Name: modulation of tau subcellular localization as a tool to investigate the expression of disease-related genes
Uploaded: 2019-12-20T12:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Modulation of Tau Subcellular Localization as a Tool to Investigate the Expression of Disease-related Genes at JoVE.com

This work was supported by grants from Scuola Normale Superiore (SNS14_B_DIPRIMIO; SNS16_B_DIPRIMIO).

1. Cell Culture
<ol>
	<li>Culture SH-SY5Y cells (human neuroblastoma cell line, CRL-2266) in complete medium (Dulbecco&#39;s modified Eagle medium:nutrient mixture F12 [DMEM/F-12] supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum [FBS], 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 U/mL penicillin and 100 &#181;g/mL streptomycin). Maintain the cells in an incubator at 37 &#176;C and 5% CO2. Grow cells in 10 cm plates and split when confluent.</li>
</ol>
2. Cell Differentiation
<ol>
	<li>To differentiate SH-SY5Y cel...

<ol>
	<li>Padmaraju, V., Indi, S. S., Rao, K. S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+evidences+on+Tau-DNA+interactions+and+relevance+to+neurodegeneration.">New evidences on Tau-DNA interactions and relevance to neurodegeneration.</a> Neurochemistry International. 57 (1), 51-57 (2010).</li><li>Rady, R. M., Zinkowski, R. P., Binder, L. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Presence+of+tau+in+isolated+nuclei+from+human+brain.">Presence of tau in isolated nuclei from human brain.</a> Neurobiology of Aging. 16 (3), 479-486 (1995).</li><li>Krylova, S. M., Musheev, M., Nutiu, R., Li, Y., Lee, G., Krylov, S. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tau+protein+binds+single-stranded+DNA+sequence+specifically+-+The+proof+obtained+in+vitro+with+non-equilibrium+capillary+electrophoresis+of+equilibrium+mixtures.">Tau protein binds single-stranded DNA sequence specifically - The proof obtained in vitro with non-equilibrium capillary electrophoresis of equilibrium mixtures.</a> FEBS Letters. 579 (6), 1371-1375 (2005).</li><li>Vasudevaraju, P., Guerrero, E., Hegde, M. L., Collen, T. B., Britton, G. B., Rao, K. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+evidence+on+&#945;-synuclein+and+Tau+binding+to+conformation+and+sequence+specific+GC*+rich+DNA:+Relevance+to+neurological+disorders.">New evidence on &#945;-synuclein and Tau binding to conformation and sequence specific GC* rich DNA: Relevance to neurological disorders.</a> Journal of Pharmacy &amp; Bioallied Sciences. 4 (2), 112-117 (2012).</li><li>Wei, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Binding+to+the+minor+groove+of+the+double-strand,+Tau+protein+prevents+DNA+damage+by+peroxidation.">Binding to the minor groove of the double-strand, Tau protein prevents DNA damage by peroxidation.</a> PLoS ONE. 3 (7), (2008).</li><li>Qi, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nuclear+Magnetic+Resonance+Spectroscopy+Characterization+of+Interaction+of+Tau+with+DNA+and+Its+Regulation+by+Phosphorylation.">Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Characterization of Interaction of Tau with DNA and Its Regulation by Phosphorylation.</a> Biochemistry. 54 (7), 1525-1533 (2015).</li><li>Benhelli-Mokrani, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome-wide+identification+of+genic+and+intergenic+neuronal+DNA+regions+bound+by+Tau+protein+under+physiological+and+stress+conditions.">Genome-wide identification of genic and intergenic neuronal DNA regions bound by Tau protein under physiological and stress conditions.</a> Nucleic Acids Research. 1, 1-18 (2018).</li><li>Sotiropoulos, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Atypical,+non-standard+functions+of+the+microtubule+associated+Tau+protein.">Atypical, non-standard functions of the microtubule associated Tau protein.</a> Acta Neuropathologica Communications. 5 (1), 91 (2017).</li><li>Lu, J., Li, T., He, R. Q., Bartlett, P. F., G&#246;tz, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visualizing+the+microtubule-associated+protein+tau+in+the+nucleus.">Visualizing the microtubule-associated protein tau in the nucleus.</a> Science China Life Sciences. 57 (4), 422-431 (2014).</li><li>Sultan, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nuclear+Tau,+a+key+player+in+neuronal+DNA+protection.">Nuclear Tau, a key player in neuronal DNA protection.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 286 (6), 4566-4575 (2011).</li><li>Sj&#246;berg, M. K., Shestakova, E., Mansuroglu, Z., Maccioni, R. B., Bonnefoy, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tau+protein+binds+to+pericentromeric+DNA:+a+putative+role+for+nuclear+tau+in+nucleolar+organization.">Tau protein binds to pericentromeric DNA: a putative role for nuclear tau in nucleolar organization.</a> Journal of cell science. 119 (10), 2025-2034 (2006).</li><li>Violet, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+major+role+for+Tau+in+neuronal+DNA+and+RNA+protection+in+vivo+under+physiological+and+hyperthermic+conditions.">A major role for Tau in neuronal DNA and RNA protection in vivo under physiological and hyperthermic conditions.</a> Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience. 8, 1-11 (2014).</li><li>Hua, Q., He, R. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tau+could+protect+DNA+double+helix+structure.">Tau could protect DNA double helix structure.</a> Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Proteins and Proteomics. 1645 (2), 205-211 (2003).</li><li>Rossi, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+function+of+microtubule-associated+protein+tau:+Involvement+in+chromosome+stability.">A new function of microtubule-associated protein tau: Involvement in chromosome stability.</a> Cell Cycle. 7 (12), 1788-1794 (2008).</li><li>Rossi, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mutations+in+MAPT+gene+cause+chromosome+instability+and+introduce+copy+number+variations+widely+in+the+genome.">Mutations in MAPT gene cause chromosome instability and introduce copy number variations widely in the genome.</a> Journal of Alzheimer's Disease. 33 (4), 969-982 (2013).</li><li>Rossi, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mutations+in+MAPT+give+rise+to+aneuploidy+in+animal+models+of+tauopathy.">Mutations in MAPT give rise to aneuploidy in animal models of tauopathy.</a> neurogenetics. 15 (1), 31-40 (2014).</li><li>Sun, W., Samimi, H., Gamez, M., Zare, H., Frost, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pathogenic+tau-induced+piRNA+depletion+promotes+neuronal+death+through+transposable+element+dysregulation+in+neurodegenerative+tauopathies.">Pathogenic tau-induced piRNA depletion promotes neuronal death through transposable element dysregulation in neurodegenerative tauopathies.</a> Nature Neuroscience. 21 (8), 1038-1048 (2018).</li><li>Guo, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tau+Activates+Transposable+Elements+in+Alzheimer's+Disease.">Tau Activates Transposable Elements in Alzheimer's Disease.</a> Cell Reports. 23 (10), 2874-2880 (2018).</li><li>Maina, M. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+involvement+of+tau+in+nucleolar+transcription+and+the+stress+response.">The involvement of tau in nucleolar transcription and the stress response.</a> Acta Neuropathologica Communications. 6 (1), 70 (2018).</li><li>Bonneau, C., Gurard-Levin, Z. A., Andre, F., Pusztai, L., Rouzier, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Predictive+and+prognostic+value+of+the+Tau+protein+in+breast+cancer.">Predictive and prognostic value of the Tau protein in breast cancer.</a> Anticancer Research. 35 (10), 5179-5184 (2015).</li><li>Vanier, M. T., Neuville, P., Michalik, L., Launay, J. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+of+specific+tau+exons+in+normal+and+tumoral+pancreatic+acinar+cells.">Expression of specific tau exons in normal and tumoral pancreatic acinar cells.</a> Journal of Cell Science. 111 (1), 1419-1432 (1998).</li><li>Liao, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Therapeutic+efficacy+of+FTY720+in+a+rat+model+of+NK-cell+leukemia.">Therapeutic efficacy of FTY720 in a rat model of NK-cell leukemia.</a> Blood. 118 (10), 2793-2800 (2011).</li><li>Cascio, S., Zhang, L., Finn, O. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MUC1+protein+expression+in+tumor+cells+regulates+transcription+of+proinflammatory+cytokines+by+forming+a+complex+with+nuclear+factor-&#954;B+p65+and+binding+to+cytokine+promoters:+Importance+of+extracellular+domain.">MUC1 protein expression in tumor cells regulates transcription of proinflammatory cytokines by forming a complex with nuclear factor-&#954;B p65 and binding to cytokine promoters: Importance of extracellular domain.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 286 (49), (2011).</li><li>Costello, D. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long+Term+Potentiation+Is+Impaired+in+Membrane+Glycoprotein+CD200-deficient+Mice.">Long Term Potentiation Is Impaired in Membrane Glycoprotein CD200-deficient Mice.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 286 (40), 34722-34732 (2011).</li><li>Roy, G., Placzek, E., Scanlan, T. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ApoB-100-containing+lipoproteins+are+major+carriers+of+3-iodothyronamine+in+circulation.">ApoB-100-containing lipoproteins are major carriers of 3-iodothyronamine in circulation.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 287 (3), 1790-1800 (2012).</li><li>Loo, L. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heterogeneity+in+the+physiological+states+and+pharmacological+responses+of+differentiating+3T3-L1+preadipocytes.">Heterogeneity in the physiological states and pharmacological responses of differentiating 3T3-L1 preadipocytes.</a> Journal of Cell Biology. 187 (3), 375-384 (2009).</li><li>Draker, R., Sarcinella, E., Cheung, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=USP10+deubiquitylates+the+histone+variant+H2A.Z+and+both+are+required+for+androgen+receptor-mediated+gene+activation.">USP10 deubiquitylates the histone variant H2A.Z and both are required for androgen receptor-mediated gene activation.</a> Nucleic Acids Research. 39 (9), 3529-3542 (2011).</li><li>Richard, D. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HSSB1+rapidly+binds+at+the+sites+of+DNA+double-strand+breaks+and+is+required+for+the+efficient+recruitment+of+the+MRN+complex.">HSSB1 rapidly binds at the sites of DNA double-strand breaks and is required for the efficient recruitment of the MRN complex.</a> Nucleic Acids Research. 39 (5), 1692-1702 (2011).</li><li>Roger, L., Jullien, L., Gire, V., Roux, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gain+of+oncogenic+function+of+p53+mutants+regulates+E-cadherin+expression+uncoupled+from+cell+invasion+in+colon+cancer+cells.">Gain of oncogenic function of p53 mutants regulates E-cadherin expression uncoupled from cell invasion in colon cancer cells.</a> Journal of Cell Science. 123 (8), (2010).</li><li>ten Have, S., Hodge, K., Lamond, A. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+Proteomics:+Methodologies+and+Analysis.">Dynamic Proteomics: Methodologies and Analysis.</a> Functional Genomics. , (2012).</li><li>Siano, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tau+Modulates+VGluT1+Expression.">Tau Modulates VGluT1 Expression.</a> Journal of Molecular Biology. 431 (4), 873-884 (2019).</li><li>Serdar, B. S., Ko&#231;t&#252;rk, S., Akan, P., Erkmen, T., Erg&#252;r, B. U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Which+Medium+and+Ingredients+Provide+Better+Morphological+Differentiation+of+SH-SY5Y+Cells?.">Which Medium and Ingredients Provide Better Morphological Differentiation of SH-SY5Y Cells?.</a> Proceedings. 2 (25), 1577 (2018).</li><li>Forster, J. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+differentiated+SH-SY5Y+as+neuronal+screening+model+reveals+increased+oxidative+vulnerability.">Characterization of differentiated SH-SY5Y as neuronal screening model reveals increased oxidative vulnerability.</a> Journal of Biomolecular Screening. 21 (5), 496-509 (2016).</li><li>Dwane, S., Durack, E., Kiely, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimising+parameters+for+the+differentiation+of+SH-SY5Y+cells+to+study+cell+adhesion+and+cell+migration.">Optimising parameters for the differentiation of SH-SY5Y cells to study cell adhesion and cell migration.</a> BMC Research Notes. 6 (1), 1 (2013).</li><li>Encinas, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sequential+Treatment+of+SH-SY5Y+Cells+with+Retinoic+Acid+and+Brain-Derived+Neurotrophic+Factor+Gives+Rise+to+Fully+Differentiated,+Neurotrophic+Factor-Dependent,+Human+Neuron-Like+Cells.">Sequential Treatment of SH-SY5Y Cells with Retinoic Acid and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Gives Rise to Fully Differentiated, Neurotrophic Factor-Dependent, Human Neuron-Like Cells.</a> Journal of Neurochemistry. 75 (3), 991-1003 (2002).</li></ol>

We describe a method to measure the impact of nuclear Tau protein on gene expression. With this protocol the contribution of cytoplasmic Tau is strongly limited. Critical steps of this protocol are the following: the differentiation of human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, the subcellular fractionation and the localization of Tau protein in the nuclear compartment.
First, as shown in the representative results section, the differentiation of SH-SY5Y cells by adding RA and BDNF is crucial to obtai...

The functions of Tau protein in the nucleus have garnered significant interest in recent years, as it has been shown to be closely associated with nucleic acids1,2,3,4,5,6. Indeed, a recent genome-wide study demonstrated that Tau binds genic and intergenic DNA sequences in vivo7. A role in nucleolar organization has been suggested8,9,10,11. Moreover, Tau has been proposed to be involved in DNA protection from oxidative and hyperthermic stress5,10,12,13, whereas mutated Tau has been linked to chromosome instability and aneuploidy14,15,16.
Until now, the challenges in studying the functions of Tau in the nuclear compartment remained almost unsolved due to the difficulties in dissecting the specific contribution of nuclear Tau from the contribution of cytoplasmic Tau. Moreover, the functions attributed to Tau molecules in the nuclear compartment, up to now, are only correlative because they lack an unequivocal demonstration of the direct involvement of nuclear Tau proteins. Indeed, the involvement of Tau in the mobility of retrotransposons or in the rRNA transcription or in DNA protection11,12,17,18,19 might be also explained by the contribution of cytoplasmic Tau or by the effect of other downstream factors not related to nuclear Tau.
Here, we provide a method that can solve this issue by exploiting a classical procedure to isolate the nuclear compartment combined with the use of Tau constructs 0N4R tagged with nuclear localization (NLS) or nuclear export signals (NES). This approach eliminates the complex issues related to possible artefacts due to the spillover of Tau molecules from the cytoplasmic compartment. Moreover, Tau-NLS and Tau-NES constructs induce the enrichment or the exclusion of Tau molecules from the nuclear compartment, respectively, providing positive and negative controls for the involvement of nuclear Tau molecules in a specific function. The protocol is technically easy and it is composed of classic and reliable methods that are broadly applicable to study the nuclear function of Tau in other cell types, differentiated or not, such as cancer cells that reactivate Tau expression20,21. Moreover, it might be applied also to other proteins that are present in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus in order to dissect biological functions related to different compartments.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 633 goat anti-mouse IgG</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>A21050</td>
			<td>IF 1:500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti Actin Antibody</td>
			<td>BETHYL LABORATORIE</td>
			<td>A300-485A</td>
			<td>anti-rabbit WB 1:10000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti GAPDH Antibody</td>
			<td>Fitzgerald Industries International</td>
			<td>10R-G109a</td>
			<td>anti-mouse WB 1:10000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti H2B Antibody</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab1790</td>
			<td>anti-rabbit WB 1:15000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti Tau-13 Antibody</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td>sc-21796</td>
			<td>anti-mouse WB 1:1000; IF 1:500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti Tubulin alpha Antibody</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>PA5-16891</td>
			<td>anti-mouse WB 1:5000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti VGluT1 Antibody</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>AMAb91041</td>
			<td>anti-mouse WB 1:500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BCA Protein Assay Kit</td>
			<td>Euroclone</td>
			<td>EMPO14500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BDNF</td>
			<td>Alomone Labs</td>
			<td>B-250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Blotting-Grade Blocker</td>
			<td>Biorad</td>
			<td>1706404</td>
			<td>Non-fat dry milk</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BOVIN SERUM ALBUMIN</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A4503-50g</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>cOmplete Mini</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11836170001</td>
			<td>protease inhibitor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Criterion TGX 4-20% Stain Free, 10 well</td>
			<td>Biorad</td>
			<td>5678093</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DAPI</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>62247</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM/F-12</td>
			<td>GIBCO</td>
			<td>21331-020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle&#39;s Medium Low Glucose</td>
			<td>Euroclone</td>
			<td>ECM0060L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>0390-100ml</td>
			<td>pH=8 0.5M</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Foetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Euroclone</td>
			<td>EC50182L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycerol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G5516-500ml</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti-mouse IgG-HPR</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td>sc-2005</td>
			<td>WB 1:1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti-rabbit IgG-HPR</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td>sc-2004</td>
			<td>WB 1:1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IGEPAL CA-630</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>I8896-50ml</td>
			<td>Octylphenoxy poly(ethyleneoxy)ethanol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Immobilon Western</td>
			<td>MERCK</td>
			<td>WBKLS0500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lab-Tech Chamber slide 8 well glass slide</td>
			<td>nunc</td>
			<td>177402</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-glutamine</td>
			<td>Euroclone</td>
			<td>ECB3000D</td>
			<td>100X</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lipofectamine 2000 transfection reagent</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12566014</td>
			<td>cationic lipid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>322415-6X1L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgCl2</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M8266-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S3014-1kg</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Opti-MEM reduced serum medium</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>31985070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PEI</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>40,872-7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>15140122</td>
			<td>10,000 U/ml, 100ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate Buffered Saline (Dulbecco A)</td>
			<td>OXOID</td>
			<td>BR0014G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PhosStop</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>4906837001</td>
			<td>phosphatase inhibitor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>QIAGEN Plasmid Maxi Kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>12163</td>
			<td>Step 3.10</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Retinoic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>R2625-100mg</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Subcellular Protein Fractionation Kit for cultured cells</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>78840</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Supported Nitrocellulose membrane</td>
			<td>Biorad</td>
			<td>1620097</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TC-Plate 6well</td>
			<td>SARSTEDT</td>
			<td>833,920</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TCS SP2 laser scanning confocal microscope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton x-100</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>X100-500ml</td>
			<td>Non-ionic surfactant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin-EDTA</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>15400054</td>
			<td>0.50%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween-20</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P9416-100ml</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VECTASHIELD antifade mounting medium</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td>H-1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wizard Plus SV Minipreps DNA Purification Systems</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>A1330</td>
			<td>Step 3.5</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

modulation of tau subcellular localization as a tool to investigate the expression of disease-related genes

Tau is a microtubule binding protein expressed in neurons and its main known function is related to the maintenance of cytoskeletal stability. However, recent evidence indicated that Tau is present also in other subcellular compartments including the nucleus where it is implicated in DNA protection, in rRNA transcription, in the mobility of retrotransposons and in the structural organization of the nucleolus. We have recently demonstrated that nuclear Tau is involved in the expression of the VGluT1 gene, suggesting a molecular mechanism that could explain the pathological increase of glutamate release in the early stages of Alzheimer&#39;s disease. Until recently, the involvement of nuclear Tau in modulating the expression of target genes has been relatively uncertain and ambiguous due to technical limitations that prevented the exclusion of the contribution of cytoplasmic Tau or the effect of other downstream factors not related to nuclear Tau. To overcome this uncertainty, we developed a method to study the expression of target genes specifically modulated by the nuclear Tau protein. We employed a protocol that couples the use of localization signals and the subcellular fractionation, allowing the exclusion of the interference from the cytoplasmic Tau molecules. Most notably, the protocol is easy and is composed of classic and reliable methods that are broadly applicable to study the nuclear function of Tau in other cell types and cellular conditions.

The strategy used to dissect the impact of nuclear Tau in gene expression avoiding the contribution of cytoplasmic Tau proteins has been depicted in Figure 1. Briefly, Tau proteins tagged with NLS or NES are accumulated in or excluded from the nuclear compartment, respectively. The functional effect of this unbalance is the alteration of the gene expression measured as the product of the VGluT1 gene.
<p class="jove_content" fo:keep-together.within-page="1...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Modulation of Tau Subcellular Localization as a Tool to Investigate the Expression of Disease-related Genes at JoVE.com

Modulation of Tau Subcellular Localization as a Tool to Investigate the Expression of Disease-related Genes

Tau is a neuronal protein present both in the cytoplasm, where it binds microtubules, and in the nucleus, where it exerts unconventional functions including the modulation of Alzheimer&#39;s disease-related genes. Here, we describe a method to investigate the function of nuclear Tau while excluding any interferences coming from cytoplasmic Tau.

Tau is a microtubule binding protein expressed in neurons and its main known function is related to the maintenance of cytoskeletal stability. However, ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Genetics

Preparation of rAAV9 to Overexpress or Knockdown Genes in Mouse Hearts

Controlling the expression or activity of specific genes through the myocardial delivery of genetic materials in murine models permits the investigation ...

Targeted in Situ Mutagenesis of Histone Genes in Budding Yeast

Targeted in Situ Mutagenesis of Histone Genes in Budding Yeast

We describe a PCR- and homologous recombination-based system for generating targeted mutations in histone genes in budding yeast cells. The resulting ...

Controllable Ion Channel Expression through Inducible Transient Transfection

Transfection, the delivery of foreign nucleic acids into a cell, is a powerful tool in protein research. Through this method, ion channels can be ...

Quantification of Information Encoded by Gene Expression Levels During Lifespan Modulation Under Broad-range Dietary Restriction in C. elegans

Quantification of Information Encoded by Gene Expression Levels During Lifespan Modulation Under Broad-range Dietary Restriction in C. elegans

Sensory systems allow animals to detect, process, and respond to their environment. Food abundance is an environmental cue that has profound effects on ...

Transient Expression of Foreign Genes in Insect Cells (sf9) for Protein Functional Assay

Transient Expression of Foreign Genes in Insect Cells sf9 for Protein Functional Assay

The transient gene expression system is one of the most important technologies for performing protein functional analysis in the baculovirus in vitro cell ...

Canalostomy As a Surgical Approach to Local Drug Delivery into the Inner Ears of Adult and Neonatal Mice

Local delivery of therapeutic drugs into the inner ear is a promising therapy for inner ear diseases. Injection through semicircular canals (canalostomy) ...

Exploring the Root Microbiome: Extracting Bacterial Community Data from the Soil, Rhizosphere, and Root Endosphere

The intimate interaction between plant host and associated microorganisms is crucial in determining plant fitness, and can foster improved tolerance to ...

qKAT: Quantitative Semi-automated Typing of Killer-cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptor Genes

Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are a set of inhibitory and activating immune receptors, on natural killer (NK) and T cells, encoded by a ...

Using In Vitro and In-cell SHAPE to Investigate Small Molecule Induced Pre-mRNA Structural Changes

In the process of drug development of RNA-targeting small molecules, elucidating the structural changes upon their interactions with target RNA sequences ...

In vivo Application of the REMOTE-control System for the Manipulation of Endogenous Gene Expression

Here we describe a protocol for implementing the REMOTE-control system (Reversible Manipulation of Transcription at Endogenous loci), which allows for ...