This work was supported by the Norwegian Research Council under Grants #244388, #254817 and #284983; the Norwegian Cancer Society (#6829007); The Norwegian Health Region South East under Grant #17/00264-6 and #2016006.

1. Generation of Spheroids from Colorectal Cancer Cell Line
<ol>
	<li>Wash HCT 116 (stably transduced to express Cluster of Differentiation 19 (CD19) and Green Fluorescence Protein (GFP)) cell monolayers with phosphate buffered saline (PBS; 5 mL for a 25 cm2 or 10 mL for a 75 cm2 flask). Add trypsin (0.5 mL for a 25 cm2 or 1 mL for a 75 cm2 flask) and incubate cells at 37 &#176;C for 5 min.</li>
	<li>Check cell detachment under a microscope and neutralize cell dissociation enzyme with complete Roswell Park Memorial Institute 160 medium (RPMI 1640) (RPMI 1640 + 10% FCS + Gentamycin; 10 mL for a 25 cm2 or 20 mL for a 75 cm2 flask).</li>
	<li>Centrifuge cell suspension at 500 x g for 5 min. Remove supernatant using a pipette and resuspend by pipetting up and down several times with 5 mL of complete RPM1 1640 medium.</li>
	<li>Count cells using Trypan blue exclusion on a compatible cell counter.</li>
	<li>Centrifuge cell suspension at 500 x g for 5 min. Remove supernatant using a pipette and resuspend in RPMI medium to obtain 5 x 103 cells/mL.</li>
	<li>Coat a 96-well round bottom plate with 100 &#181;L/well of 100 &#181;g/mL of poly-L-lysine (PLL) in PBS during 1 hour at room temperature. Wash twice with PBS and let the plate dry.</li>
	<li>Transfer the cell suspension to a sterile reservoir and dispense 200 &#181;L/well into the PLL-coated&#160;96-well round bottom plates using a multichannel pipette.</li>
	<li>Transfer the plate to the automated imaging apparatus inside an incubator (37 &#176;C, 5% CO2, 95% humidity).</li>
	<li>Log into the acquisition software, select Schedule To Acquire | Launch Add Vessel | Scan On Schedule | Create Vessel: New.</li>
	<li>Select Scan Type: Spheroid. Select the channels of interest: Phase + Brightfield (to follow spheroids growth), Green (to follow tumor signal, acquisition time 300 ms) and Red (to follow apoptosis, acquisition time 400 ms).
	<ol>
		<li>Select the desired magnification: 10x.</li>
		<li>Pick the plate model and its position in the drawer. Select the position of wells to image. Enter the description of the experiment: name, type of cells, number of cells.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>For the analysis setup, select Defer Analysis Until Later. Right click on the timeline and select Set Selected Scan Group Interval option and set Add scans every to 4 h and For a total of to 24 h. Set the desired starting time (at least 1 h after incubation in the automated imaging apparatus).</li>
	<li>Check every 2 days for the growth of spheroids by logging into the imaging software.
	<ol>
		<li>Pick the View Recent Scans option and double-click on the desired experiment. Select Brightfield in the image channels panel and then use the Measure image features tool to measure the diameter of the spheroids. It takes 6 days for a spheroid to reach the desired size: 0.5 mm of diameter. Add 50 &#181;L of complete RPMI medium per well at day 4 to limit medium evaporation effect.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
2. Generation of CD19 CAR T cells
<ol>
	<li>Expansion of CD19 CAR T cells 
	NOTE: Stable expression of CD19 CAR T cells was acquired by bulk retroviral transduction of the healthy donor PBMCs as previously described16. The retroviral construct coding for CD19 CAR is a second-generation CAR and consists of fmc63 scFv chain, CD8 hinge and transmembrane domain, a 4-1BB co-stimulatory domain and finally a CD3&#950; domain.
	<ol>
		<li>To expand, culture the transduced T cells in the presence of anti-CD3/28 magnetic beads with a cell to bead ratio of 1:1 for 10&#8211;11 days. During the expansion, cells are in complete medium (X-VIVO 15, 5% Serum Replacement, and 100 U/mL recombinant human IL-2). 
		NOTE: The ideal density for an efficient expansion is 1 to 2 x 106 cells/mL. Depending on the initial number, cells can be expanded in flasks (25 cm2 flasks to 20 mL, 75 cm2 flasks to 40 mL of total volume) in a cell culture incubator (37 &#176;C, 5% CO2, 95% humidity).</li>
		<li>As a negative control group for the following assays, include non-transduced PBMCs (will be referred as Mock) to the expansion protocol parallel to the CD19 CAR T cells.</li>
		<li>On day 3 and onwards, add fresh medium every day and divide the cells into more culture flasks if necessary.</li>
		<li>On day 10&#8211;11, centrifuge cells at 500 x g for 5 min. Remove supernatant and combine all the cells into one 50 mL tube and resuspend the cells in ~30 mL of fresh complete media.</li>
		<li>Place the 50 mL tube containing the resuspended cells on a magnetic stand to separate the magnetic beads from the culture medium.</li>
		<li>Wait for 2&#8211;3 min for the beads to collect on the side of the tube.</li>
		<li>Remove the culture medium with a pipette and transfer to a new tube without touching the magnetic bead collection zones.</li>
		<li>Repeat steps regarding the bead removal (2.1.5&#8211;2.1.7) once more to limit the number of beads in the final culture medium.</li>
		<li>Resuspend and count the cells, adjust the density to 1 to 2 x 106 cells/mL in complete medium.</li>
		<li>Rest the cells for at least 4 h up to overnight. Then directly freeze them down at -80 &#176;C and transfer the vials to a liquid nitrogen tank on the following day for long-term storage. Alternatively, one can prolong the rest up to overnight for immediate use.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>CD19 CAR expression control on primary T cells
	<ol>
		<li>Count the number of expanded T cells as the numbers might vary slightly after overnight culture or moderately after freeze/thaw.</li>
		<li>Transfer 5 x 105 cells from both CD19 CAR and Mock primary T cells to separate flow cytometry tubes.</li>
		<li>Wash the cells with 200 &#956;L of Flow Buffer (2% FBS in PBS) and centrifuge the tubes at 500 x g for 5 min. Repeat the washing steps to get rid of any artifacts caused by the culture medium.</li>
		<li>Prepare the primary antibody (Biotin Goat Anti-Mouse IgG, F(ab&#39;)&#8322; Fragment Specific) by performing 1:200 dilution in Flow Buffer.</li>
		<li>Resuspend the cells in 100 &#956;L of antibody mix per tube and incubate on ice for 15 min. Repeat the previous washing step twice to remove excess antibody.</li>
		<li>Prepare the secondary antibody (Streptavidin-PE) as 1:400 dilution in Flow Buffer.</li>
		<li>Resuspend the cells in 100 &#956;L of antibody mix per tube and incubate on ice for 15 min. Repeat the previous washing step twice to get rid of excess antibody.</li>
		<li>Resuspend the cells in 200 &#956;L of Flow Buffer per tube and analyze it on a flow cytometer.</li>
		<li>Use Mock T cells to set up the negative and positive gate and analyze CD19 CAR transduced T cells accordingly.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
3. 3D Tumor Spheroid Killing Assay
<ol>
	<li>After 6 days or once spheroids reach the desired size, remove the plate from the incubator. Using a multichannel pipette, gently remove 100 &#181;L/well of complete RMPI 1640 medium from the spheroid plates.
	<ol>
		<li>For this step, angle the tips towards the inside wall of the 96-wells plate, avoiding contact with the bottom of the well in order to minimize disturbance of the spheroids. Remaining volume should be around 100 &#181;L.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Prepare a 1:200 solution of Annexin V red by mixing 50 &#181;L of Annexin V red with 9.95 mL of complete RPMI 1640 medium.</li>
	<li>Add 100 &#181;L/well of the 1:200 Annexin V red solution.</li>
	<li>Transfer the plate to an incubator (37&#176;C, 5% CO2, 95% humidity) for 15 min.</li>
	<li>Harvest the transduced CAR CD19 T cells in a 15 mL tube and centrifuge them at 500 x g for 5 min. Remove the supernatant using a pipette and resuspend by pipetting up and down several times with 2 mL of complete RPM1 1640 medium.</li>
	<li>Count cells using Trypan blue exclusion on a compatible cell counter.</li>
	<li>Centrifuge cell suspension at 500 x g for 5 min. Remove supernatant using a pipette and resuspend in RPMI medium to obtain 2 x 105 cells/mL.</li>
	<li>Transfer the cell suspension to a sterile reservoir and dispense 100 &#181;L/well into a 96-well round bottom spheroid plate using a multichannel pipette.</li>
	<li>Transfer the plate back to the automated imaging apparatus inside an incubator (37 &#176;C, 5% CO2, 95% humidity).</li>
	<li>Log into the acquisition software, select Schedule To Acquire.
	<ol>
		<li>Right-click on the Scan timeline and select Edit Timeline. Right-click on the scan group and delete it. Right-click on the timeline and select Set Selected Scan Group Interval option and set Add scans every to 1.5 h and For a total of to 24 h.</li>
		<li>Set the desired starting time (at least 1 h after incubation in the automated imaging apparatus). Select Save schedule scans.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
4. Automated Image Analysis
<ol>
	<li>Log into acquisition, pick the View Recent Scans option and select Launch Analysis option. Select Create New Analysis Definition | Analysis Type: Spheroid. Tick the Image channels to analyze (Phase + Brightfield, Green and Red).</li>
	<li>Select at least 10 representative images: typically, 1 per condition and at least 3 time points (beginning, middle and end of the acquisition).</li>
	<li>Preview the default analyze procedure on the whole image stack.</li>
	<li>Modify the parameters for brightfield mask. Typical parameters are: Sensitivity 10, Hole fill 1,000 &#181;m2, min area 1,000 &#181;m2. Preview on the whole image stack and check that the selected parameters detect the spheroids accurately.</li>
	<li>Modify the parameters for green mask (GFP). Typical parameters are: Top hat segmentation with radius 200 &#181;m and threshold 3 GCU, Edge split off, Hole fill 5,000 &#181;m2, Adjust size -2 pixels, Area min 3,000 &#181;m2. Preview on the whole image stack and check that the selected parameters detect the spheroids accurately.</li>
	<li>Modify the parameters for red mask (Annexin V). Typical parameters are: Top hat segmentation with radius 150 &#181;m and threshold 2 GCU, Edge split off, Hole fill 5,000 &#181;m2, Adjust size 0 pixels, Area min 1,000 &#181;m2. Preview on the whole image stack and check that the selected parameters detect the spheroids accurately.</li>
	<li>Launch the analyzer.
	<ol>
		<li>Once the analysis is done, extract the measurement of interest. Select the analyzed file and then the Graph Metrics option. Select the metrics of interest, the scan and the well. Typically, total red and green intensity within brightfield boundaries give the most accurate measurements by restricting the signal of fluorescence to the spheroids boundaries determined by the brightfield mask (Figure 3). Extract selected metrics in several file format by clicking on &#8220;Export Data&#8221;.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Proceed to the extraction of the images and movies by selecting the analyzed file and then select the Export Images and Movies option. Two options are available, either &#8220;As Displayed&#8221; to retrieve images and movies as seen on the imaging software (usually composite images), either &#8220;As Stored&#8221; to retrieve raw data for external analysis through third-part software.</li>
</ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

The use of spheroids as an innovative tool to validate future cancer treatment has become a field of growing interest in the past years. Spheroids represent an intermediate step between classical 2D in vitro analysis and in vivo assessment. The method further holds a lot of promise regarding their potency in terms of tumor micro-environment mimicking as well as gene profiling7. The protocol presented in this publication was adapted from Saheen et al.11 to the Incuc...

Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) represents the next generation cancer treatment. It relies on the injection of effector cells (T- or NK-cells) into a patient. These cells can be genetically modified with a receptor that will guide them to their target, the tumor, and destroy it. Recently this approach was shown to be feasible when a Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) directed against the B-cell marker CD19 was introduced into the patient T cells to kill his/her cancer1. In the case of CAR, which is an artificial receptor, the design consists of specific antibody fragments, the antigen binding domain reduced to an entity designated single chain variable fragment (scFv), linked to the T-cell signaling domains. Although there are several designs, the most commonly used versions referred to as second-generation CAR designs, consist of CD3z for TCR signaling and one co-stimulatory domain (CD28, 4-1BB, OX40, etc.)1,2. The immunotherapy field directed most of its attention to this new form of ACT when CD19 CAR-T cells efficaciously treated numerous patients with B cell malignancies3,4. Following this success, researchers tried to exploit the similar designs by targeting other epitopes for solid tumors with limited success. Unfortunately, the scarcity of tumor specific antigens and the harsher tumor microenvironments rendered CAR T cells less effective towards solid tumors5.
Currently, the most commonly used in vitro validation strategies rely on two-dimensional (2D) systems that only address a fragment of the already mentioned solid tumor challenges. Classically, 2D in vitro systems involve a mixture of CAR T cells and target cancer cell lines as monolayers to assess the functionality and specificity of these effector cells. Although these strategies are important and vital parts of the studies, they do not take into consideration the complex morphology and three-dimensional (3D) structure of the cancer cells6. Cancer cells cultured in 3D systems, referred to as spheroids, acquire new phenotypic traits through changes in gene expression profile7, which might influence the recognition by redirected effector cells. Birgersdotter and colleagues demonstrated that a Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) cell line when only grown in a 3D culture model acquires a gene expression profile that is similar to primary tumor samples8. Therefore, spheroids or similar 3D culture methodologies offer more relevant in vitro models as opposed to standard 2D systems. Such systems are also similar to in vivo studies which are seen as the final step in the validation process of a given CAR. Considering that 2D systems fail to mimic the morphology of cancer clusters, spheroids offer similar formations to assess the functionality of CAR T cells prior to in vivo models. In one study, Pickl et al. identified that a spheroid model of human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2) overexpressing cancer cells demonstrated similar signaling profiles to in vivo models9. This further supports that spheroids offer more relevant and close-to-in vivo assessment of the CAR T cells. Additionally, CAR T-cell validation against spheroids might help assess their efficacy more critically and prevent some of the designs from moving to in vivo studies prematurely10; thus, contributing to ethically concerned research by sacrificing fewer animals. Moreover, protocols using spheroids are not more expensive than classical 2D systems and much faster as compared to classical in vivo studies. Taken together, one can predict that the inclusion of spheroid studies will soon become standard practice to link in vitro and in vivo studies.
Here, we present the preparation of spheroids from the colon cancer cell line HCT 116. This cell line was modified to express the human CD19 molecule to render it sensitive to CD19 CAR T cells and to provide a clear assessment of the killing using a clinically validated CAR construct.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Dulbecco&amp;rsquo;s Phosphate Buffered Saline</td><td>SIGMA-ALDRICH</td><td>D8537-500ML</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Lot Number:&lt;/strong&gt; RNBG7037</td></tr><tr><td>75 cm&amp;sup2; growth area flasks</td><td>VWR</td><td>430639</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Lot Number:&lt;/strong&gt; 2218002</td></tr><tr><td>75 cm&amp;sup2; growth area flasks</td><td>VWR</td><td>734-2705</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Lot Number:&lt;/strong&gt; 3718006</td></tr><tr><td>Trypsin-EDTA</td><td>SIGM-ALDRICH</td><td>T3924-100ml</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Lot Number:&lt;/strong&gt; SLBTO777</td></tr><tr><td>RPMI 1640 med L-glutamin, 10 x 500 mL</td><td>Life Technology (Gibco)</td><td>21875-091</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Lot Number:&lt;/strong&gt; 1926384</td></tr><tr><td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td><td>Gibco</td><td>10500064</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Lot Number:&lt;/strong&gt; 08Q3066K</td></tr><tr><td>Gentamicin</td><td>Thermo Fischer</td><td>15750060</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Lot Number:&lt;/strong&gt; 1904924A</td></tr><tr><td>Trypan Blue Solution, 0.4%</td><td>Thermo Fischer</td><td>15250061</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Lot Number:&lt;/strong&gt; 1886513</td></tr><tr><td>96 well plate, round bottom</td><td>VWR</td><td>734-1797</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Lot Number:&lt;/strong&gt; 33117036</td></tr><tr><td>Dynabeads Human T-Activator CD3/CD28</td><td>Thermo Fischer</td><td>11132D</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>X-VIVO 15 with Gentamicin L-Gln, Phenol Red, 1 L</td><td>BioNordika</td><td>BE02-060Q</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Lot Number:&lt;/strong&gt; 8MB036</td></tr><tr><td>CTS Immune Cell Serum Replacement</td><td>Thermo Fischer</td><td>A2596102</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Lot Number:&lt;/strong&gt; 1939319</td></tr><tr><td>IL-2 Proleukin</td><td>Novartis</td><td></td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Lot Number:&lt;/strong&gt; 505938M</td></tr><tr><td>IncuCyte Annexin V Red Reagent</td><td>Essen Bioscience</td><td>4641</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Lot Number:&lt;/strong&gt; 17A1025-122117</td></tr><tr><td>Reagent Reservoir</td><td>VWR</td><td>89094-672</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Lot Number:&lt;/strong&gt; 89094-672</td></tr><tr><td>15 mL tubes</td><td>VWR</td><td>734-1867</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Lot Number:&lt;/strong&gt; 19317044</td></tr><tr><td>anti-human CD19-PE</td><td>BD Biosciences</td><td>555413</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Lot Number:&lt;/strong&gt; 4016990&lt;br/&gt; &lt;strong&gt;RRID:&lt;/strong&gt; AB_395813</td></tr><tr><td>Biotin-SP (long spacer) AffiniPure F(ab&#039;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; Fragment Goat Anti-Mouse IgG</td><td>Jackson ImmunoResearch</td><td>115-066-072</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Lot Number:&lt;/strong&gt; 129474:&lt;br/&gt; &lt;strong&gt;RRID:&lt;/strong&gt; AB_2338583</td></tr><tr><td>Streptavidin-PE</td><td>BD Biosciences</td><td>554061</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Lot Number:&lt;/strong&gt; 5191579:&lt;br/&gt; &lt;strong&gt;RRID:&lt;/strong&gt; AB_10053328</td></tr><tr><td>HCT 116 Colorectal Carcinoma Line</td><td>ATCC</td><td>CCL-247</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Incucyte S3</td><td>Essen Bioscience</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

a spheroid killing assay by car t cells

Immunotherapy has become a field of growing interest in the fight against cancer otherwise untreatable. Among all immunotherapeutic methods, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) redirected T cells obtained the most spectacular results, in particular with pediatric B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). Classical validation methods of CAR T cells rely on the use of specificity and functionality assays of the CAR T cells against target cells in suspension and in xenograft models. Unfortunately, observations made in vitro are often decoupled from results obtained in vivo and a lot of effort and animals could be spared by adding another step: the use of 3D culture. The production of spheroids out of potential target cells that mimic the 3D structure of the tumor cells when they are engrafted into the animal model represents an ideal alternative. Here, we report an affordable, reliable and easy method to produce spheroids from a transduced colorectal cell line as a validation tool for adoptive cell therapy (exemplified here by CD19 CAR T cells). This method is coupled with an advanced live imaging system that can follow spheroid growth, effector cells cytotoxicity and tumor cell apoptosis.

As can be seen in Figure 1, it is crucial to check by flow cytometry the level of expression of CD19 CAR on T cells (Figure 1A) and the level of CD19 on HCT116 tumor cell lines (Figure 1B). Figure 2 exemplifies the outcome of a typical spheroid experiment. The automated imaging apparatus takes pictures in four different channels: bright field, phase, green and red fluore...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Spheroid Killing Assay by CAR T Cells at JoVE.com

A Spheroid Killing Assay by CAR T Cells

This protocol is designed to assess immunotherapeutic redirected T-cell (CAR T-cell) cytotoxicity against 3D structured cancerous cells (spheroids) in real time.

Immunotherapy has become a field of growing interest in the fight against cancer otherwise untreatable. Among all immunotherapeutic methods, chimeric ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

15.4K Views.  Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet. This protocol is designed to assess immunotherapeutic redirected T-cell (CAR T-cell) cytotoxicity against 3D structured cancerous cells (spheroids) in real time.

Video: A Spheroid Killing Assay by CAR T Cells

A Syngeneic Mouse B-Cell Lymphoma Model for Pre-Clinical Evaluation of CD19 CAR T Cells

The astonishing clinical success of CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has led to the approval of two second generation chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) andnon-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). The focus of the field is now on emulating these successes in other hematological malignancies where less impressive complete response rates are observed. Further engineering of CAR T cells or co-administration of other treatment modalities may successfully overcome obstacles to successful therapy in other cancer settings.
We therefore present a model in which others can conduct pre-clinical testing of CD19 CAR T cells. Results in this well tested B-cell lymphoma model are likely to be informative CAR T-cell therapy in general.
This protocol allows the reproducible production of mouse CAR T cells through calcium phosphate transfection of Plat-E producer cells with MP71 retroviral constructs and pCL-Eco packaging plasmid followed by collection of secreted retroviral particles and transduction using recombinant human fibronectin fragment and centrifugation. Validation of retroviral transduction, and confirmation of the ability of CAR T cells to kill target lymphoma cells ex vivo, through the use of flow cytometry, luminometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), is also described.
Protocols for testing CAR T cells in vivo in lymphoreplete and lymphodepleted syngeneic mice, bearing established, systemic lymphoma are described. Anti-cancer activity is monitored by in vivo bioluminescence and disease progression. We show typical results of eradication of established B-cell lymphoma when utilizing 1st or 2nd generation CARs in combination with lymphodepleting pre-conditioning and a minority of mice achieving long term remissions when utilizing CAR T cells expressing IL-12 in lymphoreplete mice.
These protocols can be used to evaluate CD19 CAR T cells with different additional modification, combinations of CAR T cells and other therapeutic agents or adapted for the use of CAR T cells against different target antigens.

Here, we present a protocol for the production and pre-clinical testing of murine CD19 CAR T cells by retroviral transduction and utilization as a therapy against established syngeneic A20 B-cell lymphoma in BALB/c mice with or without lymphodepleting pre-conditioning.

The astonishing clinical success of CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has led to the approval of two second generation chimeric antigen ...

Manufacturing Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T Cells for Adoptive Immunotherapy

Adoptive immunotherapy holds promise for the treatment of cancer and infectious disease. We describe a simple approach to transduce primary human T cells with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) and expand their progeny ex vivo. We include assays to measure CAR expression as well as differentiation, proliferative capacity and cytolytic activity. We describe assays to measure effector cytokine production and inflammatory cytokine secretion in CAR T cells. Our approach provides a reliable and comprehensive method to culture CAR T cells for preclinical models of adoptive immunotherapy.

Manufacturing Chimeric Antigen Receptor CAR T Cells for Adoptive Immunotherapy

We describe an approach to reliably generate chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells and test their differentiation and function in vitro and in vivo.

Adoptive immunotherapy holds promise for the treatment of cancer and infectious disease. We describe a simple approach to transduce primary human T cells ...

Generation of CAR T Cells for Adoptive Therapy in the Context of Glioblastoma Standard of Care

Adoptive T cell immunotherapy offers a promising strategy for specifically targeting and eliminating malignant gliomas. T cells can be engineered ex vivo to express chimeric antigen receptors specific for glioma antigens (CAR T cells). The expansion and function of adoptively transferred CAR T cells can be potentiated by the lymphodepletive and tumoricidal effects of standard of care chemotherapy and radiotherapy. We describe a method for generating CAR T cells targeting EGFRvIII, a glioma-specific antigen, and evaluating their efficacy when combined with a murine model of glioblastoma standard of care. T cells are engineered by transduction with a retroviral vector containing the anti-EGFRvIII CAR gene. Tumor-bearing animals are subjected to host conditioning by a course of temozolomide and whole brain irradiation at dose regimens designed to model clinical standard of care. CAR T cells are then delivered intravenously to primed hosts. This method can be used to evaluate the antitumor efficacy of CAR T cells in the context of standard of care.

The lymphodepletive and immunomodulatory effects of chemotherapy and radiation standard of care can be leveraged to enhance the antitumor efficacy of T cell immunotherapy. We outline a method for generating EGFRvIII-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells and administering them in the context of glioblastoma standard of care.

Adoptive T cell immunotherapy offers a promising strategy for specifically targeting and eliminating malignant gliomas. T cells can be engineered ex vivo ...

Immunology and Infection

A Nonviral Approach to Generate Transient Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells Using mRNA for Cancer Immunotherapy

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has emerged as a pioneering cancer treatment, achieving unprecedented success in treating certain hematological malignancies such as lymphomas and leukemias. However, as more cancer patients receive CAR-T cell therapies, treatment-associated secondary primary malignancies are increasingly being reported partly due to unexpected CAR transgene insertion, raising serious safety concerns. To address this issue, we describe here a nonviral, non-integrating approach to generate transient CAR-T cells using mRNA. We electroporated T cells with modified mRNA encoding a human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-specific CAR and generated transient HER2-targeted CAR-T cells. The CAR was efficiently expressed on the T cell surface 1 day after electroporation, increased by day 2, and dramatically declined by day 5. The transient CAR-T cells exhibited potent cytotoxicity against HER2-positive SKOV-3 ovarian cancer cells and secreted high levels of IFN-&#978;. This protocol provides a step-by-step guide for developing small-scale transient CAR-T cells without permanent CAR transgene integration, describing detailed procedures for preparation of CAR mRNA, activation and transfection of T cells, assessment of CAR expression, and in vitro analysis of CAR-T cell function. This method is suitable for transient CAR-T cell generation in both preclinical and clinical studies.

This protocol outlines a detailed procedure for generating transient chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells using non-integrating mRNA for cancer immunotherapy and provides reliable methods for evaluating CAR-T cells and their cytotoxic function.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has emerged as a pioneering cancer treatment, achieving unprecedented success in treating certain ...

A Real-time Potency Assay for Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells Targeting Solid and Hematological Cancer Cells

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy for cancer has achieved significant clinical benefit for resistant and refractory hematological malignancies such as childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia. Efforts are currently underway to extend this promising therapy to solid tumors in addition to other hematological cancers. Here, we describe the development and production of potent CAR T cells targeting antigens with unique or preferential expression on solid and liquid tumor cells. The in vitro potency of these CAR T cells is then evaluated in real-time using the highly sensitive impedance-based xCELLigence assay. Specifically, the impact of different costimulatory signaling domains, such as glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-related protein (GITR), on the in vitro potency of CAR T cells is examined. This report includes protocols for: generating CAR T cells for preclinical studies using lentiviral gene transduction, expanding CAR T cells, validating CAR expression, and running and analyzing xCELLigence potency assays.

We describe a quantitative real-time in vitro cytolysis assay system to evaluate the potency of chimeric antigen receptor T cells targeting liquid and solid tumor cells. This protocol can be extended to assess other immune effector cells, as well as combination treatments.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy for cancer has achieved significant clinical benefit for resistant and refractory hematological ...

Droplet-based Cytotoxicity Assay to Assess Chimeric Antigen Receptor T cells at the Single-cell Level

The assessment of the cytotoxic potential of T cell-based therapies, such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell treatments, is instrumental in assessing their efficacy and is a prerequisite for clinical application. However, traditional cytotoxicity assays are conducted as bulk assays and do not provide detailed information about the functional heterogeneity of the CAR T cell population. In this study, we describe a double-emulsion droplet-based method that allows for large-scale co-encapsulation of single effector CAR T cells with single target cells while enabling dual quantification of both cytotoxic effector molecules from T cells and cell death of the target cell. The protocol outlines a method for the generation and purification of CD19-specific CAR T cells, followed by their co-encapsulation in droplets with the CD19+ cell line JeKo-1, along with reagents to visualize cytotoxic effector molecule secretion (Granzyme B) and cell death (using propidium iodide, PI). We demonstrate how to generate droplets containing single CAR T and target cells using a commercially available microfluidics device for generating double emulsion droplets. Additionally, we provide examples of how to assay the functional diversity of CAR T cells in droplets using standard flow cytometry equipment. Finally, we briefly describe the temporal kinetics and heterogeneity of CD19-specific CAR T-cell killing. While this method focuses on cell death following a CAR T cell attack, it is also adaptable for examining other types of T cells, cytotoxic immune cells, and effector cell functions, such as cytokine secretion.

Here, we describe a method for creating double-emulsion droplets encapsulating one T cell and a cancer target cell to examine cell killing at the single-cell level. This method allows for dual quantification of both cytotoxic molecules and target-cell apoptosis within a large population of T cells.

The assessment of the cytotoxic potential of T cell-based therapies, such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell treatments, is instrumental in ...

Spheroid Generation from Cell Lines: A Three-Dimensional (3D) Cell Culture Method

Source: Dillard, P., et al. <a href="https://www.jove.com/video/58785/a-spheroid-killing-assay-by-car-t-cells">A Spheroid Killing Assay by CAR T Cells</a>. J. Vis. Exp. (2018).
Spheroids are a type of 3D cell culture model used to more accurately represent a cell&#8217;s environment compared to 2D cell culture monolayer models. In the example protocol, we will see scientists generate spheroids from a colorectal cancer cell line and apply live-cell imaging to track the spheroids&#8217; growth.

Source: Dillard, P., et al. A Spheroid Killing Assay by CAR T Cells. J. Vis. Exp. (2018).
Spheroids are a type of 3D cell culture model used to more ...

JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments

Colorectal Cancer

Assays & techniques

An In Vitro Assay to Assess CAR T Cell Cytotoxicity against Tumor Spheroids

Source: Dillard, P., et al. <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/58785">A Spheroid Killing Assay by CAR T Cells.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2018)
This video demonstrates an in vitro assay evaluating the cytotoxic effects of CAR T cells on 3D tumor spheroids expressing fluorescent proteins. This assessment utilizes the Annexin V red fluorescent probe, which binds to exposed phosphatidylserine residues on the outer leaflet of apoptotic cancer cells after interactions with CAR T cells. The red fluorescence emitted by the probe aids in distinguishing these cells from healthy ones emitting green fluorescence.

1. 3D Tumor Spheroid Killing Assay

	After 6 days or once spheroids reach the desired size, remove the plate from the incubator. Using a multichannel ...

Immunology

Immunotherapy

Cellular Immunotherapy

An In Vitro Assay to Evaluate the Anti-Tumor Activity of Tumor-Specific CAR T Cells

Source: Kueberuwa, G., et al. <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/58492">A Syngeneic Mouse B-Cell Lymphoma Model for Pre-Clinical Evaluation of CD19 CAR T Cells.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2018).
This video demonstrates an in vitro assay to validate chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell activity. B-cell lymphoma cells expressing CD19 antigen and cytoplasmic luciferase are co-cultured with CD19-specific CAR T cells. CAR binding to CD19 on a tumor induces the CAR T cells to release cytokines and toxins that cause tumor cell cytotoxicity. The CAR T cell activity is evaluated by quantifying the released cytokine and decreased luciferase-mediated bioluminescence in the tumor cells.

1. In vitro Validation of CAR T cell Activity

	Seed syngeneic target CD19+ tumor cells with or without luciferase expression at a density of 1 x 104 ...

Repetitive Tumor Challenge Assay: An In Vitro Culture Assay to Evaluate Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T Cells for Repetitive Tumor Killing Potential

Source: Wang, D. et al. <a href="https://www.jove.com/video/59275" target="_blank">In Vitro Tumor Cell Rechallenge for Predictive Evaluation of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T cell Antitumor Function.</a>&#160;J. Vis. Exp. (2019)
In this video, we demonstrate the repetitive tumor challenge assay to evaluate the CAR T cells&#8217; repetitive tumor killing potential during high tumor cell loads. Further, the CAR T cells can be analyzed using flow cytometry to determine the different subpopulations of CAR T cells in the sample.

Source: Wang, D. et al. In Vitro Tumor Cell Rechallenge for Predictive Evaluation of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T cell Antitumor Function.&#160;J. Vis. ...