Name: integration of bioinformatics approaches and experimental validations to understand the role of notch signaling in ovarian cancer
Uploaded: 2020-01-12T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Integration of Bioinformatics Approaches and Experimental Validations to Understand the Role of Notch Signaling in Ovarian Cancer at JoVE.com

This work was supported by Start-Up Funding, College of Science and Mathematics Research Grant, Summer Research Session Award, and Research Seed Funding Award from Georgia Southern University.

1. Prediction of Clinical Outcomes from Genomic Profiles (PRECOG)
NOTE: The PRECOG portal (precog.stanford.edu) accesses publicly available data from 165 cancer expression datasets, including gene expression levels and patient clinical outcomes17. It specifically provides the Meta&#8210;Z analysis, which incorporates large datasets to provide Z&#8210;scores of different genes in 39 cancer types to indicate patient overall survival. Poor and good survival rates are indicat...

<ol>
	<li>Bocchicchio, S., Tesone, M., Irusta, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Convergence+of+Wnt+and+Notch+signaling+controls+ovarian+cancer+cell+survival.">Convergence of Wnt and Notch signaling controls ovarian cancer cell survival.</a> Journal of Cellular Physiology. , (2019).</li><li>Hibdon, E. 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L., Yamamoto, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integration+of+Drosophila+and+Human+Genetics+to+Understand+Notch+Signaling+Related+Diseases.">Integration of Drosophila and Human Genetics to Understand Notch Signaling Related Diseases.</a> Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1066, 141-185 (2018).</li><li>Bray, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Notch+signalling+in+context.">Notch signalling in context.</a> Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 17 (11), 722-735 (2016).</li><li>Andersson, E. R., Sandberg, R., Lendahl, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Notch+signaling:+simplicity+in+design,+versatility+in+function.">Notch signaling: simplicity in design, versatility in function.</a> Development. 138 (17), 3593-3612 (2011).</li><li>Brou, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+proteolytic+cleavage+involved+in+Notch+signaling:+the+role+of+the+disintegrin-metalloprotease+TACE.">A novel proteolytic cleavage involved in Notch signaling: the role of the disintegrin-metalloprotease TACE.</a> Molecular Cell. 5 (2), 207-216 (2000).</li><li>Oswald, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=p300+acts+as+a+transcriptional+coactivator+for+mammalian+Notch-1.">p300 acts as a transcriptional coactivator for mammalian Notch-1.</a> Molecular and Cellular Biology. 21 (22), 7761-7774 (2001).</li><li>Xiu, M. X., Liu, Y. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+oncogenic+Notch2+signaling+in+cancer:+a+novel+therapeutic+target.">The role of oncogenic Notch2 signaling in cancer: a novel therapeutic target.</a> American Journal of Cancer Research. 9 (5), 837-854 (2019).</li><li>Allenspach, E. J., Maillard, I., Aster, J. C., Pear, W. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Notch+signaling+in+cancer.">Notch signaling in cancer.</a> Cancer Biololgy &amp; Therapy. 1 (5), 466-476 (2002).</li><li>Jia, D., Underwood, J., Xu, Q., Xie, Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NOTCH2/NOTCH3/DLL3/MAML1/ADAM17+signaling+network+is+associated+with+ovarian+cancer.">NOTCH2/NOTCH3/DLL3/MAML1/ADAM17 signaling network is associated with ovarian cancer.</a> Oncology Letters. 17 (6), 4914-4920 (2019).</li><li>Weng, J. 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Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CSIOVDB:+a+microarray+gene+expression+database+of+epithelial+ovarian+cancer+subtype.">CSIOVDB: a microarray gene expression database of epithelial ovarian cancer subtype.</a> Oncotarget. 6 (41), 43843-43852 (2015).</li><li>Shin, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=GENT:+gene+expression+database+of+normal+and+tumor+tissues.">GENT: gene expression database of normal and tumor tissues.</a> Cancer Informatics. 10, 149-157 (2011).</li><li>Barretina, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Cancer+Cell+Line+Encyclopedia+enables+predictive+modelling+of+anticancer+drug+sensitivity.">The Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia enables predictive modelling of anticancer drug sensitivity.</a> Nature. 483 (7391), 603-607 (2012).</li><li>Gao, J. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integrative+Analysis+of+Complex+Cancer+Genomics+and+Clinical+Profiles+Using+the+cBioPortal.">Integrative Analysis of Complex Cancer Genomics and Clinical Profiles Using the cBioPortal.</a> Science Signaling. 6 (269), (2013).</li><li>Cerami, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+cBio+Cancer+Genomics+Portal:+An+Open+Platform+for+Exploring+Multidimensional+Cancer+Genomics+Data.">The cBio Cancer Genomics Portal: An Open Platform for Exploring Multidimensional Cancer Genomics Data.</a> Cancer Discovery. 2 (5), 401-404 (2012).</li><li>McGuire, S. E., Mao, Z., Davis, R. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatiotemporal+gene+expression+targeting+with+the+TARGET+and+gene-switch+systems+in+Drosophila.">Spatiotemporal gene expression targeting with the TARGET and gene-switch systems in Drosophila.</a> Science's STKE. 2004 (220), 6 (2004).</li><li>Jia, D., Huang, Y. C., Deng, W. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+Cell+Cycle+Switches+in+Drosophila+Oogenesis.">Analysis of Cell Cycle Switches in Drosophila Oogenesis.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 1328, 207-216 (2015).</li><li>Lo, P. K., Huang, Y. C., Corcoran, D., Jiao, R., Deng, W. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibition+of+Notch+signaling+by+the+p105+and+p180+subunits+of+Drosophila+chromatin+assembly+factor+1+is+required+for+follicle+cell+proliferation.">Inhibition of Notch signaling by the p105 and p180 subunits of Drosophila chromatin assembly factor 1 is required for follicle cell proliferation.</a> Journal of Cell Science. 132 (2), (2019).</li><li>Keller Larkin, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+Notch+pathway+in+terminal+follicle+cell+differentiation+during+Drosophila+oogenesis.">Role of Notch pathway in terminal follicle cell differentiation during Drosophila oogenesis.</a> Development Genes and Evolution. 209 (5), 301-311 (1999).</li><li>Sun, J., Deng, W. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Notch-dependent+downregulation+of+the+homeodomain+gene+cut+is+required+for+the+mitotic+cycle/endocycle+switch+and+cell+differentiation+in+Drosophila+follicle+cells.">Notch-dependent downregulation of the homeodomain gene cut is required for the mitotic cycle/endocycle switch and cell differentiation in Drosophila follicle cells.</a> Development. 132 (19), 4299-4308 (2005).</li><li>Jia, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+large-scale+in+vivo+RNAi+screen+to+identify+genes+involved+in+Notch-mediated+follicle+cell+differentiation+and+cell+cycle+switches.">A large-scale in vivo RNAi screen to identify genes involved in Notch-mediated follicle cell differentiation and cell cycle switches.</a> Scientific Reports. 5, 12328 (2015).</li><li>Shcherbata, H. 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As there are countless approaches and methods for the utilization of bioinformatics, there are numerous databases available online to the general public. An abundance of information can be extracted from each of these databases, but some are best suited for particular purposes, such as assessing patient survival based on certain inputs. Systematic analyses of retrieved data from different individual databases can convincingly yield important scientific findings.
The current analysis focuses on...

The Notch signaling pathway is a highly conserved pathway that is important for many developmental processes within biological organisms. Notch signaling has been shown to play a significant role in cell proliferation and self-renewal, and defects in the Notch signaling pathway can lead to many types of cancers1,2,3,4,5,6. In some circumstances, the Notch signaling pathway has been linked to both tissue growth and cancer as well as cell death and tumor suppression7. Multiple Notch receptors (NOTCH 1&#8722;4) and co&#8210;activator Mastermind (MAML 1&#8722;3), all with diverse functions, add an additional level of complexity. While the Notch signaling pathway is sophisticated in terms of functions, its core pathway is simple on a molecular basis8. Notch receptors act as transmembrane proteins composed of extracellular and intracellular regions9. A ligand binding to the extracellular region of Notch receptors facilitates proteolytic cleavage, which allows the Notch intracellular domain (NICD) to be released into the nucleus. NICD then binds to co&#8210;activator Mastermind to activate downstream gene expression10.
In recent years, Notch signaling has been shown to play a variety of roles in the initiation and progression of several types of cancers across different species6,11. For instance, Notch signaling has been linked to tumorigenesis involving the human NOTCH1 gene12. Recently, the NOTCH2, NOTCH3, Delta-like 3 (DLL3), Mastermind&#8210;like protein 1 (MAML1), and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain&#8210;containing protein 17 (ADAM17) genes were shown to be strongly associated with ovarian cancer, especially with the poor overall survival of patients13.
As the amount of experimental and patient-associated data continuously increases, the demand for analysis of the available data increases as well. The available data are scattered across publications, and they may deliver inconsistent or even contradictory findings. With the development of new technology in recent decades, such as next-generation sequencing, the amount of available data has grown exponentially. Although this represents rapid advancements in science and opportunities for continued biological research, assessing the meaning of publicly available data to solve research questions is a great challenge14. We believe bioinformatics is a useful way to extract smaller pieces of information from large-scale datasets. Through the implementation of various bioinformatics approaches, researchers can quickly, reliably, and efficiently interpret these large datasets, yielding insightful discoveries. These discoveries may range from the identification of potential new drug therapy targets or disease biomarkers, to personalized patient treatments15,16.
Bioinformatics itself is rapidly evolving, and approaches are constantly changing as technological advances sweep medical and biological science. Currently, common bioinformatics approaches include the utilization of publicly accessible databases and software programs to analyze DNA or protein sequences, identify genes of particular relevance or importance, and determine the relevance of genes and gene products through functional genomics16. Although the field of bioinformatics is certainly not limited to these approaches, these are significant in helping clinicians and researchers manage biological data for the benefit of patients as a whole.
This study aims to highlight several important databases and their use for research about the Notch signaling pathway. NOTCH2, NOTCH3, and their co&#8210;activator MAML1 were used as examples for the database study. These genes were used because the importance of the Notch signaling pathway in ovarian cancer has been validated. Systematic analyses of retrieved data confirmed the importance of Notch signaling in ovarian cancer. In addition, because Notch signaling is well conserved across species, it was confirmed that overexpression of Drosophila melanogaster NICD and Mastermind together can induce tumors in Drosophila ovaries, supporting the database findings and the significant and conserved role of Notch signaling in ovarian cancer.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>DAPI (4&#39;,6-Diamidino-2-Phenylindole, Dihydrochloride)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>D1306</td>
			<td>1:1000 Dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS, Phosphate Buffered Saline, 10X Powder, pH 7.4</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>FLBP6651</td>
			<td>Dissolved with ddH2O to make 1X PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat serum</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>16210064</td>
			<td>Serum</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Embryo dish</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>70543-45</td>
			<td>Dissection Dish</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nutating mixers</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>88861041</td>
			<td>Nutator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>tj-Gal4, Gal80ts/ CyO; UAS-NICD-GFP/ TM6B</td>
			<td>Dr. Wu-Min Deng at Florida State University</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Fly stock</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>w*; UAS-mam.A</td>
			<td>Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center</td>
			<td>#27743</td>
			<td>Fly stock</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>w[1118]</td>
			<td>Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center</td>
			<td>#5905</td>
			<td>Fly stock</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>The PRECOG portal</td>
			<td>Stanford University</td>
			<td>precog.stanford.edu</td>
			<td>Publicly accessible database of cancer expression datasets</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CSIOVDB</td>
			<td>Cancer Science Institute of Singapore</td>
			<td>csibio.nus.edu.sg/CSIOVDB/CSIOVDB.html</td>
			<td>Microarray database used to study ovarian cancer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>The Gene Expression across Normal and Tumor tissue (GENT) Portal</td>
			<td>Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB)</td>
			<td>medical&#8211;genome.kribb.re.kr/GENT</td>
			<td>Publicly accessible database of gene expression data across diverse tissues, divided into tumor and normal tissues.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Broad Institute Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE)</td>
			<td>Broad Institute and The Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research</td>
			<td>portals.broadinstitute.org/ccle</td>
			<td>Provides genomic profiles and mutations of human cancer cell lines</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>cBioPortal</td>
			<td>Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSK)</td>
			<td>cioportal.org</td>
			<td>Portal that allows researchers to search for genetic alterations and signaling networks</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zeiss 710 Inverted confocal microscope</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss</td>
			<td>ID #M 210491</td>
			<td>Examination and image collection of fluorescently labeled specimens</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

integration of bioinformatics approaches and experimental validations to understand the role of notch signaling in ovarian cancer

Notch signaling is a highly conserved regulatory pathway involved in many cellular processes. Dysregulation of this signaling pathway often leads to interference with proper development and may even result in initiation or progression of cancers in certain cases. Because this pathway serves complex and versatile functions, it can be studied extensively through many different approaches. Of these, bioinformatics provides an undeniably cost-efficient, approachable, and user-friendly method of study. Bioinformatics is a useful way to extract smaller pieces of information from large-scale datasets. Through the implementation of various bioinformatics approaches, researchers can quickly, reliably, and efficiently interpret these large datasets, yielding insightful applications and scientific discoveries. Here, a protocol is presented for integration of bioinformatics approaches to investigate the role of Notch signaling in ovarian cancer. Furthermore, bioinformatics findings are validated through experimentation.

Using the procedure mentioned in step 1 using the PRECOG portal, the Z-scores of NOTCH2, NOTCH3, and MAML1 in ovarian cancer were obtained (1.3, 2.32, 1.62, respectively). The negative Z&#8210;score values indicate the poor overall survival of patients with high expression levels of the three genes. Using Conditional Formatting of the spreadsheet software, the Z&#8210;score values are shown in a colored bar graph in Figure 1.
<p class="jove_con...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Integration of Bioinformatics Approaches and Experimental Validations to Understand the Role of Notch Signaling in Ovarian Cancer at JoVE.com

Integration of Bioinformatics Approaches and Experimental Validations to Understand the Role of Notch Signaling in Ovarian Cancer

Bioinformatics is a useful way to process large-scale datasets. Through the implementation of bioinformatics approaches, researchers can quickly, reliably, and efficiently obtain insightful applications and scientific discoveries. This article demonstrates the utilization of bioinformatics in ovarian cancer research. It also successfully validates bioinformatics findings through experimentation.

Notch signaling is a highly conserved regulatory pathway involved in many cellular processes. Dysregulation of this signaling pathway often leads to ...

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