Name: biotribological testing and analysis of articular cartilage sliding against metal for implants
Uploaded: 2020-05-14T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Biotribological Testing and Analysis of Articular Cartilage Sliding against Metal for Implants at JoVE.com

This research was funded by N&#214; Forschungs- und Bildungsges.m.b.H. and the provincial government of Lower Austria through the Life Science Calls (Project ID: LSC15-019) and by the Austrian COMET Program (Project K2 XTribology, Grant No. 849109).

1. Preparation of metal cylinders
<ol>
	<li>Analyze cylindrical cobalt-chromium-molybdenum (CoCrMo) rods fulfilling the standard specifications for surgical implants for their chemical composition using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy per manufacturer&#8217;s protocol to confirm provided values. 
	NOTE: The elemental composition of the CoCrMo alloy used for this experiment is 65% Co, 28% Cr, 5% Mo and 2% others.</li>
	<li>Wet grind the samples with silicon carbide grind...

<ol>
	<li>Zengerink, M., Struijs, P. A. A. A., Tol, J. L., van Dijk, C. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Treatment+of+osteochondral+lesions+of+the+talus:+a+systematic+review.">Treatment of osteochondral lesions of the talus: a systematic review.</a> Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 18 (2), 238-246 (2009).</li><li>Aurich, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behandlung+osteochondraler+L&#228;sionen+des+Sprunggelenks:+Empfehlungen+der+Arbeitsgemeinschaft+Klinische+Geweberegeneration+der+DGOU.">Behandlung osteochondraler L&#228;sionen des Sprunggelenks: Empfehlungen der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Klinische Geweberegeneration der DGOU.</a> Zeitschrift fur Orthopadie und Unfallchirurgie. 155 (1), 92-99 (2017).</li><li>Van Bergen, C. J. A., Zengerink, M., Blankevoort, L., Van Sterkenburg, M. N., Van Oldenrijk, J., Van Dijk, C. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+metallic+implantation+technique+for+osteochondral+defects+of+the+medial+talar+dome.">Novel metallic implantation technique for osteochondral defects of the medial talar dome.</a> Acta Orthopaedica. 81 (4), 495-502 (2010).</li><li>Sweet, S. J., Takara, T., Ho, L., Tibone, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Primary+Partial+Humeral+Head+Resurfacing.">Primary Partial Humeral Head Resurfacing.</a> The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 43 (3), 579-587 (2015).</li><li>Becher, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Minimum+5-year+results+of+focal+articular+prosthetic+resurfacing+for+the+treatment+of+full-thickness+articular+cartilage+defects+in+the+knee.">Minimum 5-year results of focal articular prosthetic resurfacing for the treatment of full-thickness articular cartilage defects in the knee.</a> Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery. 131 (8), 1135-1143 (2011).</li><li>Lea, M. A., Barkatali, B., Porter, M. L., Board, T. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Osteochondral+Lesion+of+the+Hip+Treated+with+Partial+Femoral+Head+Resurfacing.+Case+Report+and+Six-Year+Follow-up.">Osteochondral Lesion of the Hip Treated with Partial Femoral Head Resurfacing. Case Report and Six-Year Follow-up.</a> HIP International. 24 (4), 417-420 (2018).</li><li>Becher, C., Huber, R., Thermann, H., Paessler, H. H., Skrbensky, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+a+contoured+articular+prosthetic+device+on+tibiofemoral+peak+contact+pressure:+a+biomechanical+study.">Effects of a contoured articular prosthetic device on tibiofemoral peak contact pressure: a biomechanical study.</a> Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 16 (1), 56-63 (2007).</li><li>Malahias, M. -. A., Chytas, D., Thorey, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+clinical+outcome+of+the+different+HemiCAP+and+UniCAP+knee+implants:+A+systematic+and+comprehensive+review.">The clinical outcome of the different HemiCAP and UniCAP knee implants: A systematic and comprehensive review.</a> Orthopedic Reviews. 10 (2), (2018).</li><li>Dhollander, A. A. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+use+of+a+prosthetic+inlay+resurfacing+as+a+salvage+procedure+for+a+failed+cartilage+repair.">The use of a prosthetic inlay resurfacing as a salvage procedure for a failed cartilage repair.</a> Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology. 23 (8), 2208-2212 (2014).</li><li>Van Bergen, C. J. A. A., van Eekeren, I. C. M. M., Reilingh, M. L., Sierevelt, I. N., van Dijk, C. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Treatment+of+osteochondral+defects+of+the+talus+with+a+metal+resurfacing+inlay+implant+after+failed+previous+surgery.">Treatment of osteochondral defects of the talus with a metal resurfacing inlay implant after failed previous surgery.</a> Bone and Joint Journal. 95 (12), 1650-1655 (2013).</li><li>Kim, Y. S. Y. -. H. H. Y. -. S., Kim, Y. S. Y. -. H. H. Y. -. S., Hwang, K. -. T. T., Choi, I. -. Y. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+cartilage+degeneration+and+joint+motion+of+bipolar+hemiarthroplasty.">The cartilage degeneration and joint motion of bipolar hemiarthroplasty.</a> International Orthopaedics. 36 (10), 2015-2020 (2012).</li><li>Moon, K. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Degeneration+of+Acetabular+Articular+Cartilage+to+Bipolar+Hemiarthroplasty.">Degeneration of Acetabular Articular Cartilage to Bipolar Hemiarthroplasty.</a> Yonsei Medical Journal. 49 (5), 716-719 (2008).</li><li>Wimmer, M. A., Pacione, C., Laurent, M. P., Chubinskaya, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+wear+testing+of+living+cartilage+articulating+against+alumina.">In vitro wear testing of living cartilage articulating against alumina.</a> Journal of Orthopaedic Research. , (2016).</li><li>Bowland, P., Ingham, E., Fisher, J., Jennings, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simple+geometry+tribological+study+of+osteochondral+graft+implantation+in+the+knee.">Simple geometry tribological study of osteochondral graft implantation in the knee.</a> Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine. 232 (3), 249-256 (2018).</li><li>Bowland, P., Ingham, E., Fisher, J., Jennings, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+a+preclinical+natural+porcine+knee+simulation+model+for+the+tribological+assessment+of+osteochondral+grafts+in+vitro.">Development of a preclinical natural porcine knee simulation model for the tribological assessment of osteochondral grafts in vitro.</a> Journal of Biomechanics. 77, 91-98 (2018).</li><li>Trevino, R. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Establishing+a+live+cartilage-on-cartilage+interface+for+tribological+testing.">Establishing a live cartilage-on-cartilage interface for tribological testing.</a> Biotribology. 9, 1-11 (2017).</li><li>Oungoulian, S. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Wear+and+damage+of+articular+cartilage+with+friction+against+orthopedic+implant+materials.">Wear and damage of articular cartilage with friction against orthopedic implant materials.</a> Journal of Biomechanics. 48 (10), 1957-1964 (2015).</li><li>Stotter, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+Loading+Conditions+on+Articular+Cartilage+in+a+Metal-on-Cartilage+Pairing.">Effects of Loading Conditions on Articular Cartilage in a Metal-on-Cartilage Pairing.</a> Journal of Orthopaedic Research. 37 (12), 2531-2539 (2019).</li><li>Becher, C., Huber, R., Thermann, H., Tibesku, C. O., von Skrbensky, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tibiofemoral+contact+mechanics+with+a+femoral+resurfacing+prosthesis+and+a+non-functional+meniscus.">Tibiofemoral contact mechanics with a femoral resurfacing prosthesis and a non-functional meniscus.</a> Clinical biomechanics. 24 (8), 648-654 (2009).</li><li>Temple, D. K., Cederlund, A. A., Lawless, B. M., Aspden, R. M., Espino, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Viscoelastic+properties+of+human+and+bovine+articular+cartilage:+a+comparison+of+frequency-dependent+trends.">Viscoelastic properties of human and bovine articular cartilage: a comparison of frequency-dependent trends.</a> BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. , 1-8 (2016).</li><li>Caligaris, M., Ateshian, G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+sustained+interstitial+fluid+pressurization+under+migrating+contact+area,+and+boundary+lubrication+by+synovial+fluid,+on+cartilage+friction.">Effects of sustained interstitial fluid pressurization under migrating contact area, and boundary lubrication by synovial fluid, on cartilage friction.</a> Osteoarthritis and Cartilage. 16 (10), 1220-1227 (2008).</li><li>Burris, D. L., Ramsey, L., Graham, B. T., Price, C., Moore, A. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+Sliding+and+Hydrodynamics+Contribute+to+Articular+Cartilage+Fluid+and+Lubrication+Recovery.">How Sliding and Hydrodynamics Contribute to Articular Cartilage Fluid and Lubrication Recovery.</a> Tribology Letters. 67 (2), 1-10 (2019).</li><li>Mamat, N., Nor, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Numerical+measurement+of+contact+pressure+in+the+tibiofemoral+joint+during+gait.">Numerical measurement of contact pressure in the tibiofemoral joint during gait.</a> International Conference on Biomedical Engineering (ICoBE). , 27-28 (2012).</li><li>Manda, K., Ryd, L., Eriksson, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Finite+element+simulations+of+a+focal+knee+resurfacing+implant+applied+to+localized+cartilage+defects+in+a+sheep+model.">Finite element simulations of a focal knee resurfacing implant applied to localized cartilage defects in a sheep model.</a> Journal of Biomechanics. 44 (5), 794-801 (2011).</li></ol>

Focal metallic implants represent a salvage procedure for osteochondral defects, especially in middle-aged patients and after failed primary treatment. Although clinical studies demonstrated promising short-term results, one observed complication is damage to the opposing, native cartilage10. Cadaver and biomechanical studies show clear evidence that proper implantation with flat or slightly recessed positioning maintains natural contact pressures19. Tribological experiment...

The treatment of osteochondral defects is demanding and requires surgery in many cases. For focal osteochondral lesions in middle-aged patients, focal metallic implants are a viable option, especially after the failure of primary treatment, like bone marrow stimulation (BMS) or autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI)1. Partial surface replacements can be considered salvage procedures that can reduce pain and improve the range of motion2. These implants are typically composed of a CoCrMo alloy and are available in different sizes and offset configurations to match the normal anatomy3. While initially developed for defects on the medial femoral condyle in the knee, such implants are now available and in use for the hip, ankle, shoulder, and elbow4,5,6. For a satisfactory outcome, it is crucial to assess the mechanical joint alignment and condition of the opposing cartilage. Furthermore, correct implantation without protrusion of the implant has been shown to be fundamental7.
Clinical studies demonstrated excellent short-term results in terms of pain reduction and improvement of function in middle-aged patients for various locations5,6,8. Compared with allograft implantation, focal metal implants allow early weight bearing. However, the opposing articular cartilage showed accelerated wear in a considerable number of patients9,10. Hence, even with proper placement, in many cases degeneration of the native cartilage seems inevitable, while the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Similar degenerative changes have been observed after bipolar hemiarthroplasty of the hip11 and are increased with activity and loading12.
Tribological experiments provide the possibility to study such pairings in vitro and simulate different loading situations occurring under physiological conditions13. The use of osteochondral pins offers a simple geometry model to investigate the tribology of articular cartilage sliding against native cartilage or any implant material14 and might further be used in whole joint simulation models15. Metal-on-cartilage pairings show accelerated cartilage wear, extracellular matrix disruption, and decreased cell viability in the superficial zone compared with a cartilage-on-cartilage pairing16. Damage to the cartilage occurred mainly in the form of delamination between the superficial and middle zones17. However, the mechanisms leading to cartilage degeneration are not fully understood. This protocol provides a comprehensive analysis of the biosynthetic activity of articular cartilage. By the determination of metabolic activity and gene expression levels of catabolic genes, early indications for cartilage breakdown might be identified. The advantage of in vitro tribological experiments is that loading parameters can be adjusted to imitate various loading conditions.
Hence, the following protocol is suitable to simulate a metal-on-cartilage pairing, representing an experimental hemiarthroplasty model.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:773px;" width="772">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:297px;">Amphotericin B</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Sigma&#8208;Aldrich Chemie GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A-2942-100ML</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">buffered formaldehyde solution 4%</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">97131000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cell Proliferation Kit II (XTT)</td>
			<td>Roche Diagnostics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11465015001</td>
			<td>XTT-based ex vivo toxicology assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">CoCrMo raw material</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Acnis International</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>CoCrMo rods 6mm in diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">CryoStar NX70 Cryostat</td>
			<td>Thermo Fischer Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>cryosectioning device</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Sidma-Aldrich Chemie</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D 2438-10ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Dulbecco&#8217;s modified Eagle&#8217;s medium</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Sigma&#8208;Aldrich Chemie GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">Hyaluronic acid</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Anika Therapeutics Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>component of lubricating solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">iCycler</td>
			<td>BioRad</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>thermal cycler</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Leica microscope DM&#8208;1000</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>microscope for histology</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">LightCycler 480 Sealing Foil</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Roche Diagnostics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">LightCycler 96</td>
			<td>Roche Diagnostics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>thermal cycler for PCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MagNA Lyser Green Beads</td>
			<td>Roche Diagnostics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">3358941001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Osteochondral Autograft Transfer System (OATS)</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Arthrex Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>cutting tube for harvesting osteochondral cylinders</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">osteosoft</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Merck</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1017279010</td>
			<td>decalcifier-solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Penicillin /Streptomycin</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Sigma&#8208;Aldrich Chemie GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P4333-100ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:297px;">phosphate&#8208;buffered saline</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Sigma&#8208;Aldrich Chemie GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">Prescale Low Pressure</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Fujifilm</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>pressure indicating film</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">RNeasy Fibrous Tissue Kit</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">QIAGEN</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">74404</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Synergy 2</td>
			<td>BioTek Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>plate reader</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">Tetra&#8208;Falex MUST</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Falex Tribology</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Tribometer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tissue&#8208; Tek O.C.T.</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">SAKURA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">4583</td>
			<td>embedding formulation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Transcriptor First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit</td>
			<td>Roche Diagnostics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">40897030001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">&#946;-mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Sidma-Aldrich Chemie</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M3148</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

biotribological testing and analysis of articular cartilage sliding against metal for implants

Osteochondral defects in middle-aged patients might be treated with focal metallic implants. First developed for defects in the knee joint, implants are now available for the shoulder, hip, ankle and the first metatarsalphalangeal joint. While providing pain reduction and clinical improvement, progressive degenerative changes of the opposing cartilage are observed in many patients. The mechanisms leading to this damage are not fully understood. This protocol describes a tribological experiment to simulate a metal-on-cartilage pairing and comprehensive analysis of the articular cartilage. Metal implant material is tested against bovine osteochondral cylinders as a model for human articular cartilage. By applying different loads and sliding speeds, physiological loading conditions can be imitated. To provide a comprehensive analysis of the effects on the articular cartilage, histology, metabolic activity and gene expression analysis are described in this protocol. The main advantage of tribological testing is that loading parameters can be adjusted freely to simulate in vivo conditions. Furthermore, different testing solutions might be used to investigate the influence of lubrication or pro-inflammatory agents. By using gene expression analysis for cartilage-specific genes and catabolic genes, early changes in the metabolism of articular chondrocytes in response to mechanical loading might be detected.

The contact area and contact pressure must be confirmed using a pressure measurement film (Figure 1). Physiological loading condition can be confirmed by comparing with reference imprints for defined contact pressures. During testing, the coefficient of friction is monitored constantly. With a migrating contact area, a low friction coefficient can be maintained for at least 1 h (Figure 2). Using Safranin O staining the extracellular matrix composition and struct...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Biotribological Testing and Analysis of Articular Cartilage Sliding against Metal for Implants at JoVE.com

Biotribological Testing and Analysis of Articular Cartilage Sliding against Metal for Implants

This protocol describes the preparation, biotribological testing, and analysis of osteochondral cylinders sliding against metal implant material. Outcome measures included in this protocol are metabolic activity, gene expression and histology.

Osteochondral defects in middle-aged patients might be treated with focal metallic implants. First developed for defects in the knee joint, implants are ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

A Novel Application of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging

Ultrasound is an attractive modality for imaging muscle and tendon  motion during dynamic tasks and can provide a complementary methodological  approach ...

Techniques for Processing Eyes Implanted with a Retinal Prosthesis for Localized Histopathological Analysis: Part 2 Epiretinal Implants with Retinal Tacks

Retinal prostheses for the treatment of certain forms of blindness are gaining traction in clinical trials around the world with commercial devices ...

Proximal Cadaveric Femur Preparation for Fracture Strength Testing and Quantitative CT-based Finite Element Analysis

Cadaveric fracture testing is routinely used to understand factors that affect proximal femur strength.  Because ex vivo biological tissues are prone to ...

Oral Biofilm Formation on Different Materials for Dental Implants

Dental implants and their prosthetic components are prone to bacterial colonization and biofilm formation. The use of materials that provides low ...

Handheld Metal Detector Screening for Metallic Foreign Body Ingestion in Children

Coins are the most common ingested metallic foreign bodies among children. The goal of this protocol is to assess the accuracy and feasibility of using a ...

Hemocompatibility Testing of Blood-Contacting Implants in a Flow Loop Model Mimicking Human Blood Flow

The growing use of medical devices (e.g., vascular grafts, stents, and cardiac catheters) for temporary or permanent purposes that remain in the ...

Novel Percutaneous Approach for Deployment of 3D Printed Coronary Stenosis Implants in Swine Models of Ischemic Heart Disease

Minimally invasive methods for creating models of focal coronary narrowing in large animals are challenging. Rapid prototyping using three-dimensionally ...

3D Planning and Printing of Patient Specific Implants for Reconstruction of Bony Defects

We are in the midst of the 3D era in most aspects of life, and especially in medicine. The surgical discipline is one of the major players in the medical ...

Treatment of Facial Deformities using 3D Planning and Printing of Patient-Specific Implants

Technological advancements in surgical planning and patient-specific implants are constantly evolving. One can either adopt the technology to achieve ...