Name: an in vivo method for evaluating the gut-blood barrier and liver metabolism of microbiota products
Uploaded: 2018-10-20T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An In Vivo Method for Evaluating the Gut-Blood Barrier and Liver Metabolism of Microbiota Products at JoVE.com

The work is supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education Republic of Poland, Diamond grant no: DI2017 009247.

The experiments were performed on male Wistar Kyoto rats according to Directive 2010/63 EU on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes and were approved by the I Local Bioethical Committee in Warsaw.
1. Insertion of the Line for Intraintestinal Administration
NOTE: Here we propose intracolonic administration of a marker using a catheter. It may be modified by oral administration or gavage at various levels of the digestive tract e.g....

<ol>
	<li>Camilleri, M., Madsen, K., Spiller, R., Greenwood-Van Meerveld, B., Verne, G. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intestinal+barrier+function+in+health+and+gastrointestinal+disease.">Intestinal barrier function in health and gastrointestinal disease.</a> Neurogastroenterology and Motility: The Official Journal of the European Gastrointestinal Motility Society. 24 (6), 503-512 (2012).</li><li>Keita, A. V., Soderholm, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+intestinal+barrier+and+its+regulation+by+neuroimmune+factors.">The intestinal barrier and its regulation by neuroimmune factors.</a> Neurogastroenterology and Motility: The Official Journal of the European Gastrointestinal Motility Society. 22 (7), 718-733 (2010).</li><li>Farhadi, A., Banan, A., Fields, J., Keshavarzian, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intestinal+barrier:+an+interface+between+health+and+disease.">Intestinal barrier: an interface between health and disease.</a> Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 18 (5), 479-497 (2003).</li><li>Jaworska, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypertension+in+rats+is+associated+with+an+increased+permeability+of+the+colon+to+TMA,+a+gut+bacteria+metabolite.">Hypertension in rats is associated with an increased permeability of the colon to TMA, a gut bacteria metabolite.</a> PloS one. 12 (12), e0189310 (2017).</li><li>Fujii, H., Nakai, K., Fukagawa, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+oxidative+stress+and+indoxyl+sulfate+in+progression+of+cardiovascular+disease+in+chronic+kidney+disease.">Role of oxidative stress and indoxyl sulfate in progression of cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease.</a> Therapeutic Apheresis and Dialysis: Official Peer-Reviewed Journal of the International Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy. 15 (2), 125-128 (2011).</li><li>Tomasova, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intracolonic+hydrogen+sulfide+lowers+blood+pressure+in+rats.">Intracolonic hydrogen sulfide lowers blood pressure in rats.</a> Nitric Oxide: Biology and Chemistry. 60, 50-58 (2016).</li><li>Brahe, L. K., Astrup, A., Larsen, L. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Is+butyrate+the+link+between+diet,+intestinal+microbiota+and+obesity-related+metabolic+diseases?.">Is butyrate the link between diet, intestinal microbiota and obesity-related metabolic diseases?.</a> Obesity Reviews: An Official Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 14 (12), 950-959 (2013).</li><li>Ufnal, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trimethylamine-N-oxide:+a+carnitine-derived+metabolite+that+prolongs+the+hypertensive+effect+of+angiotensin+II+in+rats.">Trimethylamine-N-oxide: a carnitine-derived metabolite that prolongs the hypertensive effect of angiotensin II in rats.</a> The Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 30 (12), 1700-1705 (2014).</li><li>Huc, T., Nowinski, A., Drapala, A., Konopelski, P., Ufnal, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Indole+and+indoxyl+sulfate,+gut+bacteria+metabolites+of+tryptophan,+change+arterial+blood+pressure+via+peripheral+and+central+mechanisms+in+rats.">Indole and indoxyl sulfate, gut bacteria metabolites of tryptophan, change arterial blood pressure via peripheral and central mechanisms in rats.</a> Pharmacological Research. 130, 172-179 (2018).</li><li>Ufnal, M., Pham, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+gut-blood+barrier+permeability+-+A+new+marker+in+cardiovascular+and+metabolic+diseases?.">The gut-blood barrier permeability - A new marker in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases?.</a> Medical Hypotheses. 98, 35-37 (2017).</li><li>Le Ferrec, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+models+of+the+intestinal+barrier.+The+report+and+recommendations+of+ECVAM+Workshop+46.+European+Centre+for+the+Validation+of+Alternative+methods.">In vitro models of the intestinal barrier. The report and recommendations of ECVAM Workshop 46. European Centre for the Validation of Alternative methods.</a> Alternatives to Laboratory Animals: ATLA. 29 (6), 649-668 (2001).</li><li>Bohets, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Strategies+for+absorption+screening+in+drug+discovery+and+development.">Strategies for absorption screening in drug discovery and development.</a> Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry. 1 (5), 367-383 (2001).</li><li>Grootjans, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Non-invasive+assessment+of+barrier+integrity+and+function+of+the+human+gut.">Non-invasive assessment of barrier integrity and function of the human gut.</a> World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery. 2 (3), 61-69 (2010).</li><li>Bielinska, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+salt+intake+increases+plasma+trimethylamine+N-oxide+(TMAO)+concentration+and+produces+gut+dysbiosis+in+rats.">High salt intake increases plasma trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) concentration and produces gut dysbiosis in rats.</a> Nutrition. 54, 33-39 (2018).</li><li>Clarke, L. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+guide+to+Ussing+chamber+studies+of+mouse+intestine.">A guide to Ussing chamber studies of mouse intestine.</a> American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology. 296 (6), G1151-G1166 (2009).</li><li>Denno, D. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+the+lactulose+to+mannitol+ratio+to+evaluate+childhood+environmental+enteric+dysfunction:+a+systematic+review.">Use of the lactulose to mannitol ratio to evaluate childhood environmental enteric dysfunction: a systematic review.</a> Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 59 Suppl 4, S213-S219 (2014).</li><li>Lugea, A., Salas, A., Casalot, J., Guarner, F., Malagelada, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surface+hydrophobicity+of+the+rat+colonic+mucosa+is+a+defensive+barrier+against+macromolecules+and+toxins.">Surface hydrophobicity of the rat colonic mucosa is a defensive barrier against macromolecules and toxins.</a> Gut. 46 (4), 515-521 (2000).</li><li>Bloemen, J. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Short+chain+fatty+acids+exchange+across+the+gut+and+liver+in+humans+measured+at+surgery.">Short chain fatty acids exchange across the gut and liver in humans measured at surgery.</a> Clinical Nutrition. 28 (6), 657-661 (2009).</li><li>Huc, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Colonic+hydrogen+sulfide+produces+portal+hypertension+and+systemic+hypotension+in+rats.">Colonic hydrogen sulfide produces portal hypertension and systemic hypotension in rats.</a> Experimental Biology and Medicine. 243 (1), 96-106 (2018).</li></ol>

The described direct, in vivo, method of measuring the GBB permeability maintains closetophysiological conditions in the gastrointestinal system (preserves the intestinal blood flow), and is virtually not influenced by liver and kidney function.
The critical step of this technique is the insertion of the portal catheter. This must be done gently and decisively at the same time. A mild, short bleeding may occur from the correctly performed puncture of the portal vein; however, it stops...

The gut-blood barrier (GBB), also known as the intestinal barrier, is a complex multilayer system that separates the gut lumen from the bloodstream in order to limit the passage of harmful compounds while allowing the absorption of nutrients1. It consists of the three main layers: the mucus layer, epithelium and lamina propria.
Numerous factors may affect the GBB integrity and function2. It has been shown that GBB is disturbed in both gastrointestinal and extraintestinal diseases, including cardiovascular and metabolic diseases3, which may lead to an increased passage of gut bacterial metabolites to the bloodstream4. An increased penetration of gut bacterial metabolites may affect the functioning of the entire organism. For example, recent studies show a significant impact of bacterial metabolites, such as indoles, H2S, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), and trimethylamine N-oxide, on the circulatory system functions5,6,7,8,9. Finally, it has been proposed that an increased GBB permeability may serve as a marker of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases which are associated with morphological and functional alterations in the intestines10. Therefore, tracking the gut-portal blood-liver-systemic blood pathway of bacterial metabolites may be of interest for both basic and clinical sciences.
Commonly utilized experimental methods for the evaluation of GBB permeability are performed in vitro using resected intestinal segments, fragments of mucosa, or artificial membranes11,12. The accuracy of those methods is compromised by the fact that proper functioning of the GBB requires constant intestinal blood flow. On the other hand, the available in vivo methods are based on the evaluation of urine or peripheral blood concentrations of exogenous markers13. However, peripheral blood and urine concentration of exogenous compounds is influenced by kidney function, i.e., glomerular filtration rate and tubular excretion, as well as by liver metabolism, i.e., first pass metabolism. Both parameters may differ significantly between study subjects independently of the GBB function.
This paper describes a direct measurement of the GBB permeability in rats using portal blood sampling. This in vivo method preserves the intestinal blood flow and is virtually not influenced by liver and kidney function. The described approach is not commonly used, possibly because of some methodological difficulties. We describe in detail the catheterization of the portal vein and inferior vena cava just above the hepatic vein confluence. Blood sampling from the portal vein and inferior vena cava allows evaluation of the GBB permeability and liver clearance as well as tracking of gut-portal blood-liver-systemic blood pathway of molecules of interest, such as gut bacterial metabolites or medicines. We also present several applications of the method that were tested in our laboratory. These include the evaluation of the colon permeability to TMA, a gut bacterial metabolite, evaluation of liver clearance of TMA, and evaluation of a gut-portal blood-liver-systemic blood pathway of SCFA.
To evaluate gut-blood barrier permeability, the following protocol steps should be followed, in order: 1 (insertion of the line for intraintestinal administrations), 3 (portal vein catheterization), 4 (portal vein blood sampling), 6 (administration of a gut permeability marker), 4.
To evaluate liver clearance and a gut-portal blood-liver-systemic blood pathway, the following protocol steps should be followed, in order: 1 (insertion of the line for intraintestinal administrations), 2 (inferior vena cava catheterization), 3 (portal vein catheterization), 4 (portal vein blood sampling), 5 (inferior vena cava blood sampling), 6 (administration of a gut permeability marker), 4, 5, 7 (calculation of liver clearance).

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:1131px;" width="1131">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:568px;">Needle OD: 9 mm</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Becton Dickinson&#160; S.A.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">301300</td>
			<td style="width:185px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:568px;">Polyethylene catheter ID: 0.025&#34;, OD: 0.040&#34;&#160;</td>
			<td>Scientific Commodities, Inc.</td>
			<td>#BB520-40</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:568px;">Polyethylene catheter ID: 0.012&#34;, OD: 0.025&#34;&#160;</td>
			<td>Scientific Commodities, Inc.</td>
			<td>#BB520-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">C-Flex Tubing,Opaque White 1/50&#34;ID x 1/12 &#34; OD&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>Cole-Parmer Instrument Co.</td>
			<td>06424-59</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Pediatric Foley catheter (size 10F or 8F)&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigmed</td>
			<td>0000 80305</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:568px;">Surgical ligatures 3/0</td>
			<td>Yavo Sp. Z o.o.&#160;</td>
			<td>P48JE</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Absorbable surgical sutures - Polyglactine 910 4/0</td>
			<td>KRUUSE Polska Sp. Zo.o.</td>
			<td>152336</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:568px;">Tissue glue - Loctite 454Cyanoacrylate Adhesive</td>
			<td>Loctite&#160;</td>
			<td>1370127</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Povidone iodine</td>
			<td>EGIS Pharmaceuticals PLC</td>
			<td>4449 11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:568px;">Heparin - Heparinium WZF&#160;</td>
			<td>WZF Polfa S.A.</td>
			<td>02BK0417</td>
			<td>Dilute 10 times with physiological saline</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:568px;">Glycerin 86%</td>
			<td>Laboratorium Farmaceutyczne Avena</td>
			<td>5.90999E+12</td>
			<td>Serves as a lubricant in colon catheterization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:568px;">Xylocaine 2%</td>
			<td>AstraZenca&#160;</td>
			<td>9941342</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:568px;">Urethane</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (Merck)&#160;</td>
			<td>U2500-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:568px;">Trimethylamine solution 45%</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (Merck)&#160;</td>
			<td>92262-1L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:568px;">Syringes 2 mL</td>
			<td>B.Braun Melsungen AG</td>
			<td>4606027V</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:568px;">Saline 250 mL</td>
			<td>Fraesenius Kabi Polska Sp. Z o.o.</td>
			<td>15LL707WL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Surgical scissors, straight, length 115 mm, 4 1/2 &#34;blunt ends</td>
			<td>Braun</td>
			<td>NS-010-115-PKM</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Artery forceps type Micro-Adson bent, length 140 mm 5 1/2 &#34;</td>
			<td>Braun</td>
			<td>KN-008-140-ZMK</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anatomic forceps, lenght 95 mm, 3 3/4&#34; sharp 0.7x0.55</td>
			<td>Braun</td>
			<td>PO-001-007-ZMK</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Micro Scissors type Vannas,&#160; straight, lenght 85 mm, 3 3/8 &#34; the length of the blades 6 mm</td>
			<td>Braun&#160;</td>
			<td>NO-010-085-PMK</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Towel clamps type Backhouse, lenght 130 mm, 5 1/8&#34;&#160;</td>
			<td>Braun</td>
			<td>HO-128-130-PMK</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Needle holders, lenght 150 mm, 6&#34; t=0.4 1/2&#160;</td>
			<td>Braun&#160;</td>
			<td colspan="2">IM-927-150-PZMK</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Delicate Scissors, lenght 110 mm , straight, 4 3/8&#8221; sharp&#160;</td>
			<td>Braun</td>
			<td>NO-052-110-PMK</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anatomic forceps, lenght 95 mm, 3 3/4&#34; sharp</td>
			<td>Braun</td>
			<td>PO-022-001-PMK</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an in vivo method for evaluating the gut-blood barrier and liver metabolism of microbiota products

The gut-blood barrier (GBB) controls the passage of nutrients, bacterial metabolites and drugs from intestinal lumen to the bloodstream. The GBB integrity is disturbed in gastrointestinal, cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, which may result in easier access of biologically active compounds, such as gut bacterial metabolites, to the bloodstream. Thus, the permeability of the GBB may be a marker of both intestinal and extraintestinal diseases. Furthermore, the increased penetration of bacterial metabolites may affect the functioning of the entire organism.
Commonly used methods for studying the GBB permeability are performed ex vivo. The accuracy of those methods is limited, because the functioning of the GBB depends on intestinal blood flow. On the other hand, commonly used in vivo methods may be biased by liver and kidney performance, as those methods are based on evaluation of urine or/and peripheral blood concentrations of exogenous markers. Here, we present a direct measurement of GBB permeability in rats using an in vivo method based on portal blood sampling, which preserves intestinal blood flow and is virtually not affected by the liver and kidney function. 
Polyurethane catheters are inserted into the portal vein and inferior vena cava just above the hepatic veins confluence. Blood is sampled at baseline and after administration of a selected marker into a desired part of the gastrointestinal tract. Here, we present several applications of the method including (1) evaluation of the colon permeability to TMA, a gut bacterial metabolite, (2) evaluation of liver clearance of TMA, and (3) evaluation of a gut-portal blood-liver-peripheral blood pathway of gut bacteria-derived short-chain fatty acids. Furthermore, the protocol may also be used for tracking intestinal absorption and liver metabolism of drugs or for measurements of portal blood pressure.

We have successfully measured the GBB permeability and liver clearance of TMA in rats. We have demonstrated that hypertensive rats have an increased colon permeability to TMA in comparison to normotensive rats (Figure 2)4. In another study we found that high salt intake does not affect the GBB permeability and liver clearance of TMA (Figure 3)14.
<p class="jove_content" fo:keep-...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An In Vivo Method for Evaluating the Gut-Blood Barrier and Liver Metabolism of Microbiota Products at JoVE.com

An In Vivo Method for Evaluating the Gut-Blood Barrier and Liver Metabolism of Microbiota Products

The access of nutrients, microbiota metabolites and medicines to the circulation is controlled by the gut-blood barrier (GBB). We describe a direct method for measuring the GBB permeability in vivo, which, in contrast to commonly used indirect methods, is virtually not affected by liver and kidney functions.

An In Vivo Method for Evaluating the Gut-Blood Barrier and Liver Metabolism of Microbiota Products

The gut-blood barrier (GBB) controls the passage of nutrients, bacterial metabolites and drugs from intestinal lumen to the bloodstream. The GBB integrity ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Steps for the Autologous Ex vivo Perfused Porcine Liver-kidney Experiment

Steps for the Autologous Ex vivo Perfused Porcine Liver-kidney Experiment

The use of ex vivo perfused models can mimic the physiological conditions of the liver for short periods, but to maintain normal homeostasis for an ...

Technique of Subnormothermic Ex Vivo Liver Perfusion for the Storage, Assessment, and Repair of Marginal Liver Grafts

Technique of Subnormothermic Ex Vivo Liver Perfusion for the Storage, Assessment, and Repair of Marginal Liver Grafts

The success of liver transplantation has resulted in a dramatic organ shortage. In most transplant regions 20-30% of patients on the waiting list for ...

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Cancer Drug Sensitization In Vitro and In Vivo

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Cancer Drug Sensitization In Vitro and In Vivo

Due to the high level of heterogeneity and mutations inherent in human cancers, single agent therapies, or combination regimens which target the same ...

An Improved Method for Rapid Intubation of the Trachea in Mice

Despite some anatomical and physiological differences, mouse models continue to be an essential tool for studying human lung disease. Bleomycin toxicity ...

An Acute Retinal Model for Evaluating Blood Retinal Barrier Breach and Potential Drugs for Treatment

A low-cost, easy-to-use and powerful model system is established to evaluate potential treatments that could ameliorate blood retinal barrier breach. An ...

Phosphorus-31 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Tool for Measuring In Vivo Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Capacity in Human Skeletal Muscle

Phosphorus-31 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Tool for Measuring In Vivo Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Capacity in Human Skeletal Muscle

Skeletal muscle mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) capacity, which is critically important in health and disease, can be measured in vivo ...

Optimized Analysis of In Vivo and In Vitro Hepatic Steatosis

Optimized Analysis of In Vivo and In Vitro Hepatic Steatosis

Establishing a system of procedures to qualitatively and quantitatively characterize in vivo and in vitro hepatic steatosis is important for metabolic ...

An Anesthesia, Surgery, and Harvest Method for the Evaluation of Transpedicular Screws Using an In Vivo Porcine Lumbar Spine Model

An Anesthesia, Surgery, and Harvest Method for the Evaluation of Transpedicular Screws Using an In Vivo Porcine Lumbar Spine Model

Pedicle screw fixation is the gold standard for the treatment of spinal diseases. However, many studies have reported the issue of loosening pedicle ...

Improved Method for the Establishment of an In Vitro Blood-Brain Barrier Model Based on Porcine Brain Endothelial Cells

Improved Method for the Establishment of an In Vitro Blood-Brain Barrier Model Based on Porcine Brain Endothelial Cells

The aim of this protocol presents an optimized procedure for the purification and cultivation of pBECs and to establish in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) ...

Re-Arterialized Rat Partial Liver Transplantation with an in vivo Vessel-Oriented 70% Hepatectomy

Re-Arterialized Rat Partial Liver Transplantation with an in vivo Vessel-Oriented 70% Hepatectomy

Split liver transplantation and living liver donor liver transplantation were developed in the clinic to utilize liver organs in a more efficient manner. ...