Name: dorsal root ganglia isolation and primary culture to study neurotransmitter release
Uploaded: 2018-10-06T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Dorsal Root Ganglia Isolation and Primary Culture to Study Neurotransmitter Release Video at JoVE.com

We thank Dr. M. Calkins for English editing. This work was supported by the Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (CMRPD1F0482), Chang Gung University, Healthy Aging Research Center (EMRPD1G0171) and Ministry of Science and Technology (105-2320-B-182-012-MY2).

All methods described herein that use experimental animals were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of Chang Gung University (CGU 13-014).
1. Collect Lumbar DRG from Experimental Rats
<ol>
	<li>Use 2 to 3 week-old Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats for lumbar DRG collection. 
	NOTE: DRG neurons collected from rats over 4 weeks of age do not grow well under the culture conditions described herein.</li>
	<li>Sterilize all surgical instruments in an autoclave.</li>
	<...

<ol>
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C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Production+of+dissociated+sensory+neuron+cultures+and+considerations+for+their+use+in+studying+neuronal+function+and+plasticity.">Production of dissociated sensory neuron cultures and considerations for their use in studying neuronal function and plasticity.</a> Nat Protoc. 2 (1), 152-160 (2007).</li><li>Lin, Y. T., Ro, L. S., Wang, H. L., Chen, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Up-regulation+of+dorsal+root+ganglia+BDNF+and+trkB+receptor+in+inflammatory+pain:+an+in+vivo+and+in+vitro+study.">Up-regulation of dorsal root ganglia BDNF and trkB receptor in inflammatory pain: an in vivo and in vitro study.</a> J Neuroinflammation. 8, 126 (2011).</li><li>Liem, L., van Dongen, E., Huygen, F. J., Staats, P., Kramer, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Dorsal+Root+Ganglion+as+a+Therapeutic+Target+for+Chronic+Pain.">The Dorsal Root Ganglion as a Therapeutic Target for Chronic Pain.</a> Reg Anesth Pain Med. 41 (4), 511-519 (2016).</li><li>Lee, J. S., Han, J. S., Lee, K., Bang, J., Lee, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+peripheral+and+central+mechanisms+underlying+itch.">The peripheral and central mechanisms underlying itch.</a> BMB Rep. 49 (9), 474-487 (2016).</li><li>Valtcheva, M. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surgical+extraction+of+human+dorsal+root+ganglia+from+organ+donors+and+preparation+of+primary+sensory+neuron+cultures.">Surgical extraction of human dorsal root ganglia from organ donors and preparation of primary sensory neuron cultures.</a> Nat Protoc. 11 (10), 1877-1888 (2016).</li><li>Melli, G., Hoke, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dorsal+Root+Ganglia+Sensory+Neuronal+Cultures:+a+tool+for+drug+discovery+for+peripheral+neuropathies.">Dorsal Root Ganglia Sensory Neuronal Cultures: a tool for drug discovery for peripheral neuropathies.</a> Expert Opin Drug Discov. 4 (10), 1035-1045 (2009).</li><li>Yin, K., Baillie, G. J., Vetter, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuronal+cell+lines+as+model+dorsal+root+ganglion+neurons:+A+transcriptomic+comparison.">Neuronal cell lines as model dorsal root ganglion neurons: A transcriptomic comparison.</a> Mol Pain. 12, (2016).</li><li>Chen, W., Mi, R., Haughey, N., Oz, M., Hoke, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immortalization+and+characterization+of+a+nociceptive+dorsal+root+ganglion+sensory+neuronal+line.">Immortalization and characterization of a nociceptive dorsal root ganglion sensory neuronal line.</a> J Peripher Nerv Syst. 12 (2), 121-130 (2007).</li><li>Doran, C., Chetrit, J., Holley, M. C., Grundy, D., Nassar, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+DRG+Cell+Line+with+Properties+of+Nociceptors.">Mouse DRG Cell Line with Properties of Nociceptors.</a> PLoS One. 10 (6), e0128670 (2015).</li><li>Gouarderes, C., Roumy, M., Advokat, C., Jhamandas, K., Zajac, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dual+localization+of+neuropeptide+FF+receptors+in+the+rat+dorsal+horn.">Dual localization of neuropeptide FF receptors in the rat dorsal horn.</a> Synapse. 35 (1), 45-52 (2000).</li><li>Lin, Y. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activation+of+NPFFR2+leads+to+hyperalgesia+through+the+spinal+inflammatory+mediator+CGRP+in+mice.">Activation of NPFFR2 leads to hyperalgesia through the spinal inflammatory mediator CGRP in mice.</a> Exp Neurol. 291, 62-73 (2017).</li><li>Yang, H. Y., Tao, T., Iadarola, M. 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In the present article, we demonstrate the collection, enzyme-dissociation, and culture of rat lumbar DRG. With the neurotrophic support from NGF, the axons of DRG neurons extended within 3 days after cell seeding. The extended axons were clearly observable after cells were stained for CGRP protein, which is synthesized in the cell soma and transported along the axon fibers. The processes of satellite cells also extended, allowing these dividing glial cells to surround the neurons within days. The primary DRG cells grown...

The cell bodies of sensory neurons are contained within DRG. These neurons are pseudo-unipolar and innervate both peripheral tissues and the central nervous system. The peripheral nerve endings of sensory neurons are found in muscle, skin, visceral organs, and bone, among other tissues. They transmit peripheral sensation signals to nerve endings in the spinal dorsal horn and the signals are then transmitted to the brain via different ascending pathways of somatic sensation1,2. Somatic sensation enables the body to feel (i.e., touch, pain, and thermal sensations) and perceive movement and spatial orientation (proprioceptive sensations)1,3. There are four subclasses of primary afferent axons, including group I (A&#945;) fibers that respond to proprioception of skeletal muscles, group II (A&#946;) fibers that respond to mechanoreceptors of the skin, and group III (A&#948;) and group V (C) fibers that respond to pain and temperature. Only the C fibers are unmyelinated, while the rest are myelinated to different degrees.
Nociceptors are primary sensory neurons, which are activated by noxious stimuli (mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimulation) that carry potential for tissue damage. These neurons are composed of myelinated A&#948; fibers and unmyelinated C fibers1,4. The A&#948; fibers express the receptors for nerve growth factor (NGF, trkA receptor), CGRP, and SP. The C fibers are classified as either peptidergic and non-peptidergic C fibers. On the other hand, the non-peptidergic C fibers express the receptors for glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF, RET, and GFR receptors), isolectin IB4, and ATP-gated ion channel subtype (P2X3)5,6,7. Nociceptors can be distinguished by the expression of ion channels and activated by neurotrophic factors, cytokines, neuropeptides, ATP, or other chemical compounds8. Upon stimulation, neurotransmitters, including CGRP, SP, and glutamate may be released from sensory neuron terminals in the spinal dorsal horn to transmit nociceptive signals2. DRG are not only composed of neurons, but also contain satellite glial cells. Satellite cells surround the sensory neurons and provide mechanical and metabolic support9,10. Interestingly, there is a growing body of evidence indicating that satellite glial cells in the DRG may be involved in regulating pain sensation11.
Sensory neurons have been reported to be the most frequently used primary neuronal cells12 and have been utilized for electrophysiology, signal transduction, and neurotransmitter release studies. They are also commonly used to explore the cellular mechanisms of neuronal development, inflammatory pain, neuropathic pain, skin sensation (like itch), and axon outgrowth12,13,14,15. DRG primary cultures can be cultured as dissociated neurons to assess biochemical changes in single or multiple cells, allowing scientists to perform studies that cannot be performed in experimental subjects. Recently, DRG were successfully cultured from human organ donors which might greatly benefit translational research16. On the other hand, sensory neurons can also be cultured as DRG explants. The DRG explants preserve the original tissue architecture of the neurons, including Schwann cells and satellite glial cells, and are especially useful to study interactions between neuronal and non-neuronal cells17. DRG primary cultures can be easily prepared within 2.5 h. The cell composition and properties are highly reflective of the source DRG, and as such, specific DRG (lumbar or thoracic DRG) can be collected according to experimental demands. Cultures of embryonic and neonatal DRG neurons require NGF to survive and induce axon outgrowth, but cultures of adult neurons do not require the addition of neurotrophic factors to the media12,17. There are also commercially available DRG-hybridoma cell lines such as ND7/23 and F11, which do not require the use of experimental animals. However, the lack of the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) expression (an important marker for small sensory nociceptive neurons) and incongruent gene expression profiles limit their applications18. Recently, immortalized DRG neuronal cell lines have been derived from rat (50B11)19 and mouse (MED17.11)20, which are suitable for use in high-throughput screens for drug targeting studies. However, gene expression profiling for these cell lines has yet to be performed. Thus, the validation experiments comparing these immortalized cells to sensory neurons are still ongoing.
NPFFR2 is synthesized in the DRG and translocated to the sensory nerve terminals in the spinal dorsal horn21. In this article, we provide a protocol for culturing lumbar DRG cells and treating them with an agonist of NPFFR2 to induce the release of neurotransmitters, CGRP and SP. The dependence on NPFFR2 is further tested using NPFFR2 small interfering RNA (siRNA), which may be transfected into the cultured DRG cells.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Mixture of tiletamine and zolazepam (Zoletil)</td>
			<td>Virbac</td>
			<td>Zoletil 50</td>
			<td>anaesthetic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td>Biological Industries</td>
			<td>04-001-1</td>
			<td>Culture Medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sodium pyruvate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S8636</td>
			<td>Culture Medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>penicillin/streptomycin</td>
			<td>Biological Industries</td>
			<td>03-033-1</td>
			<td>Culture Medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM-F12</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>12400024</td>
			<td>Culture Medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly-l-lysine</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P9011</td>
			<td>Coating dish</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase IA</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>9001-12-1</td>
			<td>Enzyme digestion</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hank&#39;s balanced salt solution</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>14170-112</td>
			<td>Culture Medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin EDTA</td>
			<td>Biological Industries</td>
			<td>03-051-5</td>
			<td>Enzyme digestion</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pasteur pipette</td>
			<td>Hilgenberg</td>
			<td>3150102</td>
			<td>Cell trituration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cytarabine (Ara-C)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C6645</td>
			<td>Culture Medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NGF</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>NC011</td>
			<td>Culture Medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NPFFR2 siRNA</td>
			<td>Dharmacon</td>
			<td>L-099691-02-0005</td>
			<td>Transfection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Non-targeting siRNA</td>
			<td>Dharmacon</td>
			<td>L-001810-10-05</td>
			<td>Transfection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NeuroPORTER Reagent</td>
			<td>Genlantis</td>
			<td>T400150</td>
			<td>Transfection reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dNPA</td>
			<td>Genemed Synthesis</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>NPFFR2 agonist</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CGRP ELISA</td>
			<td>Cayman</td>
			<td>589001</td>
			<td>EIA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SP ELISA</td>
			<td>Cayman</td>
			<td>583751</td>
			<td>EIA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CGRP antibody</td>
			<td>Calbiochem</td>
			<td>PC205L</td>
			<td>IHC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DAPI</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>10236276001</td>
			<td>IHC</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

dorsal root ganglia isolation and primary culture to study neurotransmitter release

Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) contain cell bodies of sensory neurons. This type of neuron is pseudo-unipolar, with two axons that innervate peripheral tissues, such as skin, muscle and visceral organs, as well as the spinal dorsal horn of the central nervous system. Sensory neurons transmit somatic sensation, including touch, pain, thermal, and proprioceptive sensations. Therefore, DRG primary cultures are widely used to study the cellular mechanisms of nociception, physiological functions of sensory neurons, and neural development. The cultured neurons can be applied in studies involving electrophysiology, signal transduction, neurotransmitter release, or calcium imaging. With DRG primary cultures, scientists may culture dissociated DRG neurons to monitor biochemical changes in single or multiple cells, overcoming many of the limitations associated with in vivo experiments. Compared to commercially available DRG-hybridoma cell lines or immortalized DRG neuronal cell lines, the composition and properties of the primary cells are much more similar to sensory neurons in tissue. However, due to the limited number of cultured DRG primary cells that can be isolated from a single animal, it is difficult to perform high-throughput screens for drug targeting studies. In the current article, procedures for DRG collection and culture are described. In addition, we demonstrate the treatment of cultured DRG cells with an agonist of neuropeptide FF receptor type 2 (NPFFR2) to induce the release of peptide neurotransmitters (calcitonin gene-related peptide (CRGP) and substance P (SP)).

Rat lumbar DRG neurons, cultured in a 24-well plate, were grown in culture medium with additional Ara-C to inhibit glial cell proliferation and NGF to support neuronal growth. The morphology of living DRG cells was observed. As shown in Figure 3, the cell body of a single neuron was attached on the bottom of a dish at Day 1 and selected for observation. Axon growth was monitored from Day 1&#8211;3. The glial cells duplicated and extended processes to surround...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Dorsal Root Ganglia Isolation and Primary Culture to Study Neurotransmitter Release Video at JoVE.com

Dorsal Root Ganglia Isolation and Primary Culture to Study Neurotransmitter Release Video (Video) | JoVE

Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) primary cultures are frequently used to study physiological functions or pathology-related events in sensory neurons. Here, we demonstrate the use of lumbar DRG cultures to detect the release of neurotransmitters after neuropeptide FF receptor type 2 stimulation with a selective agonist.

Dorsal Root Ganglia Isolation and Primary Culture to Study Neurotransmitter Release

Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) contain cell bodies of sensory neurons. This type of neuron is pseudo-unipolar, with two axons that innervate peripheral ...

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Neuroscience

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