Name: shootward movement of cfda tracer loaded in the bottom sink tissues of arabidopsis
Uploaded: 2019-05-11T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Shootward Movement of CFDA Tracer Loaded in the Bottom Sink Tissues of Arabidopsis at JoVE.com

This work was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (31671257) and Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry (LXT-16-18).

1. Arabidopsis vertical growth in MS medium
<ol>
	<li>The interior of laminar flow cabinet needs to be treated with 30 min UV light and 15 min airflow before usage. Make sure to close the glass door when UV light is on. Spray all tools and plates with 70% ethanol before placing them in the cabinet.</li>
	<li>Prepare the Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium in a standard 90 mm-diameter Petri dish under a laminar flow cabinet. 
	NOTE: The MS medium contains the following components: 20.6 mM NH4NO...

<ol>
	<li>Grignon, N., Touraine, B., Durand, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=6(5)Carboxyfluorescein+as+a+tracer+of+phloem+sap+translocation.">6(5)Carboxyfluorescein as a tracer of phloem sap translocation.</a> American Journal of Botany. 76, 871-877 (1989).</li><li>Wright, K. M., Oparka, K. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+fluorescent+probe+HPTS+as+a+phloem-mobile,+symplastic+tracer:+an+evaluation+using+confocal+laser+scanning+microscopy.">The fluorescent probe HPTS as a phloem-mobile, symplastic tracer: an evaluation using confocal laser scanning microscopy.</a> Journal of Experimental Botany. 47 (3), 439-445 (1996).</li><li>Oparka, K. J., Prior, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Movement+of+Lucifer+Yellow+CH+in+potato+tuber+storage+tissues:+A+comparison+of+symplastic+and+apoplastic+transport.">Movement of Lucifer Yellow CH in potato tuber storage tissues: A comparison of symplastic and apoplastic transport.</a> Planta. 176 (4), 533-540 (1988).</li><li>Knoblauch, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multispectral+Phloem-Mobile+Probes:+Properties+and+Applications.">Multispectral Phloem-Mobile Probes: Properties and Applications.</a> Plant Physiology. 167 (4), 1211-1220 (2015).</li><li>Oparka, K. J., Duckett, C. M., Prior, D. A. M., Fisher, D. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Real-time+imaging+of+phloem+unloading+in+the+root+tip+of+Arabidopsis.">Real-time imaging of phloem unloading in the root tip of Arabidopsis.</a> The Plant Journal. 6 (5), 759-766 (1994).</li><li>Viola, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tuberization+in+Potato+Involves+a+Switch+from+Apoplastic+to+Symplastic+Phloem+Unloading.">Tuberization in Potato Involves a Switch from Apoplastic to Symplastic Phloem Unloading.</a> The Plant Cell. 13 (2), 385-398 (2001).</li><li>Roberts, A. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phloem+Unloading+in+Sink+Leaves+of+Nicotiana+benthamiana:+Comparison+of+a+Fluorescent+Solute+with+a+Fluorescent+Virus.">Phloem Unloading in Sink Leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana: Comparison of a Fluorescent Solute with a Fluorescent Virus.</a> The Plant Cell. 9 (8), 1381-1396 (1997).</li><li>P&#233;ron, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+Insights+into+Phloem+Unloading+and+Expression+of+Sucrose+Transporters+in+Vegetative+Sinks+of+the+Parasitic+Plant+Phelipanche+ramosa+L+(Pomel).">New Insights into Phloem Unloading and Expression of Sucrose Transporters in Vegetative Sinks of the Parasitic Plant Phelipanche ramosa L (Pomel).</a> Frontiers in Plant Science. 7 (2048), (2017).</li><li>Spallek, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interspecies+hormonal+control+of+host+root+morphology+by+parasitic+plants.">Interspecies hormonal control of host root morphology by parasitic plants.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. 114 (20), 5283-5288 (2017).</li><li>Complainville, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nodule+initiation+involves+the+creation+of+a+new+symplasmic+field+in+specific+root+cells+of+medicago+species.">Nodule initiation involves the creation of a new symplasmic field in specific root cells of medicago species.</a> The Plant Cell. 15 (12), 2778-2791 (2003).</li><li>Bederska, M., Borucki, W., Znojek, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Movement+of+fluorescent+dyes+Lucifer+Yellow+(LYCH)+and+carboxyfluorescein+(CF)+in+Medicago+truncatula+Gaertn.+roots+and+root+nodules.">Movement of fluorescent dyes Lucifer Yellow (LYCH) and carboxyfluorescein (CF) in Medicago truncatula Gaertn. roots and root nodules.</a> Symbiosis. 58 (1-3), 183-190 (2012).</li><li>Robards, A. W., Lucas, W. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plasmodesmata.">Plasmodesmata.</a> Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology. 41 (1), 369-419 (1990).</li><li>Roberts, A. G., Oparka, K. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plasmodesmata+and+the+control+of+symplastic+transport.">Plasmodesmata and the control of symplastic transport.</a> Plant, Cell &amp; Environment. 26 (1), 103-124 (2003).</li><li>Duckett, C. M., Oparka, K. J., Prior, D. A. M., Dolan, L., Roberts, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dye-coupling+in+the+root+epidermis+of+Arabidopsis+is+progressively+reduced+during+development.">Dye-coupling in the root epidermis of Arabidopsis is progressively reduced during development.</a> Development. 120 (11), 3247-3255 (1994).</li><li>Palevitz, B. A., Hepler, P. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Changes+in+dye+coupling+of+stomatal+cells+of+Allium+and+Commelina+demonstrated+by+microinjection+of+Lucifer+yellow.">Changes in dye coupling of stomatal cells of Allium and Commelina demonstrated by microinjection of Lucifer yellow.</a> Planta. 164 (4), 473-479 (1985).</li><li>van Bel, A. J. E., Kempers, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Symplastic+isolation+of+the+sieve+element-companion+cell+complex+in+the+phloem+of+Ricinus+communis+and+Salix+alba+stems.">Symplastic isolation of the sieve element-companion cell complex in the phloem of Ricinus communis and Salix alba stems.</a> Planta. 183 (1), 69-76 (1991).</li><li>Erwee, M. G., Goodwin, P. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Symplast+domains+in+extrastelar+tissues+of+Egeria+densa+Planch.">Symplast domains in extrastelar tissues of Egeria densa Planch.</a> Planta. 163 (1), 9-19 (1985).</li><li>Oparka, K. J., Prior, D. A. M., Wright, K. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Symplastic+communication+between+primary+and+developing+lateral+roots+of+Arabidopsis+thaliana.">Symplastic communication between primary and developing lateral roots of Arabidopsis thaliana.</a> Journal of Experimental Botany. 46 (2), 187-197 (1995).</li><li>Christensen, N. M., Faulkner, C., Oparka, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence+for+Unidirectional+Flow+through+Plasmodesmata.">Evidence for Unidirectional Flow through Plasmodesmata.</a> Plant Physiology. 150 (1), 96-104 (2009).</li><li>Wr&#243;bel-Marek, J., Kurczy&#324;ska, E., P&#322;achno, B. J., Kozieradzka-Kiszkurno, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+symplasmic+domains+in+the+embryo+and+seed+of+Sedum+acre+L.+(Crassulaceae).">Identification of symplasmic domains in the embryo and seed of Sedum acre L. (Crassulaceae).</a> Planta. 245 (3), 491-505 (2017).</li><li>Liang, D., White, R. G., Waterhouse, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+silencing+in+Arabidopsis+spreads+from+the+root+to+the+shoot,+through+a+gating+barrier,+by+template-dependent,+non-vascular,+cell+to+cell+movement.">Gene silencing in Arabidopsis spreads from the root to the shoot, through a gating barrier, by template-dependent, non-vascular, cell to cell movement.</a> Plant Physiology. 159 (3), 984-1000 (2012).</li><li>Radford, J. E., White, R. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+tissue-preparation-induced+callose+synthesis+on+estimates+of+plasmodesma+size+exclusion+limits.">Effects of tissue-preparation-induced callose synthesis on estimates of plasmodesma size exclusion limits.</a> Protoplasma. 216 (1-2), 47-55 (2001).</li><li>Kollist, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+Responses+to+Abiotic+Stress:+Priming+the+Landscape+for+the+Signal+Transduction+Network.">Rapid Responses to Abiotic Stress: Priming the Landscape for the Signal Transduction Network.</a> Trends in Plant Science. 24 (1), 25-37 (2019).</li><li>Haupt, S., Duncan, G. H., Holzberg, S., Oparka, K. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence+for+Symplastic+Phloem+Unloading+in+Sink+Leaves+of+Barley.">Evidence for Symplastic Phloem Unloading in Sink Leaves of Barley.</a> Plant Physiology. 125 (1), 209-218 (2001).</li><li>Botha, C. E. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+xylem+sap+retrieval+pathway+in+rice+leaf+blades:+evidence+of+a+role+for+endocytosis?.">A xylem sap retrieval pathway in rice leaf blades: evidence of a role for endocytosis?.</a> Journal of Experimental Botany. 59 (11), 2945-2954 (2008).</li></ol>

Emerging studies have shown that plants can rapidly respond to external stimuli23, including manipulation introduced to the experimental procedures22. In our initial experiment, our oversight of this knowledge often leads to staining failure. With these lessons, we suggest that the following precautions should be kept in mind when performing this experiment: (1) the seeds after harvest should be kept in a storage cabinet set to a low temperature and low moisture; (2) manipu...

Many fluorescent tracers with a range of spectral properties, such as 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (CF)1, 8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulphonic acid2, Lucifer yellow CH (LYCH)3, Esculin and CTER4, have been developed and applied in plants to monitor symplastic movement and phloem activity. Generally, a symplastic dye is loaded into a cut in the target tissue and the sequential dispersion of the reporter into other parts of plant will demonstrate the intercellular communication. Although the mechanism of dye absorption is not fully understood, the principle underlying CF movement inside live cells has been widely acknowledged. The ester form of CF (CF diacetate, CFDA) is non-fluorescent, but membrane-permeable. This property allows rapid membrane diffusion of the dye into cells. Once inside live cells, intracellular esterases remove the acetate groups at the 3&#39; and 6&#39; position of CFDA, releasing the fluorescent and membrane-impermeable CF (Figure 1, alternatively refer Wright et al.2); CF can then move through the plasmodesmata to other parts of plants.
A well-established procedure with CFDA is that it can be loaded into source leaves and used to monitor the phloem streaming and phloem unloading in the sink tissues of many species, e.g., as CF unloading in the Arabidopsis root5, phloem unloading during potato tuberization6, phloem unloading in the Nicotiana sink leaves7, and so on. By similar loading approaches, other studies have adopted this dye to demonstrate the symplastic connection between host and parasite8,9, or to reveal the symbiotic relationships10,11.
Another way to make use of this dye is to load it into specific cells or single cell by microinjection to determine its distribution pattern. Such sophisticated techniques have greatly facilitated our deeper understanding of plasmodesmata-mediated intercellular communication, particularly in the development of the concept of symplastic domain12,13. For example, the microinjection of CFDA into cotyledon cells of Arabidopsis resulted in the dye-coupling pattern in the hypocotyl epidermis but non-coupling in the underlying cells or in the root epidermis, therefore the hypocotyl epidermis forms a symplastic domain14. Similar domains, such as the stomatal guard cells15, sieve element-companion cells16, root hair cells14 and root cap17,18 have been identified by microinjection technique. Most surprisingly, some domains allow tracer molecules to move in a certain direction. Take the trichome domain for example, microinjection of a fluorescent probe into the supporting epidermal cell leads to the flow of tracer into the trichome domain, however, the reverse injection does not hold true19. A recent report has also found similar situations in the symplastic domains of the Sedum embryo20. Thus, all above cases imply that swapping of loading sites may lead to novel insights into symplastic communication. Our previous experiment aiming to dissect the route of root-to-shoot mobile silencing identified a novel symplastic domain, or the HEJ (Hypocotyl-epicotyl junction) zone, which was further verified through the root-loading (non-canonical sink-loading) CFDA experiment21. Here, we further elaborate the root-to-shoot CF movement by using a simple method and recover a potential symplastic domain by shifting the loading sites. Furthermore, this procedure may be adapted to differentiate genetic backgrounds that have altered root-to-shoot long-distance transport.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:705px;" width="705">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:223px;">KNO3&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">Sinopharm Chemical Reagent</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">10017218</td>
			<td style="width:203px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">KH2PO4&#160;</td>
			<td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent</td>
			<td>10017608</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">MgSO4&#183;7H2O</td>
			<td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent</td>
			<td>10013018</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">CaCl2&#183;2H2O</td>
			<td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent</td>
			<td>20011160</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">MnSO4&#183;H2O&#160;</td>
			<td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent</td>
			<td>10013418</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">Na2MoO4&#183;2H2O</td>
			<td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent</td>
			<td>10019818</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Boric Acid</td>
			<td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent</td>
			<td>10004818</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">ZnSO4&#183;7H2O</td>
			<td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent</td>
			<td>10024018</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">CuSO4&#183;5H2O</td>
			<td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent</td>
			<td>10008218</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">CoCl2&#183;6H2O</td>
			<td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent</td>
			<td>10007216</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">KI</td>
			<td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent</td>
			<td>10017160</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">FeSO4&#183;7H2O</td>
			<td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent</td>
			<td>10012118</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">EDTA&#160;</td>
			<td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent</td>
			<td>10009717</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">NaOH</td>
			<td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent</td>
			<td>10019718</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">KOH</td>
			<td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent</td>
			<td>10017018</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sucrose</td>
			<td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent</td>
			<td>10021418</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Myo-inositol&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>MACKLIN</td>
			<td>I811835</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Nicotinic Acid&#160;</td>
			<td>MACKLIN</td>
			<td>N814565</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Pyridoxine HCl</td>
			<td>MACKLIN</td>
			<td>V820447</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Thiamine HCl</td>
			<td>MACKLIN</td>
			<td>T818865</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Glycine</td>
			<td>MACKLIN</td>
			<td>G800880</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Agar powder</td>
			<td>Novon</td>
			<td>ZZ14022</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fluorescence Microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td>Axio Zoom V16</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dissecting microscope</td>
			<td>SDPTOP</td>
			<td>SRE-1030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">200&#956;l pipette</td>
			<td>Dragon Laboratory Instruments</td>
			<td colspan="2">713111110000-20-200ul</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">2.5&#956;l pipette</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>3120000011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fine forceps&#160;</td>
			<td>TWEEZERS</td>
			<td>ST-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Parafilm</td>
			<td>PARAFILM</td>
			<td>PM-996</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Stainless steel double-sided blade</td>
			<td>Gillette</td>
			<td colspan="2">Platinum-Plus Double-Edge Blade</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

shootward movement of cfda tracer loaded in the bottom sink tissues of arabidopsis

The symplastic tracer 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein diacetate (CFDA) has been widely applied in living plants to demonstrate the intercellular connection, phloem transport and vascular patterning. This protocol shows bottom-to-top carboxyfluorescein (CF) movement in the Arabidopsis by using the root-cutting and the hypocotyl-pinching procedure respectively. These two different procedures result in different efficiencies of CF movement: about 91% appearance of CF in the shoots with the hypocotyl-pinching procedure, whereas only about 70% appearance of CF with the root-cutting procedure. The simple change of loading sites, resulting in significant changes in the mobile efficiency of this symplastic dye, suggests CF movement might be subject to the symplastic regulation, most probably by the root-hypocotyl junction.

Symplastic movement is often subject to environmental fluctuations. Perturbation of the plant growing state, and even the process of tissue preparation will affect the size exclusion limit of plasmodesmata, thus affecting the symplastic transport22. To improve the staining efficiency, we confine our operation in the growth room, where the temperature and moisture is tightly controlled, and also perform the whole procedure as quickly as possible (ideally within 10-1...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Shootward Movement of CFDA Tracer Loaded in the Bottom Sink Tissues of Arabidopsis at JoVE.com

Shootward Movement of CFDA Tracer Loaded in the Bottom Sink Tissues of Arabidopsis

The goal of this protocol is to show how to load the CFDA into different sites of the bottom parts of Arabidopsis. We then present the resulting distribution pattern of CF in the shoots.

Shootward Movement of CFDA Tracer Loaded in the Bottom Sink Tissues of Arabidopsis

The symplastic tracer 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein diacetate (CFDA) has been widely applied in living plants to demonstrate the intercellular connection, ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

Technique for Studying Arthropod and Microbial Communities within Tree Tissues

Phloem tissues of pine are habitats for many thousands of organisms.  Arthropods and microbes use phloem and cambium tissues to seek mates, lay eggs, rear ...

A Fish-feeding Laboratory Bioassay to Assess the Antipredatory Activity of Secondary Metabolites from the Tissues of Marine Organisms

Marine chemical ecology is a young discipline, having emerged from the collaboration of natural products chemists and marine ecologists in the 1980s with ...

Use of Autometallography to Localize and Semi-Quantify Silver in Cetacean Tissues

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been extensively used in commercial products, including textiles, cosmetics, and health care items, due to their strong ...

An Induction System for Clustered Stomata by Sugar Solution Immersion Treatment in Arabidopsis thaliana Seedlings

An Induction System for Clustered Stomata by Sugar Solution Immersion Treatment in Arabidopsis thaliana Seedlings

Stomatal movement mediates plant gas exchange, which is essential for photosynthesis and transpiration. Stomatal opening and closing are accomplished by a ...

Fluorescently Labeled Bacteria as a Tracer to Reveal Novel Pathways of Organic Carbon Flow in Aquatic Ecosystems

Elucidating trophic interactions, such as predation and its effects, is a frequent task for many researchers in ecology. The study of microbial ...

A Telemetric, Gravimetric Platform for Real-Time Physiological Phenotyping of Plant&ndash;Environment Interactions

A Telemetric, Gravimetric Platform for Real-Time Physiological Phenotyping of PlantÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å“Environment Interactions

Food security for the growing global population is a major concern. The data provided by genomic tools far exceeds the supply of phenotypic data, creating ...

Using Changes in Leaf Transmission to Investigate Chloroplast Movement in Arabidopsis thaliana

Using Changes in Leaf Transmission to Investigate Chloroplast Movement in Arabidopsis thaliana

Chloroplast movement in leaves has been shown to help minimize photoinhibition and increase growth under certain conditions. Much can be learned about ...

A Low-Cost Method of Measuring the In Situ Primary Productivity of Periphyton Communities of Lentic Waters

A Low-Cost Method of Measuring the In Situ Primary Productivity of Periphyton Communities of Lentic Waters

Measuring the in situ primary productivity of periphyton during the growing season gradient can elucidate the quantitative effect of environmental drivers ...

Elucidating the Metabolism of 2,4-Dibromophenol in Plants

Crops can be extensively exposed to organic pollutants, since soil is a major sink for pollutants discarded into the environment. This creates potential ...

Determination of the Absorption, Translocation, and Distribution of Imidacloprid in Wheat

Neonicotinoids, a class of insecticides, are widely used because of their novel modes of action, high insecticidal activity, and strong root uptake. ...