Name: lateral root inducible system in arabidopsis and maize
Uploaded: 2016-01-14T16:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Lateral Root Inducible System in Arabidopsis and Maize at JoVE.com

The authors thank Davy Opdenacker for technical assistance and photography. We greatly thank Dr. Annick Bleys for helpful suggestions to improve the manuscript. This work was financed by the Interuniversity Attraction Poles Programme IUAP P7/29 'MARS' from the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office, by the FWO grant G027313N and by the Agency for Innovation by Science and Technology, IWT (IR).

1. Arabidopsis LRIS Protocol
Note: The text refers to &#34;small&#34; or &#34;large&#34; scale experiments. Small scale experiments, such as marker line analysis and histological staining6, 14, require only a few samples. Large scale experiments, such as quantitative real-time qRT-PCR, micro-arrays9-11 or RNA sequencing, require a larger amount of samples. As such, an amount of ~1000 seedlings per sample was used by Vanneste et al.11 to perform ...

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In the Arabidopsis LRIS protocol, it is important to only transfer the seedlings that have grown entirely in contact with the NPA-containing growth medium. This ensures that lateral root initiation is blocked over the entire root length. In order to prevent wounding the plantlets during transfer, the arms of the curved forceps can be hooked under the cotyledons of the seedling. Upon transfer, make sure that the seedling roots are in sufficient contact with the NAA-containing agar medium. This can be achieved by ...

The root system is crucial for plant growth, since it ensures anchorage and uptake of water and nutrients from the soil. Because the expansion of a root system mainly relies on the production of lateral roots, their initiation and formation have been widely studied. Lateral roots are initiated in a specific subset of pericycle cells, called founder cells1. In most dicots, such as Arabidopsis thaliana, these cells are located at the protoxylem poles2, whereas in monocots, such as maize, they are found at the phloem poles3. Founder cells are marked by an increased auxin response4, followed by expression of specific cell cycle genes (e.g.,&#160;CYCLIN B1;1 / CYCB1;1), after which they undergo a first round of asymmetric anticlinal divisions5. After a series of coordinated anticlinal and periclinal divisions, a lateral root primordium is formed that finally will emerge as an autonomous lateral root. The location and timing of lateral root initiation are however not predictable, since these events are neither abundant nor synchronized. This impedes the use of molecular approaches such as transcriptomics to study this process.
To tackle this, a Lateral Root Inducible System (LRIS) has been developed6, 7. In this system, seedlings are first treated with N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA), which inhibits auxin transport and accumulation, consequently blocking lateral root initiation8. By subsequently transferring the seedling to medium containing the synthetic auxin 1-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), the entire pericycle layer responds to the elevated auxin levels thereby massively inducing lateral root initiating cell divisions6. As such, this system leads to fast, synchronous and extensive lateral roots initiations, allowing easy collection of root samples enriched for a specific stage of lateral root development. Subsequently, these samples can be used to determine genome-wide expression profiles during lateral root formation. The LRIS has yielded already significant knowledge about lateral root initiation in Arabidopsis and maize9-13, but the need to apply this system to other plant species becomes more apparent as more genomes are sequenced and there is an increasing interest to transfer knowledge to economical important species.
Here, the detailed protocols of the Arabidopsis and maize LRISs are given. Next, an example of the use of the system is provided, by illustrating how transcriptomics data gained from the maize LRIS can be used to identify functional homologs that have a conserved function during lateral root initiation across different plant species. Finally, guidelines to optimize the LRIS for other plant species are proposed.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1258">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:361px;">ARABIDOPSIS LRIS</td>
			<td style="width:228px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:551px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:361px;">Seeds</td>
			<td style="width:228px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:361px;">Arabidopsis seeds</td>
			<td style="width:228px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Col-0 ecotype</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:361px;">Gas sterilization of seeds</td>
			<td style="width:228px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:361px;">micro-centrifuge tubes 1.5 ml</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">SIGMA-ALDRICH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">0030 125.215</td>
			<td>Eppendorf microtubes 3810X, PCR clean</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:361px;">micro-centrifuge tubes 2 ml</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">SIGMA-ALDRICH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">0030 120.094</td>
			<td>Eppendorf Safe-Lock microcentrifuge tubes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:361px;">hydrochloric acid</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">Merck KGaA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1,003,171,000</td>
			<td>37% (fuming) for analysis EMSURE ACS,ISO,Reag. Ph Eu</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:361px;">glass desiccator</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">SIGMA-ALDRICH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Pyrex</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:361px;">glass beaker</td>
			<td style="width:228px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:361px;">plastic micro-centrifuge tubes box or holder</td>
			<td style="width:228px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:361px;">Bleach sterilization of seeds</td>
			<td style="width:228px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:361px;">ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">Chem-Lab nv</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CL00.0505.1000</td>
			<td>Ethanol, abs. 100% a.r. dilute to 70%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:361px;">sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">9062.3</td>
			<td>12%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:361px;">Tween 20</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">SIGMA-ALDRICH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P1379</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:361px;">sterile water</td>
			<td style="width:228px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:361px;">Growth medium</td>
			<td style="width:228px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:361px;">Murashige and Skoog salt mixture</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">DUCHEFA Biochemie B.V.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M0221-0050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:361px;">myo-inositol</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">SIGMA-ALDRICH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">I5125-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:361px;">2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid (MES)</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">DUCHEFA Biochemie B.V.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M1503.0100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:361px;">sucrose</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">VWR, Internation LLC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">27483.294</td>
			<td>D(+)-Sucrose Ph. Eur.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:361px;">KOH</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">Merck KGaA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1050211000</td>
			<td>pellets for analysis (max. 0.002% Na) EMSURE ACS,ISO,Reag. Ph Eur</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:361px;">Plant Tissue Culture Agar</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">LabM Limited</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MC029</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:361px;">Lateral root induction chemicals</td>
			<td style="width:228px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:361px;">N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA)</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">DUCHEFA Biochemie B.V.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">No. N0926.0250</td>
			<td>10 &#181;M (Arabidopsis)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:361px;">1-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA)</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">DUCHEFA Biochemie B.V.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">No. N0903.0050</td>
			<td>10 &#181;M (Arabidopsis)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:361px;">dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">SIGMA-ALDRICH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">494429-1L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:361px;">Making a mesh for transfer</td>
			<td style="width:228px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:361px;">nylon mesh</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">Prosep byba</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Synthetic nylon mesh 20 &#181;m</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:361px;">Sowing and seedling handling</td>
			<td style="width:228px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:361px;">square petri dish plates</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">GOSSELIN</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP124-05</td>
			<td>12 x 12 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:361px;">50 ml DURAN tubes</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">SIGMA-ALDRICH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CLS430304</td>
			<td>Corning&#160;50 mL centrifuge tubes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:361px;">drigalski</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">K732.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:361px;">pipette</td>
			<td style="width:228px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:361px;">cut pipette tips</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">Daslab</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">162001X</td>
			<td>Universal 200, cut off 5 mm of tip before autoclaving</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">breathable tape&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">3M Deutschland GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">cat. no. 1530-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:361px;">tweezers</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">Fiers nv/sa</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">K342.1; K344.1</td>
			<td>Dumont tweezers type a nr 5; Dumont tweezers type e nr 7</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:361px;">Growth conditions</td>
			<td style="width:228px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:361px;">growth room</td>
			<td style="width:228px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>21 &#176;C, continuous light</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:361px;">Materials</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:361px;">MAIZE LRIS</td>
			<td style="width:228px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:361px;">Seeds</td>
			<td style="width:228px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:361px;">Maize kernels</td>
			<td style="width:228px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>B-73</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:361px;">Bleach sterilization of kernels</td>
			<td style="width:228px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:361px;">glass beaker</td>
			<td style="width:228px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">magnetic stirrer&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">Fiers nv/sa</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C267.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:361px;">sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">9062.3</td>
			<td>12%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:361px;">sterile water</td>
			<td style="width:228px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:361px;">Lateral root induction chemicals</td>
			<td style="width:228px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:361px;">N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA)</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">DUCHEFA Biochemie B.V.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">No. N0926.0250</td>
			<td>50 &#181;M (maize primary root), 25 &#181;M (maize adventitious root)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:361px;">1-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA)</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">DUCHEFA Biochemie B.V.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">No. N0903.0050</td>
			<td>50 &#181;M (maize)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:361px;">dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">SIGMA-ALDRICH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">494429-1L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:361px;">Sowing and seedling handling</td>
			<td style="width:228px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:361px;">paper hand towels</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">Kimberly-Clark Professional*</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">6681</td>
			<td>SCOTT Hand Towels - Roll / White; sheet size (24 x 46 cm)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:361px;">seed germination paper</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">Anchor Paper Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>10 X 15 38# seed germination paper</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:361px;">tweezers</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">Fiers nv/sa</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">K342.1; K344.1</td>
			<td>Dumont tweezers type a nr 5; Dumont tweezers type e nr 7</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:361px;">250 ml (centrifuge) tubes</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">SCHOTT DURAN</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">2160136</td>
			<td>approx. 5.6 cm diameter and 14.7 cm height&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:361px;">700 ml tubes</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">DURAN GROUP</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">213994609</td>
			<td>cylinders, round foot tube, D 60&#160; x 250</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">rack</td>
			<td style="width:228px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>for maize tubes, home made</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:361px;">sterile water</td>
			<td style="width:228px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:361px;">Growth conditions</td>
			<td style="width:228px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">growth cabinet</td>
			<td style="width:228px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>27 &#176;C, continuous light, 70% relative humidity</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

lateral root inducible system in arabidopsis and maize

Lateral root development contributes significantly to the root system, and hence is crucial for plant growth. The study of lateral root initiation is however tedious, because it occurs only in a few cells inside the root and in an unpredictable manner. To circumvent this problem, a Lateral Root Inducible System (LRIS) has been developed. By treating seedlings consecutively with an auxin transport inhibitor and a synthetic auxin, highly controlled lateral root initiation occurs synchronously in the primary root, allowing abundant sampling of a desired developmental stage. The LRIS has first been developed for Arabidopsis thaliana, but can be applied to other plants as well. Accordingly, it has been adapted for use in maize (Zea mays). A detailed overview of the different steps of the LRIS in both plants is given. The combination of this system with comparative transcriptomics made it possible to identify functional homologs of Arabidopsis lateral root initiation genes in other species as illustrated here for the CYCLIN B1;1 (CYCB1;1) cell cycle gene in maize. Finally, the principles that need to be taken into account when an LRIS is developed for other plant species are discussed.

Application of the LRIS to Perform Comparative Transcriptomics of the Lateral Root Initiation Process
One application of the LRIS is the comparison and correlation of gene expression profiles during lateral root formation in different species. Comparative transcriptomics approaches create the possibility to pinpoint orthologous genes involved in the lateral root development process in different species. Lateral ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Lateral Root Inducible System in Arabidopsis and Maize at JoVE.com

Lateral Root Inducible System in Arabidopsis and Maize

The Lateral Root Inducible System (LRIS) allows for synchronous induction of lateral roots and is presented for Arabidopsis thaliana and maize.

Lateral Root Inducible System in Arabidopsis and Maize

Lateral root development contributes significantly to the root system, and hence is crucial for plant growth. The study of lateral root initiation is ...

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