We would like to thank Andrea Portbury and Davin Townley-Tilson for critical reading of the manuscript and the NIH (grant # R01HL061656) for funding support.

NOTE: All experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
1. Excise the Aortic Valve
<ol>
	<li>Using an approved euthanasia technique for the embryonic stage of interest, euthanize a pregnant mouse with pups at the desired embryonic day (E) of development.</li>
	<li>Use 70% ethanol to sterilize the abdomen of the pregnant female. Lift the skin and muscle of the lower abdomen up and away from the internal organs, and dissect open the female&#8217;s lower abdominal cavity to allow access to the uterine horn.</li>
	<li>To retrieve the uterine horn, hold the cervix with forceps and carefully cut caudal to the forceps. Lift the uterine horn, cutting any connective tissue that keeps the horn in place, and complete the removal by cutting the junction of the uterine horn with the oviduct.</li>
	<li>Place the dissected uterine horn in a Petri dish containing cold 0.1 M Tris buffer (pH 7.6) and rinse as needed. Then, cut the uterine horn open length-wise to expose the embryonic sacs.</li>
	<li>To expose the embryo, cut open an embryonic sac at the junction of the placenta and the embryo and cut the umbilical vessels to free the embryo. Place the dissected embryo in a second Petri dish with cold 0.1 M Tris buffer. Return the first Petri dish with the remaining undissected embryos to ice until ready for the next embryo.</li>
	<li>To improve chest wall access within the embryo, decapitate the embryo. If genotyping is necessary, remove and save an extra tissue piece in an Eppendorf tube placed on ice.</li>
	<li>Place the embryo on its back, and cut the chest wall vertically along the side of the rib cage, near a forelimb, and horizontally above the diaphragm to visualize the heart. Then, open the chest wall to expose the heart.</li>
	<li>Using forceps to hold high along the great vessels, lift the heart using forceps and cut the vessels below. Then, cut above the forceps to free the heart. If the pulmonary vessels remain uncut, the lungs may be removed with the heart and should be removed before continuing.</li>
	<li>Cut and remove the pulmonary artery above the level of the valve; at the embryonic stages described herein, the pulmonary artery is slightly opaque, which aids in its discrimination from the valve region. Cut just below the pulmonary valve, avoiding the trabeculated ventricular myocardium and collect as described in step 1.10 if this region is also of interest. Here and in the next step, use capillary action to draw excess Tris buffer away from the region of interest prior to collecting in lysis buffer.</li>
	<li>Carefully remove the aorta distal to the aortic valve, just above the level of the valve; like the pulmonary artery, the aorta remains slightly opaque at these embryonic stages, aiding in its removal. Cut just below the aortic valve, again avoiding the trabeculated ventricular myocardium, and transfer the valve using forceps to an Eppendorf tube with 2 &#956;l lysis buffer (described in the Materials table) containing protease and phosphatase inhibitors on ice.</li>
	<li>Repeat steps 1.6-1.10 until the valves have been excised from all embryos, collecting each valve in a separate Eppendorf tube. If all embryos have the same genotype, all valves may be collected in a single Eppendorf tube.</li>
	<li>If genotyping is to be performed to determine which valves to pool together, immediately place samples in lysis buffer at -80 &#176;C until further use. Samples can then be pooled after genotyping (step 2.1.1).</li>
</ol>
2. Protein Extraction
<ol>
	<li>Thaw collected tissues on ice and centrifuge at 13,100 x g for 1 min&#160;to collect the tissues in lysis buffer at the bottom of the tube.
	<ol>
		<li>If embryos were genotyped, use a pipette to gently collect and pool lysis buffer containing the valve regions from embryos with similar genotypes. To ensure a strong band, pooling 3-4 valve regions from E13.5 embryos per sample is recommended.</li>
		<li>If all embryos were of the same genotype and all valve regions were collected together in Step 1.10, lyse the entire sample, as described in Step 2.2.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Check the volume of the resulting pooled sample and add lysis buffer to a total volume of 40 &#956;l; then, disrupt and homogenize samples using 5 mm stainless steel beads in Eppendorf tubes. Operate the lyser for 2-4 min at 50 Hz, as per the manufacturer&#8217;s instructions. Spin tubes briefly, (~13,100 x g for 1 min), and transfer samples to new tubes, leaving behind the insoluble debris.</li>
	<li>Prepare and separate samples for SDS-PAGE and transfer for subsequent western blot analysis, following a protocol such as Eslami&#160;et al9. Blotting for a loading control protein is essential for protein quantification.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Wirrig, E. E., Hinton, R. B., Yutzey, K. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+expression+of+cartilage+and+bone-related+proteins+in+pediatric+and+adult+diseased+aortic+valves.">Differential expression of cartilage and bone-related proteins in pediatric and adult diseased aortic valves.</a> J Mol Cell Cardiol. 50, 561-569 (2011).</li><li>Chakraborty, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Twist1+promotes+heart+valve+cell+proliferation+and+extracellular+matrix+gene+expression+during+development+in+vivo+and+is+expressed+in+human+diseased+aortic+valves.">Twist1 promotes heart valve cell proliferation and extracellular matrix gene expression during development in vivo and is expressed in human diseased aortic valves.</a> Dev Biol. 347, 167-179 (2010).</li><li>Lee, M. P., Yutzey, K. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Twist1+directly+regulates+genes+that+promote+cell+proliferation+and+migration+in+developing+heart+valves.">Twist1 directly regulates genes that promote cell proliferation and migration in developing heart valves.</a> PLoS One. 6 (e29758), (2011).</li><li>Peacock, J. D., Huk, D. J., Ediriweera, H. N., Lincoln, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sox9+transcriptionally+represses+Spp1+to+prevent+matrix+mineralization+in+maturing+heart+valves+and+chondrocytes.">Sox9 transcriptionally represses Spp1 to prevent matrix mineralization in maturing heart valves and chondrocytes.</a> PLoS One. 6 (e26769), (2011).</li><li>Chakraborty, S., Cheek, J., Sakthivel, B., Aronow, B. J., Yutzey, K. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Shared+gene+expression+profiles+in+developing+heart+valves+and+osteoblast+progenitor+cells.">Shared gene expression profiles in developing heart valves and osteoblast progenitor cells.</a> Physiol Genomics. 35, 75-85 (2008).</li><li>Vogel, C., Marcotte, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Insights+into+the+regulation+of+protein+abundance+from+proteomic+and+transcriptomic+analyses.">Insights into the regulation of protein abundance from proteomic and transcriptomic analyses.</a> Nat Rev Genet. 13, 227-232 (2012).</li><li>Meng, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+of+functional+Toll-like+receptors+2+and+4+in+human+aortic+valve+interstitial+cells:+potential+roles+in+aortic+valve+inflammation+and+stenosis.">Expression of functional Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 in human aortic valve interstitial cells: potential roles in aortic valve inflammation and stenosis.</a> Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 294, 29-35 (2008).</li><li>Dyer, L. 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The authors have nothing to disclose.

The ability to quantify protein levels in early embryonic mouse and chick cardiac valve regions provides an additional tool for understanding the critical cellular signaling events for valve development. Our protocol described herein does not differ greatly from standard protein isolation procedures. However, by modifying some key steps, we have successfully obtained phosphorylated proteins from extremely small sample sizes. To achieve this outcome, the following steps are of particular importance. To ensure that quality...

Being able to identify and quantify protein expression levels is a standard technique for animal- and cell-based experiments. However, despite a long-standing interest in early embryonic cardiac valve development, evaluating protein expression in this specific tissue during development is currently limited to immunohistochemistry in both the chick and mouse1,2. Part of the difficulty of quantifying protein expression in the developing valves of most model organisms (e.g., chick and mouse) is the small size of the valves, which limits the quantity of protein that can be obtained. Thus, for quantitative analyses, researchers typically rely on RNA extraction and amplification for subsequent quantitative PCR or microarray analysis2-5. However, RNA and protein expression levels are not wholly correlative6, so focusing on RNA expression cannot provide a rigorous account of the numerous changes that occur in any given signaling pathway at various times during developments. Based on this limit in the currently available methodology, the goal of this procedure was to develop a protocol for reliably obtaining sufficient amounts of protein from the developing embryonic mouse cardiac valve regions for quantitative analysis of changes that occur in various signaling pathways that are important in the maturation of this tissue.
Embryonic valves are already commonly dissected from mice for RNA isolation and subsequent gene expression analysis2-5. However, these studies have been limited to using gene expression as a read-out of signaling pathway activation, which does not allow the detection of detect post-translational protein modifications that may affect downstream signaling. Using the RNA isolation techniques as a starting point, we began with dissecting the regions of interest. Because our interest was detecting phosphorylated proteins that were indicative of signaling pathway activity during a specific period of aortic valve development (E13.5-14.5), we performed all dissections in phosphate-free Tris buffer and collected the valves in a Tris-based lysis buffer with phosphatase and protease inhibitors. In our specific case, only the aortic valve regions were collected, but the pulmonary valve region could easily be obtained at the same time. The valve regions were then homogenized and combined with a sample buffer that is currently used to study protein expression in adult cardiac valves7. By using small sample volumes (e.g., 2 &#956;l) and pooling valve regions from embryos with the same genotype, we were able to detect phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated proteins at embryonic day 13.5 8. Because the valve regions can be frozen and stored in lysis buffer, embryos can be genotyped if needed before pooling.
This technique broadens the set of tools that are available for evaluating cell signaling pathways during development and provides a quantitative compliment to immunohistochemistry, specifically for the developing cardiac valves. This technique should be of benefit not only to developmental cardiologists but also to all developmental biologists who work with early stage embryos are interested in regions that contain limited tissue.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="972">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Name of Reagent/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:512px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Timed-pregnant mouse</td>
			<td style="width:125px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>To be dissected at the embryonic stage of interest</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Stereoscopic microscope</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SMZ645</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">0.1 M Tris, pH 7.6</td>
			<td style="width:125px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Microscissors</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15003-08</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Fine forceps, #5</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11251-30</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Dissecting needle holders</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Ted Pella Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">13560</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Dissecting needles</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Ted Pella Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">13561-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Micropipette, 20 &#956;l, with tips</td>
			<td style="width:125px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Lysis buffer</td>
			<td style="width:125px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 5 mM EDTA, 1% Triton</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">PhosSTOP</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Roche</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">4906845001</td>
			<td>Add 1 tablet to 10 ml lysis buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">TissueLyser LT</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">85600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Stainless steel beads</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td align="right">69989</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Microcentrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:125px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

protein isolation from the developing embryonic mouse heart valve region

Western blot analysis is a commonly employed technique for detecting and quantifying protein levels. However, for small tissue samples, this analysis method may not be sufficiently sensitive to detect a protein of interest. To overcome these difficulties, we examined protocols for obtaining protein from adult human cardiac valves and modified these protocols for the developing early embryonic mouse counterparts. In brief, the mouse embryonic aortic valve regions, including the aortic valve and surrounding aortic wall, are collected in the minimal possible volume of a Tris-based lysis buffer with protease inhibitors. If required based on the breeding strategy, embryos are genotyped prior to pooling four embryonic aortic valve regions for homogenization. After homogenization, an SDS-based sample buffer is used to denature the sample for running on an SDS-PAGE gel and subsequent western blot analysis. Although the protein concentration remains too low to quantify using spectrophotometric protein quantification assays and have sample remaining for subsequent analyses, this technique can be used to successfully detect and semi-quantify phosphorylated proteins via western blot from pooled samples of four embryonic day 13.5 mouse aortic valve regions, each of which yields approximately 1 &#956;g of protein. This technique will be of benefit for studying cell signaling pathway activation and protein expression levels during early embryonic mouse valve development.

Using this preparation technique, we were able to detect phosphorylated Smad1,5,8 (pSmad) in single aortic valve regions from E13.5 embryos. As shown in Figure 1A, the protein isolated from even a single valve region is sufficient to detect a faint pSmad band. Signal intensity increases proportionately to the number of valve regions that are pooled. Importantly, the pSmad/&#946;-actin ratio remains nearly constant across the different sample sizes (Figure 1C). Due to the low l...

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Protein Isolation from the Developing Embryonic Mouse Heart Valve Region

The analysis of protein expression in young embryonic mouse valves has been hampered by the limited tissue available. This manuscript provides a protocol for preparing protein from developing embryonic mouse valve regions for western blot analysis.

Western blot analysis is a commonly employed technique for detecting and quantifying protein levels. However, for small tissue samples, this analysis ...

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9.2K Views.  University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The analysis of protein expression in young embryonic mouse valves has been hampered by the limited tissue available. This manuscript provides a protocol for preparing protein from developing embryonic mouse valve regions for western blot analysis.