing them for long-term storage.

Since James Thomson et al developed a technique in 1998 to isolate and grow hES in culture, freezing cells for later use and thawing and expanding cells from a frozen stock have become important procedures performed in routine hES cell culture. Since hES cells are very sensitive to the stresses of freezing and thawing, special care must taken. Here we demonstrate the proper technique for rapidly thawing hES cells from liquid nitrogen stocks, plating them on mouse embryonic feeder cells, and slowly freezing them for long-term storage.

Since James Thomson et al developed a technique in 1998 to isolate and grow hES in culture, freezing cells for later use and thawing and expanding cells ...

Isolation and Derivation of Mouse Embryonic Germinal Cells

The ability of embryonic germinal cells (EG) to differentiate into primordial germinal cells (PGCs) and later into gametes during early developmental stages is a perfect model to address our hypothesis about cancer and infertility. This protocol shows how to isolate primordial germinal cells from developing gonads in 10.5-11.5 days post coitum (dpc) mouse embryos.  Developing gonadal ridges from mouse embryos (C57BL6J) were dissociated by mechanical disruption with collagenase, then plated in a mouse embryo fibroblast feeder layer (MEF-CF1) that was previously mitotically inactivated with mitomycin C in the presence of knockout media and supplemented with Leukemia Inhibitor Factor (LIF), basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (bFGF), and Stem Cell Factor (SCF).  Using these optimized methods for PCG identification, isolation, and establishment of culture conditions permits long term cultures of EG cells for more than 40 days.  The embryonic germinal cell lines showed embryonic phenotype and expression of common used markers of the pluripotent state.  Isolation and derivation of germinal cells in culture provide a tool to understand their development in vitro and offer the opportunity to monitor cumulative damage at genetic and epigenetic levels after exposure to oxidative stress.

The ability of embryonic germinal cells to differentiate into primordial germinal cells during early development stages is a perfect model to address our hypothesis about cancer and infertility. This protocol shows how to isolate primordial germinal cells from developing gonads in 10.5-11.5 days post coitum mouse embryos.

The ability of embryonic germinal cells (EG) to differentiate into primordial germinal cells (PGCs) and later into gametes during early developmental ...

Video Bioinformatics Analysis of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Colony Growth

Because video data are complex and are comprised of many images, mining information from video material is difficult to do without the aid of computer software.  Video bioinformatics is a powerful quantitative approach for extracting spatio-temporal data from video images using computer software to perform dating mining and analysis. In this article, we introduce a video bioinformatics method for quantifying the growth of human embryonic stem cells (hESC) by analyzing time-lapse videos collected in a Nikon BioStation CT incubator equipped with a camera for video imaging. In our experiments, hESC colonies that were attached to Matrigel were filmed for 48 hours in the BioStation CT.  To determine the rate of growth of these colonies, recipes were developed using CL-Quant software which enables users to extract various types of data from video images.  To accurately evaluate colony growth, three recipes were created. The first segmented the image into the colony and background, the second enhanced the image to define colonies throughout the video sequence accurately, and the third measured the number of pixels in the colony over time.  The three recipes were run in sequence on video data collected in a BioStation CT to analyze the rate of growth of individual hESC colonies over 48 hours. To verify the truthfulness of the CL-Quant recipes, the same data were analyzed manually using Adobe Photoshop software. When the data obtained using the CL-Quant recipes and Photoshop were compared, results were virtually identical, indicating the CL-Quant recipes were truthful. The method described here could be applied to any video data to measure growth rates of hESC or other cells that grow in colonies. In addition, other video bioinformatics recipes can be developed in the future for other cell processes such as migration, apoptosis, and cell adhesion.  

Video bioinformatics is the automated processing, analysis, understanding, and data mining of biological spatio-temporal data extracted from microscopic videos. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate a method for measuring human embryonic stem cell colony growth using a video bioinformatics method.

Because video data are complex and are comprised of many images, mining information from video material is difficult to do without the aid of computer ...

Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells into Oligodendrocyte Precursors

Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system. For regenerative cell therapy in demyelinating diseases, there is significant interest in deriving a pure population of lineage-committed oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) for transplantation. OPCs are characterized by the activity of the transcription factor Olig2 and surface expression of a proteoglycan NG2. Using the GFP-Olig2 (G-Olig2) mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) reporter line, we optimized conditions for the differentiation of mESCs into GFP+Olig2+NG2+ OPCs. In our protocol, we first describe the generation of embryoid bodies (EBs) from mESCs. Second, we describe treatment of mESC-derived EBs with small molecules: (1) retinoic acid (RA) and (2) a sonic hedgehog (Shh) agonist purmorphamine (Pur) under defined culture conditions to direct EB differentiation into the oligodendroglial lineage. By this approach, OPCs can be obtained with high efficiency (&gt;80%) in a time period of 30 days. Cells derived from mESCs in this protocol are phenotypically similar to OPCs derived from primary tissue culture. The mESC-derived OPCs do not show the spiking property described for a subpopulation of brain OPCs in situ. To study this electrophysiological property, we describe the generation of spiking mESC-derived OPCs by ectopically expressing NaV1.2 subunit. The spiking and nonspiking cells obtained from this protocol will help advance functional studies on the two subpopulations of OPCs.

We describe a small molecule-based protocol for differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). This protocol generates Olig2+NG2+ OPCs with high efficiency by 30 days of differentiation. We also describe a method to generate "spiking" OPCs that can fire action potentials.

Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system. For regenerative cell therapy in demyelinating diseases, there is significant ...

Fate Mapping of Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Teratoma Formation

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have an unlimited capacity for self-renewal, and the ability to differentiate into cells derived from all three embryonic germ layers (1). Directed differentiation of hESCs into specific cell types has generated much interest in the field of regenerative medicine (e.g., (2-5)), and methods for determining the in vivo fate of selected or manipulated hESCs are essential to this endeavor. We have adapted a highly efficient teratoma formation assay for this purpose. A small number of specifically selected hESCs is mixed with undifferentiated wild type hESCs and Phaseolus vulgaris lectin to form a cell pellet. This is grafted beneath the kidney capsule in an immunodeficient mouse. As few as 2.5 x 105 hESCs are needed to form a 16 cm3 teratoma within 8-12 weeks. The fate of the originally selected hESCs can then be determined by immunohistochemistry. This method provides a valuable tool for characterizing tissue-specific reagents for cell-based therapy.

Directed differentiation of hESCs into specific cells has generated much interest in regenerative medicine. We provide a concise, step-by-step protocol for determining the in vivo fate of selected hESCs that provides a valuable tool for characterizing tissue-specific reagents for cell-based therapy.