Name: quantitative analysis of alternative pre-mrna splicing in mouse brain sections using rna in situ hybridization assay
Uploaded: 2018-08-26T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantitative Analysis of Alternative Pre-mRNA Splicing in Mouse Brain Sections Using RNA In Situ Hybridization Assay at JoVE.com

This work was supported by the American Heart Association [Grant-in-Aid 0365274B to H.L.], National Cancer Institute [GI SPORE P50CA150964 to Z.W.], National Institutes of Health [Office of Research Infrastructure Shared Instrumentation Grant S10RR031845 to the Light Microscopy Imaging Facility at Case Western Reserve University], and China Scholarship Council [to X.G.]. 
The authors thank Richard Lee in the Light Microscopy Imaging Core for his help with slide scanning.

All of the experiments described here that involve mice have been approved by the Case Western Reserve University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. The title of the protocol 2016-0068 (PI: Hua Lou) is &#8220;Role of alternative pre-mRNA splicing in vertebrate development&#8221;.
NOTE: Information of all of the equipment, reagents and supplies used in this protocol is included in Table of Materials.
1. Prepare Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedde...

<ol>
	<li>Wang, E. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alternative+isoform+regulation+in+human+tissue+transcriptomes.">Alternative isoform regulation in human tissue transcriptomes.</a> Nature. 456, 470-476 (2008).</li><li>Pan, Q., Shai, O., Lee, L. J., Frey, B. J., Blencowe, B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deep+surveying+of+alternative+splicing+complexity+in+the+human+transcriptome+by+high-throughput+sequencing.">Deep surveying of alternative splicing complexity in the human transcriptome by high-throughput sequencing.</a> Nature Genetics. 40, 1413-1415 (2008).</li><li>Cieply, B., Carstens, R. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+roles+of+alternative+splicing+factors+in+human+disease.">Functional roles of alternative splicing factors in human disease.</a> Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: RNA. 6, 311-326 (2015).</li><li>Xiong, H. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RNA+splicing.+The+human+splicing+code+reveals+new+insights+into+the+genetic+determinants+of+disease.">RNA splicing. The human splicing code reveals new insights into the genetic determinants of disease.</a> Science. 347, 1254806 (2015).</li><li>Shirai, Y., Watanabe, M., Sakagami, H., Suzuki, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+splice+variants+in+the+5'UTR+of+Gtf2i+expressed+in+the+rat+brain:+alternative+5'UTRs+and+differential+expression+in+the+neuronal+dendrites.">Novel splice variants in the 5'UTR of Gtf2i expressed in the rat brain: alternative 5'UTRs and differential expression in the neuronal dendrites.</a> Journal of Neurochemistry. 134, 578-589 (2015).</li><li>Cui, Y., Liu, J., Irudayaraj, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Beyond+quantification:+in+situ+analysis+of+transcriptome+and+pre-mRNA+alternative+splicing+at+the+nanoscale.">Beyond quantification: in situ analysis of transcriptome and pre-mRNA alternative splicing at the nanoscale.</a> Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology. 9, (2017).</li><li>Trifonov, S., Yamashita, Y., Kase, M., Maruyama, M., Sugimoto, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glutamic+acid+decarboxylase+1+alternative+splicing+isoforms:+characterization,+expression+and+quantification+in+the+mouse+brain.">Glutamic acid decarboxylase 1 alternative splicing isoforms: characterization, expression and quantification in the mouse brain.</a> BMC Neuroscience. 15, 114 (2014).</li><li>Hollander, D., Naftelberg, S., Lev-Maor, G., Kornblihtt, A. R., Ast, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+Are+Short+Exons+Flanked+by+Long+Introns+Defined+and+Committed+to+Splicing?.">How Are Short Exons Flanked by Long Introns Defined and Committed to Splicing?.</a> Trends in Genetics. 32, 596-606 (2016).</li><li>Cassidy, A., Jones, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Developments+in+in+situ+hybridisation.">Developments in in situ hybridisation.</a> Methods. 70, 39-45 (2014).</li><li>Meshorer, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alternative+splicing+and+neuritic+mRNA+translocation+under+long-term+neuronal+hypersensitivity.">Alternative splicing and neuritic mRNA translocation under long-term neuronal hypersensitivity.</a> Science. 295, 508-512 (2002).</li><li>Wang, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RNAscope:+a+novel+in+situ+RNA+analysis+platform+for+formalin-fixed,+paraffin-embedded+tissues.">RNAscope: a novel in situ RNA analysis platform for formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues.</a> Journal of Molecular Diagnostics. 14, 22-29 (2012).</li><li>Wang, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RNAscope+for+in+situ+detection+of+transcriptionally+active+human+papillomavirus+in+head+and+neck+squamous+cell+carcinoma.">RNAscope for in situ detection of transcriptionally active human papillomavirus in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. , (2014).</li><li>Zhu, H., Hinman, M. N., Hasman, R. A., Mehta, P., Lou, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+neuron-specific+alternative+splicing+of+neurofibromatosis+type+1+pre-mRNA.">Regulation of neuron-specific alternative splicing of neurofibromatosis type 1 pre-mRNA.</a> Molecular and Cellular Biology. 28, 1240-1251 (2008).</li><li>Hinman, M. N., Sharma, A., Luo, G., Lou, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurofibromatosis+type+1+alternative+splicing+is+a+key+regulator+of+Ras+signaling+in+neurons.">Neurofibromatosis type 1 alternative splicing is a key regulator of Ras signaling in neurons.</a> Molecular and Cellular Biology. 34, 2188-2197 (2014).</li><li>Nguyen, H. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurofibromatosis+type+1+alternative+splicing+is+a+key+regulator+of+Ras/ERK+signaling+and+learning+behaviors+in+mice.">Neurofibromatosis type 1 alternative splicing is a key regulator of Ras/ERK signaling and learning behaviors in mice.</a> Human Molecular Genetics. 26, 3797-3807 (2017).</li><li>Zhou, H. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hu+proteins+regulate+alternative+splicing+by+inducing+localized+histone+hyperacetylation+in+an+RNA-dependent+manner.">Hu proteins regulate alternative splicing by inducing localized histone hyperacetylation in an RNA-dependent manner.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108, E627-E635 (2011).</li><li>Sharma, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calcium-mediated+histone+modifications+regulate+alternative+splicing+in+cardiomyocytes.">Calcium-mediated histone modifications regulate alternative splicing in cardiomyocytes.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 111, E4920-E4928 (2014).</li><li>Adzemovic, M. Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunohistochemical+Analysis+in+the+Rat+Central+Nervous+System+and+Peripheral+Lymph+Node+Tissue+Sections.">Immunohistochemical Analysis in the Rat Central Nervous System and Peripheral Lymph Node Tissue Sections.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. , (2016).</li><li>Shokry, I. M., Callanan, J. J., Sousa, J., Tao, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+In+Situ+Hybridization+using+Oligonucleotide+Probes+on+Paraformaldehyde-prefixed+Brain+of+Rats+with+Serotonin+Syndrome.">Rapid In Situ Hybridization using Oligonucleotide Probes on Paraformaldehyde-prefixed Brain of Rats with Serotonin Syndrome.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. , (2015).</li><li>Erben, L., He, M. X., Laeremans, A., Park, E., Buonanno, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Novel+Ultrasensitive+In+Situ+Hybridization+Approach+to+Detect+Short+Sequences+and+Splice+Variants+with+Cellular+Resolution.">A Novel Ultrasensitive In Situ Hybridization Approach to Detect Short Sequences and Splice Variants with Cellular Resolution.</a> Molecular Neurobiology. , (2017).</li></ol>

This communication reports the use of BaseScope RNA ISH to examine AS expression patterns in mouse brain sections. It is demonstrated that anti-sense exon-exon junction probes shorter than 50 nucleotides can target exon inclusion and skipping isoforms robustly and specifically. Furthermore, the resulting signals can be used to calculate PSI of an alternative exon.
A few variations were tested in the procedure. For example, frozen tissue sections generated by cryostat sectioning were tested and...

Alternative splicing (AS) is a common process that occurs during pre-mRNA maturation. In this process, an exon can be differentially included in mature mRNA. Thus, through AS, one gene can generate many mRNAs that code for different protein products. It is estimated that 92&#8211;94% of human genes undergo alternative splicing1,2. Abnormal alternative splicing patterns resulted from genetic mutations have been linked to a large number of diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, myotonic dystrophy, and cancer3,4. It is thus crucial to investigate and better understand alternative splicing regulatory mechanisms in an attempt to find new treatments of human diseases.
AS is often regulated in a cell type-specific fashion. It is important to determine the AS expression pattern of a specific gene in a given biological system. However, this becomes complicated when a complex organ that contains many different types of cells, such as the brain or heart, is studied. In this case, an ideal choice of assay system is RNA in situ hybridization (ISH) using tissue sections so the AS expression pattern of a specific gene can be detected in many cell types simultaneously. Indeed, exon-specific probes have been used to assess expression levels of an alternative exon5,6,7. However, this approach is not well suited for AS pattern analysis for the following reasons. First, conventional ISH methods usually use probes longer than 300 bp, while the average size of vertebrate internal exons (not first or last exon) is 170 nucleotides8,9. Second, when an exon-specific probe is used to examine the splicing pattern of an internal alternative exon, the only mRNA isoform detected by the probe is the one that contains the exon, while the mRNA isoform without the exon cannot be detected. Thus, calculation of the percent spliced in (PSI) value for the alternative exon is complicated. Furthermore, conventional fluorescent ISH often combines ISH with immunostaining, which reduces the detection efficiency and robustness. For example, in a study that investigated the stress-induced splicing isoform switching of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) mRNA, digoxigenin was incorporated into the ISH probe and detected using anti-digoxigenin antibody. Alternatively, biotin-labeled probe was detected by an alkaline phosphatase/streptavidin conjugate and a substrate for alkaline phosphatase10. Neither method uses any amplification strategy to increase the sensitivity of detection. As a result, it is challenging to detect mRNA transcripts that are expressed at low levels. Thus, a simpler and more robust ISH assay system is needed to analyze AS expression patterns in situ.
BaseScope was recently developed based on the platform of RNAscope, a well-established and widely used ISH assay system. Both assay systems employ a target-specific amplification technology that increases the sensitivity of detection11,12. What distinguishes one from the other is the length of the target sequence, which is as short as 50 nucleotides for BaseScope, and 300&#8211;1,000 nucleotides for RNAscope. Thus, it is possible to design probes that target exon-exon junctions to detect specific alternative mRNA isoforms. In the current study, a procedure was established to examine AS expression patterns of neurofibromatosis type 1 (Nf1) exon 23a, an alternative exon extensively studied in the same laboratory13,14,15,16,17, in mouse brain sections. The results demonstrate that BaseScope is an ideal system to study expression patterns of Nf1 exon 23a in situ. As this assay system can be adapted to analyze AS expression patterns of many alternative exons, it represents a powerful new tool in the studies of AS.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hybridization Oven</td>
			<td>Advanced Cell Diagnostics</td>
			<td>241000ACD</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Humidity Control Tray (with lid)</td>
			<td>Advanced Cell Diagnostics</td>
			<td>310012</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stain Rack</td>
			<td>Advanced Cell Diagnostics</td>
			<td>310017</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hot plate</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>1160049SH</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Imperial III General Purpose Incubator</td>
			<td>Lab-Line</td>
			<td>302</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Slide Scanner</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>SCN400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reagents</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pretreatment kit</td>
			<td>Advanced Cell Diagnostics</td>
			<td>322381</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrogen Peroxide</td>
			<td>Advanced Cell Diagnostics</td>
			<td>2000899</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protease III*</td>
			<td>Advanced Cell Diagnostics</td>
			<td>2000901</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10X Target Retrieval</td>
			<td>Advanced Cell Diagnostics</td>
			<td>2002555</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BaseScope Detection Reagent Kit</td>
			<td>Advanced Cell Diagnostics</td>
			<td>332910</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AMP 0</td>
			<td>Advanced Cell Diagnostics</td>
			<td>2001814</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AMP 1</td>
			<td>Advanced Cell Diagnostics</td>
			<td>2001815</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AMP 2</td>
			<td>Advanced Cell Diagnostics</td>
			<td>2001816</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AMP 3</td>
			<td>Advanced Cell Diagnostics</td>
			<td>2001817</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AMP 4</td>
			<td>Advanced Cell Diagnostics</td>
			<td>16229B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AMP 5-RED</td>
			<td>Advanced Cell Diagnostics</td>
			<td>16229C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AMP 6-RED</td>
			<td>Advanced Cell Diagnostics</td>
			<td>2001820</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fast RED-A</td>
			<td>Advanced Cell Diagnostics</td>
			<td>2001821</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fast RED-B</td>
			<td>Advanced Cell Diagnostics</td>
			<td>16230F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50X Wash Buffer</td>
			<td>Advanced Cell Diagnostics</td>
			<td>310091</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Negative Control Probe- Mouse DapB-1ZZ</td>
			<td>Advanced Cell Diagnostics</td>
			<td>701021</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Positive Control Probe- Mouse (Mm)-PPIB-1ZZ</td>
			<td>Advanced Cell Diagnostics</td>
			<td>701081</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Control slide-mouse 3T3 cell pellet</td>
			<td>Advanced Cell Diagnostics</td>
			<td>310045</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Other supplies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Humidifying Paper</td>
			<td>Advanced Cell Diagnostics</td>
			<td>310015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Washing Rack</td>
			<td>American Master Tech Scientific</td>
			<td>9837976</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Washing Dishes</td>
			<td>American Master Tech Scientific</td>
			<td>LWS20WH</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrophobic Barrier Pen</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratory</td>
			<td>H-4000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass Slides</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12-550-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cover Glass, 24 x 50 mm</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12--545-F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chemicals</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ammonium hydroxide</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>002689</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100% ethanol (EtOH)</td>
			<td>Decon Labs</td>
			<td>2805</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>formalde solution</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>SF94-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hematoxylin I</td>
			<td>American Master Tech Scientific</td>
			<td>17012359</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mounting Medium</td>
			<td>Vector Labs</td>
			<td>H-5000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylene</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>173942</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

quantitative analysis of alternative pre-mrna splicing in mouse brain sections using rna in situ hybridization assay

Alternative splicing (AS) occurs in more than 90% of human genes. The expression pattern of an alternatively spliced exon is often regulated in a cell type-specific fashion. AS expression patterns are typically analyzed by RT-PCR and RNA-seq using RNA samples isolated from a population of cells. In situ examination of AS expression patterns for a particular biological structure can be carried out by RNA in situ hybridization (ISH) using exon-specific probes. However, this particular use of ISH has been limited because alternative exons are generally too short to design exon-specific probes. In this report, the use of BaseScope, a recently developed technology that employs short antisense oligonucleotides in RNA ISH, is described to analyze AS expression patterns in mouse brain sections. Exon 23a of neurofibromatosis type 1 (Nf1) is used as an example to illustrate that short exon-exon junction probes exhibit robust hybridization signals with high specificity in RNA ISH analysis on mouse brain sections. More importantly, signals detected with exon inclusion- and skipping-specific probes can be used to reliably calculate the percent spliced in values of Nf1 exon 23a expression in different anatomical areas of a mouse brain. The experimental protocol and calculation method for AS analysis are presented. The results indicate that BaseScope provides a powerful new tool to assess AS expression patterns in situ.

BaseScope ISH was carried out using three mouse strains: CD1 wild type mice, C57BL/6J wild type mice, and Nf123aIN/23aIN mutant mice in the C57BL/6J background, in which exon 23a is included in all cell types as a result of engineered splice site mutations14,15.
As a first step, the ISH assay system was tested using company provided reagents: slides t...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantitative Analysis of Alternative Pre-mRNA Splicing in Mouse Brain Sections Using RNA In Situ Hybridization Assay at JoVE.com

Quantitative Analysis of Alternative Pre-mRNA Splicing in Mouse Brain Sections Using RNA In Situ Hybridization Assay

An in situ hybridization (ISH) protocol that uses short antisense oligonucleotides to detect alternative pre-mRNA splicing patterns in mouse brain sections is described.

Quantitative Analysis of Alternative Pre-mRNA Splicing in Mouse Brain Sections Using RNA In Situ Hybridization Assay

Alternative splicing (AS) occurs in more than 90% of human genes. The expression pattern of an alternatively spliced exon is often regulated in a cell ...

Research

Education

JoVE Journal

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

Genetics

Unit 1

Transcription: DNA to RNA

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

Optogenetic Random Mutagenesis Using Histone-miniSOG in C. elegans

Optogenetic Random Mutagenesis Using Histone-miniSOG in C. elegans

Forward genetic screening in model organisms is the workhorse to discover functionally important genes and pathways in many biological processes. In most ...

Engineering Artificial Factors to Specifically Manipulate Alternative Splicing in Human Cells

The processing of most eukaryotic RNAs is mediated by RNA Binding Proteins (RBPs) with modular configurations, including an RNA recognition module, which ...

Rearing and Double-stranded RNA-mediated Gene Knockdown in the Hide Beetle, Dermestes maculatus

Rearing and Double-stranded RNA-mediated Gene Knockdown in the Hide Beetle, Dermestes maculatus

Advances in genomics have raised the possibility of probing biodiversity at an unprecedented scale. However, sequence alone will not be informative ...

High Resolution Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization in Drosophila Embryos and Tissues Using Tyramide Signal Amplification

High Resolution Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization in Drosophila Embryos and Tissues Using Tyramide Signal Amplification

In our efforts to determine the patterns of expression and subcellular localization of Drosophila RNAs on a genome-wide basis, and in a variety of ...

Visualization of Microbiota in Tick Guts by Whole-mount In Situ Hybridization

Visualization of Microbiota in Tick Guts by Whole-mount In Situ Hybridization

Infectious diseases transmitted by arthropod vectors continue to pose a significant threat to human health worldwide. The pathogens causing these ...

Single Molecule Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (smFISH) Analysis in Budding Yeast Vegetative Growth and Meiosis

Single Molecule Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization smFISH Analysis in Budding Yeast Vegetative Growth and Meiosis

Single molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH) is a powerful technique to study gene expression in single cells due to its ability to detect ...

Tissue-specific miRNA Expression Profiling in Mouse Heart Sections Using In Situ Hybridization

Tissue-specific miRNA Expression Profiling in Mouse Heart Sections Using In Situ Hybridization

micro-RNAs (miRNAs) are single-stranded RNA transcripts that bind to messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and inhibit their translation or promote their degradation. To ...

Using In Vitro and In-cell SHAPE to Investigate Small Molecule Induced Pre-mRNA Structural Changes

In the process of drug development of RNA-targeting small molecules, elucidating the structural changes upon their interactions with target RNA sequences ...

Use of Single Molecule Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (SM-FISH) to Quantify and Localize mRNAs in Murine Oocytes

Use of Single Molecule Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization SM-FISH to Quantify and Localize mRNAs in Murine Oocytes

Current methods routinely used to quantify mRNA in oocytes and embryos include digital reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (dPCR), ...

Chromogenic In Situ Hybridization as a Tool for HPV-Related Head and Neck Cancer Diagnosis

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a major risk factor for a subtype of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC), which tends to be associated ...