Name: preparation of gushukang (gsk) granules for in vivo and in vitro experiments
Uploaded: 2019-05-09T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation Of Gushukang GSK Granules for In Vivo and In Vitro Experiments at JoVE.com

This study was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81804116, 81673991, 81770107, 81603643, and 81330085), the program for Innovative Team, Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2015RA4002 to WYJ), &#160;the program for Innovative Team, Ministry of Education of China (IRT1270 to WYJ), Shanghai TCM Medical Center of Chronic Disease (2017ZZ01010 to WYJ), Three Years Action to Accelerate the Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine Plan (ZY(2018-2020)-CCCX-3003 to WYJ), and national key research development projects (2018YFC1704302).

All of the experimental procedures were performed with the approval of Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Shanghai University of TCM (SZY201604005).
1. Preparation and administration of GSK working solution
<ol>
	<li>Calculate the equivalent doses of GSK granules for mouse.
	<ol>
		<li>Calculate body surface based on the Meeh-Rubner equation15: body surface = K x (body weight2/3)/1000, where the K values are 10.6 for human and 9.1 for mouse. Assuming a h...

<ol>
	<li>Shu, B., Shi, Q., Wang, Y. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Shen+(Kidney)-tonifying+principle+for+primary+osteoporosis:+to+treat+both+the+disease+and+the+Chinese+medicine+syndrome.">Shen (Kidney)-tonifying principle for primary osteoporosis: to treat both the disease and the Chinese medicine syndrome.</a> Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine. 21 (9), 656-661 (2015).</li><li>Zhao, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+naturally+derived+small+compound+Osthole+inhibits+osteoclastogenesis+to+prevent+ovariectomy-induced+bone+loss+in+mice.">The naturally derived small compound Osthole inhibits osteoclastogenesis to prevent ovariectomy-induced bone loss in mice.</a> Menopause. 25 (12), 1459-1469 (2018).</li><li>Liu, S. F., Sun, Y. L., Li, J., Dong, J. C., Bian, Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preparation+of+Herbal+Medicine:+Er-Xian+Decoction+and+Er-Xian-containing+Serum+for+In+vivo+and+In+vitro+Experiments.">Preparation of Herbal Medicine: Er-Xian Decoction and Er-Xian-containing Serum for In vivo and In vitro Experiments.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (123), e55654 (2017).</li><li>Wang, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+systemic+bone+protective+effects+of+Gushukang+granules+in+ovariectomized+mice+by+inhibiting+osteoclastogenesis+and+stimulating+osteoblastogenesis.">The systemic bone protective effects of Gushukang granules in ovariectomized mice by inhibiting osteoclastogenesis and stimulating osteoblastogenesis.</a> Journal of Pharmacological Sciences. 136 (3), 155-164 (2018).</li><li>Bian, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oleanolic+acid+exerts+an+osteoprotective+effect+in+ovariectomy-induced+osteoporotic+rats+and+stimulates+the+osteoblastic+differentiation+of+bone+mesenchymal+stem+cells+in+vitro.">Oleanolic acid exerts an osteoprotective effect in ovariectomy-induced osteoporotic rats and stimulates the osteoblastic differentiation of bone mesenchymal stem cells in vitro.</a> Menopause. 19 (2), 225-233 (2012).</li><li>Zhao, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oleanolic+acid+exerts+bone+protective+effects+in+ovariectomized+mice+by+inhibiting+osteoclastogenesis.">Oleanolic acid exerts bone protective effects in ovariectomized mice by inhibiting osteoclastogenesis.</a> Journal of Pharmacological Sciences. 137 (1), 76-85 (2018).</li><li>Tang, D. Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Osthole+Stimulates+Osteoblast+Differentiation+and+Bone+Formation+by+Activation+of+&#946;-Catenin-BMP+Signaling.">Osthole Stimulates Osteoblast Differentiation and Bone Formation by Activation of &#946;-Catenin-BMP Signaling.</a> Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 25 (6), 1234-1245 (2010).</li><li>Tashino, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term="Serum+pharmacology"+and+"serum+pharmaceutical+chemistry":+from+pharmacology+of+Chinese+traditional+medicines+to+start+a+new+measurement+of+drug+concentration+in+blood.">"Serum pharmacology" and "serum pharmaceutical chemistry": from pharmacology of Chinese traditional medicines to start a new measurement of drug concentration in blood.</a> Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Research. 5, 54-64 (1988).</li><li>Fu, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ex+vivo+Stromal+Cell-Derived+Factor+1-Mediated+Differentiation+of+Mouse+Bone+Marrow+Mesenchymal+Stem+Cells+into+Hepatocytes+Is+Enhanced+by+Chinese+Medicine+Yiguanjian+Drug-Containing+Serum.">Ex vivo Stromal Cell-Derived Factor 1-Mediated Differentiation of Mouse Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Hepatocytes Is Enhanced by Chinese Medicine Yiguanjian Drug-Containing Serum.</a> Evidence Based Complement Alternative Medicine. , 7380439 (2016).</li><li>Cao, Y., Liu, F., Huang, Z., Zhang, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protective+effects+of+Guanxin+Shutong+capsule+drug-containing+serum+on+tumor+necrosis+factor-alpha+induced+endothelial+dysfunction+through+nicotinamide+adenine+dinucleotide+phosphate+oxidase+and+the+nitric+oxide+pathway.">Protective effects of Guanxin Shutong capsule drug-containing serum on tumor necrosis factor-alpha induced endothelial dysfunction through nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase and the nitric oxide pathway.</a> Experimental and Therapeutic. 8 (3), 998-1004 (2014).</li><li>Chen, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+of+serum+pharmacology+in+evaluating+the+antitumor+effect+of+Fuzheng+Yiliu+Decoction+from+Chinese+Medicine.">Application of serum pharmacology in evaluating the antitumor effect of Fuzheng Yiliu Decoction from Chinese Medicine.</a> Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine. 20 (6), 450-455 (2014).</li><li>Li, X. L., Wang, L., Bi, X. L., Chen, B. B., Zhang, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gushukang+exerts+osteopreserve+effects+by+regulating+Vitamin+D+and+Calcium+metabolism+in+ovariectomized+mice.">Gushukang exerts osteopreserve effects by regulating Vitamin D and Calcium metabolism in ovariectomized mice.</a> Journal of Bone Mineral Metabolism. , 1-11 (2018).</li><li>Cui, S. Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanistic+study+of+Shen+(Kidney)tonifying+prescription+Gushukang+in+Preventing+and+Treating+Primary+Osteoporosis.">Mechanistic study of Shen (Kidney)tonifying prescription Gushukang in Preventing and Treating Primary Osteoporosis.</a> Journal of Chinese Medical University. 30 (16), 351-354 (2001).</li><li>Wang, Y., Shang, K., Li, Y. K., Tao, X. 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L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+randomized,+double-blind,+controlled+trial+of+a+Chinese+herbal+formula+(Er-Xian+decoction)+for+menopausal+symptoms+in+Hong+Kong+perimenopausal+women.">A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial of a Chinese herbal formula (Er-Xian decoction) for menopausal symptoms in Hong Kong perimenopausal women.</a> Menopause. 20 (7), 767-776 (2013).</li><li>Zhang, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Issues+and+strategies+for+study+of+serum+pharmcology+in+oncology.">Issues and strategies for study of serum pharmcology in oncology.</a> Zhong Yi Yan Jiu. 17 (5), 13-14 (2004).</li><li>Nair, A. 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Granules of TCM agents have become one of the common choices for formulations or prescriptions. GSK granules are composed of several herbal medicines based on clinical experiences or the TCM theory, and they exert better curative effects with fewer side effects4. Compared with water decoction, the granules have these advantages: good taste, convenience of delivery, long-term storage, standard protocol and consistent curative effects, as well as higher productivity. Currently, granules are one of t...

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is one of the important complementary and alternative approaches to treat osteoporosis1,2. Water decoction is the basic and most commonly used form of the formula3. However, drawbacks also exist: bad taste, inconvenience for carriage, short shelf life and inconsistent protocols, limiting the uses as well as the curative effects. To avoid the above disadvantages as well as to pursue better effects, granules were developed and have been widely used4. Although many studies have explored the pharmacological mechanisms of one or more effective components from the granules5,6,7, the exact mechanisms and underlying pharmacological processes are still difficult to identify. This is because too many effective components from one granule may simultaneously exert similar or opposed effects4. Therefore, the development of one standard protocol to prepare the granules before delivering to the body not only would have a great impact on the therapeutic outcomes but is also required for both in vivo and in vitro assays.
Moreover, the curative effects of granules in the clinic are difficult to confirm and exactly identify using in vitro or ex vivo studies, which creates a challenge because the pharmacological mechanisms are too complex. To resolve this, the preparation of drug-containing serum was first proposed by Tashino in 1980s8. From then on, numerous researchers applied drug-containing serum to herbal medicine, including granules9,10,11. Currently, the choice of drug-containing serum for in vitro investigations is regarded as one strategy that closely mimics physiological conditions.
Gushukang (GSK) granules were developed to treat postmenopausal osteoporosis (POP) based on clinical practice in light of the theory of TCM. GSK granules prevent bone loss in ovariectomized (OVX) mice in vivo, inhibit osteoclastic bone resorption, and stimulate osteoblastic bone formation4. Consequently, Li et al.12 found that GSK granules have bone protective effects in OVX mice by enhancing the activities of calcium receptor to stimulate bone formation. To confirm the bone-protective effects as well as the pharmacological effects of GSK granules, the authors here provide a detailed procedure for preparation of working solutions and drug (GSK granule)-containing serum. Moreover, this article describes the application of GSK granules in an OVX-induced osteoporotic mouse model and GSK granule-containing serum for in vitro osteoclastogenesis/osteoblastogenesis.
GSK granules are composed of several herbs13,14 and can be completely dissolved in saline easily. Therefore, saline serves as the vehicle. Sham-operated mice (Sham) and OVX mice were administered the same volume of saline as the granule-administered mice. The equivalent doses of GSK granules for the mouse were calculated based on the Meeh-Rubner equation15. This equation not only has the advantage of obtaining safe dosages but also guarantees pharmacological effects15. The three dosages of GSK granules were generated as the follows: (1) GSKL: OVX + low-dose GSK granules, 2 g/kg/day. (2) GSKM: OVX + medium-dose GSK granules, 4 g/kg/day. (3) GSKH: OVX + high-dose GSK granules, 8 g/kg/day. Mice in the GSKL, GSKM and GSKH groups were intragastrically administered GSK granules. Calcium carbonate (600 mg/tablet) with vitamin D3 (125 international unit/tablet), for example, in a mature and marketed product (e.g., Caltrate [CAL]) for treating and preventing osteoporosis, was used as a positive control.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>&#945;-MEM</td>
			<td>Hyclone 
			laboratories</td>
			<td>SH30265.018</td>
			<td>For cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#946;-Glycerophosphate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>G5422</td>
			<td>Osteoblastogenesis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Caltrate (CAL)</td>
			<td>Wyeth</td>
			<td>L96625</td>
			<td>Animal interventation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C57BL/6 mice</td>
			<td>SLAC Laboratory 
			Animal Co. Ltd.</td>
			<td>Random</td>
			<td>Ainimal preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dexamethsome</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D4902</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dimethyl sulfoxide</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D2438</td>
			<td>Cell frozen</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethylene Diamine Tetraacetic Acid (EDTA)</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>60-00-4</td>
			<td>Samples treatmnet</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>FL-24562</td>
			<td>For cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gushukang granules</td>
			<td>kangcheng companyin china</td>
			<td>Z20003255</td>
			<td>Herbal prescription</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Light microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus BX50</td>
			<td>Olympus BX50</td>
			<td>Images for osteoclastogenesis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Ascorbic acid 2-phosphate sequinagneium slat hyclrate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A8960-5G</td>
			<td>Osteoblastogenesis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>DMI300B</td>
			<td>Osteocast and osteoblast imagine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>M-CSF</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>AF-300-25-10</td>
			<td>Osteoclastogenesis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#924;icro-CT</td>
			<td>Scanco 
			Medical AG</td>
			<td>&#956;CT80 radiograph microtomograph</td>
			<td>Bone Structural analsysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RANKL</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>11682-HNCHF</td>
			<td>Osteoclastogenesis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sprague Dawley</td>
			<td>SLAC Laboratory 
			Animal Co. Ltd.</td>
			<td>Random</td>
			<td>Blood serum collection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphate (TRAP) Kit</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>387A-1KT</td>
			<td>TRAP staining</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

preparation of gushukang (gsk) granules for in vivo and in vitro experiments

Traditional Chinese herbal medicine plays a role as an alternative method in treating many diseases, such as postmenopausal osteoporosis (POP). Gushukang (GSK) granules, a marketed prescription in China, have bone-protective effects in treating POP. Before administration to the body, one standard preparation procedure is commonly required, which aims to promote the release of active constituents from raw herbs and enhance the pharmacological effects as well as therapeutic outcomes. This study proposes a detailed protocol for using GSK granules in in vivo and in vitro experimental assays. The authors first provide a detailed protocol to calculate the animal-appropriate dosages of granules for in vivo investigation: weighing, dissolving, storage, and administration. Second, this article describes protocols for micro-CT scanning and the measurement of bone parameters. Sample preparation, protocols for running the micro-CT machine and quantification of bone parameters were evaluated. Third, serum-containing GSK granules are prepared, and drug-containing serum is extracted for in vitro osteoclastogenesis and osteoblastogenesis. GSK granules were intragastrically administered twice per day to rats for three consecutive days. Blood was then collected, centrifuged, inactivated, and filtered. Finally, serum was diluted and used for performing osteoclastogenesis and osteoblastogenesis. The protocol described here can be considered a reference for pharmacological investigations of herbal prescription medicines, such as granules.

Micro-CT scanning results indicated that the OVX mice showed significant bone loss compared to saline control mice (Figure 1A). The intervention (90 days) of GSK granules greatly increased the BMD, particularly in the GSKM group (Figure 1B). The bone structure parameters, such as BMD, BV/TV, Tb.N, and Tb.Th, were quantified. GSK granule treatments led to increased BMD, BV/TV, Tb.N and Tb.Th but decreased Tb.Sp (<strong class="xfi...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation Of Gushukang GSK Granules for In Vivo and In Vitro Experiments at JoVE.com

Preparation Of Gushukang GSK Granules for In Vivo and In Vitro Experiments

This article provides a detailed protocol for preparing a working solution of Gushukang granules for animal studies and GSK granule containing serum for in vitro experiments. This protocol can be applied to pharmacological investigations of herbal medicines as well as prescriptions for both in vivo and in vitro experiments.

Preparation Of Gushukang (GSK) Granules for In Vivo and In Vitro Experiments

Traditional Chinese herbal medicine plays a role as an alternative method in treating many diseases, such as postmenopausal osteoporosis (POP). Gushukang ...

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Mitochondria are the powerhouses of cells and produce cellular energy in the form of ATP. Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to biological aging and a ...

Use of a Linear Accelerator for Conducting In Vitro Radiobiology Experiments

Radiation therapy remains one of the cornerstones of cancer management. For most cancers, it is the most effective, nonsurgical therapy to debulk tumors. ...