Name: neutron spin echo spectroscopy as a unique probe for lipid membrane dynamics and membrane-protein interactions
Uploaded: 2021-05-27T14:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Neutron Spin Echo Spectroscopy as a Unique Probe for Lipid Membrane Dynamics and Membrane-Protein Interactions at JoVE.com

R. Ashkar thanks M. Nagao, L.-R. Stingaciu, and P. Zolnierczuk for many useful discussions and for their frequent assistance with NSE experiments on their respective beamlines. The authors acknowledge the use of neutron spin echo spectrometers at NIST and ORNL. The NSE spectrometer at NIST is supported by the Center for High Resolution Neutron Scattering, a partnership between the National Institute of Standards and Technology and the National Science Foundation under agreement no. DMR-1508249. The NSE spectrometer at ORNL&#39;s Spallation Neutron Source is supported by the Scientific User Facilities Division, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, US Department of Energy. Oak Ridge National Laboratory is managed by UT-Battelle, LLC under US DOE Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725.

1. Deuteration scheme required for the experiment
<ol>
	<li>For bending fluctuation measurements, make fully protiated liposomes in D2O (D 99.9%) or D2O-buffer (e.g., phosphate buffer prepared with D2O instead of H2O). Use fully protiated DMPC (C36H72NO8P) and DSPC (C44H88NO8P) with <img alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/62396/62396eq01v2.jpg" /> 133.4 mg, where XDMPC and X<su...

NSE is a powerful and unique technique in measuring mesoscopic dynamics of lipid membranes under various conditions. The effective utilization of NSE depends on sample quality, neutron contrast, and the range of accessible dynamics that can be probed for a given sample. Thus, several critical steps are required for performing successful NSE experiments and collecting high-quality data. A key step in ensuring the effective use of neutron beam time during an NSE experiment is to characterize the liposomal suspensions with ...

An erratum was issued for:&#160;<a href="https://www.jove.com/t/62396">Neutron Spin Echo Spectroscopy as a Unique Probe for Lipid Membrane Dynamics and Membrane-Protein Interactions</a>. The Introduction, Protocol, and Representative Results sections have been updated.
In the Introduction, the fith pargraph was updated from:
Besides direct access to the length and time scale of membrane dynamics, NSE has the inherent capabilities of neutron isotope sensitivity52. Specifically, the ability of neutrons to interact differently with the isotopes of hydrogen, the most abundant element in biological systems, results in a different neutron scattering length density,34 or NSLD (the equivalent of the optical index of refraction50), when protium is substituted by deuterium. This enables an approach known as contrast variation, which is commonly used to highlight specific membrane features or conceal others &#8212;&#160;the latter scenario is referred to as contrast matching. A frequent application of contrast variation/matching is the substitution of water (NSLD = -0.56 &#215; 10-6&#160;&#197;-2) by heavy water or D2O (NSLD = 6.4&#160;&#215; 10-6&#160;&#197;-2) to amplify the neutron signal from protiated lipid membranes (NSLD ~ 2 &#215; 10-6&#160;&#197;-2). This approach is highly effective in studies of membrane structure because the penetration of D2O into the headgroup region of the membrane allows accurate determination of the membrane thicknesses (see Figure 2A, left panel) and of the location of different lipid subgroups when more sophisticated models are applied53,54. This paper highlights some examples on the use of contrast variation for studies of collective dynamics in biomimetic membranes and select membrane features.
to:
Besides direct access to the length and time scale of membrane dynamics, NSE has the inherent capabilities of neutron isotope sensitivity52. Specifically, the ability of neutrons to interact differently with the isotopes of hydrogen, the most abundant element in biological systems, results in a different neutron scattering length density,34 or NSLD (the equivalent of the optical index of refraction50), when protium is substituted by deuterium. This enables an approach known as contrast variation, which is commonly used to highlight specific membrane features or conceal others &#8212;&#160;the latter scenario is referred to as contrast matching. A frequent application of contrast variation/matching is the substitution of water (NSLD = -0.56 &#215; 10-6&#160;&#197;-2) by heavy water or D2O (NSLD = 6.4&#160;&#215; 10-6&#160;&#197;-2) to amplify the neutron signal from protiated lipid membranes (NSLD ~ 0&#160;&#215; 10-6&#160;&#197;-2). This approach is highly effective in studies of membrane structure because the penetration of D2O into the headgroup region of the membrane allows accurate determination of the membrane thicknesses (see Figure 2A, left panel) and of the location of different lipid subgroups when more sophisticated models are applied53,54. This paper highlights some examples on the use of contrast variation for studies of collective dynamics in biomimetic membranes and select membrane features.
In the Protocol, step 1.1 was updated from:
For bending fluctuation measurements, make fully protiated liposomes in D2O (D 99.9%) or D2O-buffer (e.g., phosphate buffer prepared with D2O instead of H2O). Use fully protiated DMPC (C36H72NO8P) and DSPC (C44H88NO8P) with <img alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/62396/62396eq01v2.jpg" /> 133.4 mg, where XDMPC and XDSPC are the mole fractions of DMPC and DSPC, here set to 0.7 and 0.3, respectively, and MwDMPC&#160;and MwDSPC are the molar weights given by 677.9 g/mol and 790.1 g/mol, respectively. Similarly, mDSPC = 66.6 mg. This deuteration scheme increases the scattering contrast between the membrane (NSLD&#160;~ 2&#160;&#215; 10-6&#160;&#197;-2) and the deuterated buffer (NSLD ~ 6.4 &#215; 10-6&#160;&#197;-2) and amplifies the signal from membrane undulations (see Figure 2A left panel).
to:
For bending fluctuation measurements, make fully protiated liposomes in D2O (D 99.9%) or D2O-buffer (e.g., phosphate buffer prepared with D2O instead of H2O). Use fully protiated DMPC (C36H72NO8P) and DSPC (C44H88NO8P) with <img alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/62396/62396eq01v2.jpg" /> 133.4 mg, where XDMPC and XDSPC are the mole fractions of DMPC and DSPC, here set to 0.7 and 0.3, respectively, and MwDMPC&#160;and MwDSPC are the molar weights given by 677.9 g/mol and 790.1 g/mol, respectively. Similarly, mDSPC = 66.6 mg. This deuteration scheme increases the scattering contrast between the membrane (NSLD&#160;~ 0&#160;&#215; 10-6&#160;&#197;-2) and the deuterated buffer (NSLD ~ 6.4 &#215; 10-6&#160;&#197;-2) and amplifies the signal from membrane undulations (see Figure 2A left panel).
In the Representative Results, the fist pagargaph was updted&#160;from:
NSE studies accessing bending fluctuations are typically performed over a Q-range of ~ (0.04 - 0.2) &#197;-1. This Q-range corresponds to intermediate length scales between the membrane thickness and the liposomal radius, where bending dynamics dominate. Measurement over an extended Q-range can give access to additional dynamic modes, including liposomal diffusion and intramembrane dynamics. For more details on the cross-over in membrane dynamics accessed by NSE, check these relevant publications25,71. It is important to emphasize that NSE signals are proportional to: <img alt="Equation 5" src="/files/ftp_upload/62396/62396eq05v2.jpg" />, where&#160;Icoh and Iinc&#160;are, respectively, the coherent and incoherent scattering intensity from the sample. Therefore, it is advisable to prepare NSE liposomal samples in deuterated buffers (i.e., buffers prepared with D2O instead of H2O) to minimize the incoherent scattering signal, mainly contributed by the hydrogen content of the sample. However, in some cases intermediate deuteration schemes (i.e., using mixtures of D2O and H2O) might be necessary to obtain optimal contrast conditions. Typically, NSE measurements of membrane bending fluctuations are performed on fully protiated liposomes in deuterated buffer, referred to as fully contrasted liposomes in Figure 5. This deuteration scheme results in a large NSLD difference between the membrane core (~2 &#215; 10-6 &#197;-2) and its deuterated fluid environment (~6.4 &#215; 10-6 &#197;-2), which significantly enhances the scattering signal from the liposomal membranes and improves the measurement statistics of bending dynamics. This contrast scheme (Figure 2A left panel) is frequently utilized in studies of bending rigidity of lipid membranes with single38,72 and multiple39,66 lipid components and in studies of membrane softening/stiffening by biological inclusions (e.g., cholesterol, drug molecules, peptides/proteins)36,37,73,74,75, and synthetic additives (e.g., nanoparticles)76,77.
to:
NSE studies accessing bending fluctuations are typically performed over a Q-range of ~ (0.04 - 0.2) &#197;-1. This Q-range corresponds to intermediate length scales between the membrane thickness and the liposomal radius, where bending dynamics dominate. Measurement over an extended Q-range can give access to additional dynamic modes, including liposomal diffusion and intramembrane dynamics. For more details on the cross-over in membrane dynamics accessed by NSE, check these relevant publications25,71. It is important to emphasize that NSE signals are proportional to: <img alt="Equation 5" src="/files/ftp_upload/62396/62396eq05v2.jpg" />, where&#160;Icoh and Iinc&#160;are, respectively, the coherent and incoherent scattering intensity from the sample. Therefore, it is advisable to prepare NSE liposomal samples in deuterated buffers (i.e., buffers prepared with D2O instead of H2O) to minimize the incoherent scattering signal, mainly contributed by the hydrogen content of the sample. However, in some cases intermediate deuteration schemes (i.e., using mixtures of D2O and H2O) might be necessary to obtain optimal contrast conditions. Typically, NSE measurements of membrane bending fluctuations are performed on fully protiated liposomes in deuterated buffer, referred to as fully contrasted liposomes in Figure 5. This deuteration scheme results in a large NSLD difference between the membrane core (~0&#160;&#215; 10-6 &#197;-2) and its deuterated fluid environment (~6.4 &#215; 10-6 &#197;-2), which significantly enhances the scattering signal from the liposomal membranes and improves the measurement statistics of bending dynamics. This contrast scheme (Figure 2A left panel) is frequently utilized in studies of bending rigidity of lipid membranes with single38,72 and multiple39,66 lipid components and in studies of membrane softening/stiffening by biological inclusions (e.g., cholesterol, drug molecules, peptides/proteins)36,37,73,74,75, and synthetic additives (e.g., nanoparticles)76,77.
In the Representative Reults, Figure 2 was updated from:
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/62396/62396fig2v4.jpg" /> 
Figure 2:&#160;Examples of possible deuteration schemes in NSE experiments on lipid membranes. (A) Left: Fully contrasted membranes, e.g., protiated membranes in deuterated buffer, showing the NSLD profile along the normal to the membrane surface. The difference in the NSLD between the headgroup (~2&#160;&#215; 10-2 &#197;-2)&#160;and tail region (~4.5 &#215; 10-6 &#197;-2) of the membrane is due to the headgroup hydration with deuterated buffer. Right: Tail-contrast matched membranes such that the hydrocarbon tail region of the membrane has the same NSLD as the buffer, as shown in the corresponding NSLD profile along the membrane normal. (B) Domain-forming membranes with two neutron contrast schemes where the domains (center) or the matrix (left) are contrast-matched to the buffer, enabling selective studies of matrix or domain dynamics, respectively. This figure has been modified from Nickels et al., JACS 201541. (C) Asymmetric membranes prepared by cyclodextrin exchange between protiated and deuterated lipid vesicles, resulting in the deuteration of one membrane leaflet while keeping the other leaflet protiated. This allows studies of the bending dynamics of the protiated leaflet and provides insights into the mechanical coupling between opposing leaflets in asymmetric membranes. This figure has been modified from Rickeard et al., Nanoscale 202040. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/62396/62396fig2v4large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
to:
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/62396/62396fig2v5.jpg" /> 
Figure 2:&#160;Examples of possible deuteration schemes in NSE experiments on lipid membranes. (A) Left: Fully contrasted membranes, e.g., protiated membranes in deuterated buffer, showing the NSLD profile along the normal to the membrane surface. The difference in the NSLD between the tail region&#160;(~0&#160;&#215; 10-2 &#197;-2)&#160;and headgroup&#160;region (~4.5 &#215; 10-6 &#197;-2) of the membrane is due to the headgroup hydration with deuterated buffer. Right: Tail-contrast matched membranes such that the hydrocarbon tail region of the membrane has the same NSLD as the buffer, as shown in the corresponding NSLD profile along the membrane normal. (B) Domain-forming membranes with two neutron contrast schemes where the domains (center) or the matrix (left) are contrast-matched to the buffer, enabling selective studies of matrix or domain dynamics, respectively. This figure has been modified from Nickels et al., JACS 201541. (C) Asymmetric membranes prepared by cyclodextrin exchange between protiated and deuterated lipid vesicles, resulting in the deuteration of one membrane leaflet while keeping the other leaflet protiated. This allows studies of the bending dynamics of the protiated leaflet and provides insights into the mechanical coupling between opposing leaflets in asymmetric membranes. This figure has been modified from Rickeard et al., Nanoscale 202040. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/62396/62396fig2v5large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>

An erratum was issued for:&#160;<a href="https://www.jove.com/t/62396">Neutron Spin Echo Spectroscopy as a Unique Probe for Lipid Membrane Dynamics and Membrane-Protein Interactions</a>. The Introduction, Protocol, and Representative Results sections have been updated.

Erratum: Neutron Spin Echo Spectroscopy as a Unique Probe for Lipid Membrane Dynamics and Membrane-Protein Interactions

The understanding of cell membranes and their function has remarkably evolved over the last few decades. The former view of cell membranes as passive lipid bilayers that define cell boundaries and house membrane proteins1 has gradually transformed into a dynamic model in which lipid bilayers play an important role in regulating vital biological processes, including cellular signaling, molecular exchange, and protein function &#8212;&#160;to name a few2,3,4,5,6. This realization that cell membranes are highly dynamic, constantly undergoing remodeling and molecular redistribution, has urged scientific explorations beyond equilibrium structures of membranes7,8,9. Accordingly, multiple approaches have been developed to study the various dynamic modes in biological and bioinspired lipid membranes. To date, the majority of these studies have primarily focused on diffusive molecular motions10,11,12,13 and macroscopic shape fluctuations14,15,16, leaving a significant gap in understanding intermediate membrane dynamics, i.e., collective fluctuations of lipid assemblies consisting of few 10-100s of lipid molecules. These dynamics occur over length scales of few tens to few 100 &#197; and over time scales of sub-ns to few hundred ns (see Figure 1), referred to here as mesoscopic scales. It is indeed on these scales that key biological activity takes place at the membrane level17. This includes viral budding18, channel gating19, and membrane-protein interactions20. It is also important to point out that the energy landscape of membrane proteins21,22 shows that conformational changes in proteins &#8212;&#160;necessary for their regulatory role &#8212;&#160;happen over the ns time scales23 of collective membrane fluctuations, further emphasizing the importance of mesoscopic dynamics in the biological function of cell membranes and their bioinspired analogs20. This paper focuses on the two primary mesoscopic dynamic modes in lipid membranes, namely, bending fluctuations and thickness fluctuations.
The main challenge in directly probing these fluctuation modes is the difficulty in simultaneously accessing their spatial and temporal scales using standard spectroscopy methods. The other challenge is that direct contact techniques could impact the same fluctuations they are meant to measure16. This is further exacerbated by the compositional and structural complexity of biological membranes24,25, which results in non-homogeneous membrane features, including lipid domain formation26,27,28,29,30 and membrane asymmetry31,32,33&#8212; demanding selective probes to understand the dynamics of different membrane features. Fortunately, these challenges can be overcome with non-invasive neutron spectroscopy methods, such as neutron spin echo (NSE), which inherently access the required length and time scales, and further enable studies of selective membrane features without changing their physicochemical environment34. Indeed, over the last few years NSE spectroscopy has evolved into a unique and powerful probe of collective membrane dynamics35. Results from NSE studies on lipid membranes have produced new insights into mechanical36,37 and viscoelastic38,39 properties of lipid membranes and have shed new light on their potential role in biological function40,41.
The NSE spectroscopy technique is based on an interferometric instrument design, first proposed by Mezei42, using a series of spin-flippers and magnetic coils to control the precession of the neutron spin as neutrons traverse the instrument. The design rests on magnetic mirroring of the magnetic field elements with respect to the sample position (Figure 1A). This implies that in the absence of energy exchange between the neutron and the sample, the neutron performs the same number of spin precessions, in opposite directions, in the first and second half of the instrument (notice the &#960;-flipper between the two precession coils). As a result, the final spin state of the neutron remains unchanged relative to the initial state - a phenomenon referred to as spin-echo (see transparent neutron in Figure 1A). However, when the neutron energetically interacts with the sample, the energy exchange modifies the number of spin precessions in the second half of the instrument, leading to a different final spin state (see Figure 1A). This is experimentally detected as a loss in polarization, as will be shown later in this paper. For more details on the NSE technique, the reader is referred to dedicated technical papers42,43,44,45.
Here, a simplified description is presented to provide a rough estimate of the length and time scales accessible with NSE. The length scales are determined by the range of achievable wavevector transfers, Q = 4&#960; sin &#952;/&#955;, where 2&#952; is the scattering angle and&#160;&#955; is the neutron wavelength. One can see that Q&#160;is set by the wavelength range and the extent of rotation of the second arm of the spectrometer (see Figure 1A). A typical Q-range on NSE spectrometers is ~0.02-2 &#197;-1&#160;46,47, and up to 0.01-4 &#197;-1 with recent upgrades48,49, corresponding to spatial scales of ~1-600 &#197;. On the other hand, the accessible time scale is calculated from the total precession angle (or phase) acquired by the neutron within the magnetic precession coils, and is found to be50: <img alt="Equation 12" src="/files/ftp_upload/62396/62396eq12v5.jpg" />. In this expression, t is the Fourier time defined as <img alt="Equation 13" src="/files/ftp_upload/62396/62396eq13v2.jpg" />, where&#160;<img alt="Equation 50" src="/files/ftp_upload/62396/62396eq50v2.jpg" />&#160;is the neutron gyromagnetic ratio, <img alt="Equation 51" src="/files/ftp_upload/62396/62396eq51v6.jpg" />&#160;is the coil length, and <img alt="Equation 52" src="/files/ftp_upload/62396/62396eq52v6.jpg" />&#160;is the strength of the coil&#39;s magnetic field. It is worth pointing out that the Fourier time is a quantity that is strictly dependent on the instrument geometry, magnetic field strength, and neutron wavelength. For instance, using neutrons of wavelength&#160;<img alt="Equation 70" src="/files/ftp_upload/62396/62396eq70v6.jpg" /> = 8&#160;&#197; and instrument settings of <img alt="Equation 51" src="/files/ftp_upload/62396/62396eq51v6.jpg" />&#160;= 1.2 m and <img alt="Equation 52" src="/files/ftp_upload/62396/62396eq52v6.jpg" /> = 0.4 T, the Fourier time is calculated to be t ~ 50 ns. Experimentally, the Fourier time is tuned by changing the current in the precession coils (i.e., magnetic field strength) or using different neutron wavelengths, resulting in typical NSE time scales of ~ 1 ps to 100 ns. However, recent upgrades in NSE spectrometers have enabled access to longer Fourier times, up to ~400 ns on the J-NSE-Phoenix spectrometer at the Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum51 and the SNS-NSE spectrometer at Oak Ridge National Lab48, and up to ~1,000 ns at the IN15 NSE spectrometer at the Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL)49.
Besides direct access to the length and time scale of membrane dynamics, NSE has the inherent capabilities of neutron isotope sensitivity52. Specifically, the ability of neutrons to interact differently with the isotopes of hydrogen, the most abundant element in biological systems, results in a different neutron scattering length density,34 or NSLD (the equivalent of the optical index of refraction50), when protium is substituted by deuterium. This enables an approach known as contrast variation, which is commonly used to highlight specific membrane features or conceal others &#8212;&#160;the latter scenario is referred to as contrast matching. A frequent application of contrast variation/matching is the substitution of water (NSLD = -0.56 &#215; 10-6&#160;&#197;-2) by heavy water or D2O (NSLD = 6.4&#160;&#215; 10-6&#160;&#197;-2) to amplify the neutron signal from protiated lipid membranes (NSLD ~ 0&#160;&#215; 10-6&#160;&#197;-2). This approach is highly effective in studies of membrane structure because the penetration of D2O into the headgroup region of the membrane allows accurate determination of the membrane thicknesses (see Figure 2A, left panel) and of the location of different lipid subgroups when more sophisticated models are applied53,54. This paper highlights some examples on the use of contrast variation for studies of collective dynamics in biomimetic membranes and select membrane features.
Here, the effectiveness of NSE in providing unique insights into dynamical and functional membrane properties is illustrated through tangible examples of NSE studies on model and biologically relevant lipid membrane systems with emphasis on mesoscale dynamics in free-standing membranes, in the form of liposomal suspensions. For NSE measurements of in-plane membrane dynamics, the reader is referred to dedicated publications on grazing-incidence neutron spin-echo spectroscopy (GINSES)55,56 and other studies of aligned multilamellar membrane stacks57,58,59,60.
For simplicity, this paper highlights three different schemes of membrane deuteration illustrated on a well-studied domain-forming, or phase separating, lipid bilayer system of 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) and 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC) mixtures61,62. The two lipids are characterized by a mismatch in their hydrocarbon chain length (14 carbons/tail in DMPC vs 18 carbons/tail in DSPC) and their gel-fluid transition temperature&#160;(Tm, DMPC = 23 &#176;C vs Tm, DSPC = 55 &#176;C). This results in lateral phase-separation in DMPC:DSPC membranes at temperatures between the upper and lower transition temperatures of the mixture63. The deuteration schemes considered here are chosen to demonstrate the different dynamic modes accessible in NSE measurements on liposomal membranes, namely, bending fluctuations, thickness fluctuations, and selective bending/thickness fluctuations of lateral domains. All lipid compositions are reported for DMPC:DSPC bilayers prepared at a mole fraction of 70:30, using commercially available protiated and perdeuterated variants of DMPC and DSPC. All sample preparation steps are based on 4 mL of liposomal suspension, in D2O, with a lipid concentration of 50 mg/mL, for a total lipid mass of Mtot&#160;= 200 mg per sample.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Chloroform (biotech grade)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>496189</td>
			<td>Biotech. grade, &#8805;99.8%, contains 0.5-1.0% ethanol as stabilizer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Circulating water bath</td>
			<td>Julabo</td>
			<td>SE-12</td>
			<td>Heating Circulator with smart pump, programmable temperature settings, and external sensor connection for measurement and control</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Deuterium Oxide</td>
			<td>Cambridge Isotopes Laboratories</td>
			<td>DLM-4</td>
			<td>Deuterated water; Heavy water (D2O) (D, 99.9%)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digital Semi-Microbalance</td>
			<td>Mettler Toledo</td>
			<td>MS105</td>
			<td>Semi-micro balance with 120 g capacity, 0.01 mg readability, high resolution weighing cell, ergonomic doors, and pipette-check application</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol (molecular biology grade)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>E7023</td>
			<td>200 proof ethanol for molecular biology applications</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass Pipets</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>36360-536</td>
			<td>Disposable Soda Lime glass Pasteur pipets</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass Vials</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>B7990-1</td>
			<td>Borosilicate glass vials with PTFE/Silione septum caps</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lab grade freezer</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>IU2886D</td>
			<td>Ultra-low temprature freezer (-86 to -50 C) for long-term storage of lipids and proteins</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lipids (protaited or perdeuterated)</td>
			<td>Avanti Polar Lipids</td>
			<td>varies by lipid</td>
			<td>Lipids can be purchased from Avanti in powder form or in a chloroform solution with the required amounts and deuteration schemes.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Millipore water purifier</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>ZRQSVP3US</td>
			<td>Direct-Q&#174;&#160;3 UV Water Purification System which deliver both pure and ultrapure water with a built-in UV lamp to reduce the levels of organics for biological&#160; applications</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mini Extruder Set</td>
			<td>Avanti Polar Lipids</td>
			<td>610020</td>
			<td>Mini-extruder set includes mini-extruder, heating block, 2 GasTight Syringes, and 2 O-rings, Polycarbonate Membranes, and Filter Supports</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Quick Connect Fittings</td>
			<td>Grainger</td>
			<td>2YDA1 and 2YDA7</td>
			<td>Push-button tube fittings for QuickConnect water circulation applications, e.g. high temperature vesicle extrusion</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe Pump</td>
			<td>SyringePump.com</td>
			<td>New Era-1000</td>
			<td>Fully programmable syringe pump for infusion and withdrawal; programs up to 41 pumping phases with adjustable pumping rates, dispensed volumes, and extrusion cycles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultrasonic bath</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>CPX2800</td>
			<td>Temperature controlled ultra sonic bath with programmable functionality for degassing and ultrasonic applications</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vacuum Oven</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>3608</td>
			<td>0.7 cu ft vaccum oven with built-in-high-limit thermostat guards against overheating</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vortex Mixer</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>02-215-414</td>
			<td>Variable speed, analog control that allows low rpm start-up for gentle shaking or high-speed mixing for vigorous vortexing of samples</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

neutron spin echo spectroscopy as a unique probe for lipid membrane dynamics and membrane-protein interactions

Lipid bilayers form the main matrix of cell membranes and are the primary platform for nutrient exchange, protein-membrane&#160;interactions, and viral budding, among other vital cellular processes. For efficient biological activity, cell membranes should be rigid enough to maintain the integrity of the cell and its compartments yet fluid enough to allow membrane components, such as proteins and functional domains, to diffuse and interact. This delicate balance of elastic and fluid membrane properties, and their impact on biological function, necessitate a better understanding of collective membrane dynamics over mesoscopic length and time scales of key biological processes, e.g., membrane deformations and protein binding events. Among the techniques that can effectively probe this dynamic range is neutron spin echo (NSE) spectroscopy. Combined with deuterium labeling, NSE can be used to directly access bending and thickness fluctuations as well as mesoscopic dynamics of select membrane features. This paper provides a brief description of the NSE technique and outlines the procedures for performing NSE experiments on liposomal membranes, including details of sample preparation and deuteration schemes, along with instructions for data collection and reduction. The paper also introduces data analysis methods used to extract key membrane parameters, such as the bending rigidity modulus, area compressibility modulus, and in-plane viscosity. To illustrate the biological importance of NSE studies, select examples of membrane phenomena probed by NSE are discussed, namely, the effect of additives on membrane bending rigidity, the impact of domain formation on membrane fluctuations, and the dynamic signature of membrane-protein interactions.

NSE studies accessing bending fluctuations are typically performed over a Q-range of ~ (0.04 - 0.2) &#197;-1. This Q-range corresponds to intermediate length scales between the membrane thickness and the liposomal radius, where bending dynamics dominate. Measurement over an extended Q-range can give access to additional dynamic modes, including liposomal diffusion and intramembrane dynamics. For more details on the cross-over in membrane dynamics accessed by NSE, check these relevant publications<sup class="xr...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Neutron Spin Echo Spectroscopy as a Unique Probe for Lipid Membrane Dynamics and Membrane-Protein Interactions at JoVE.com

Neutron Spin Echo Spectroscopy as a Unique Probe for Lipid Membrane Dynamics and Membrane-Protein Interactions

This paper describes the protocols for sample preparation, data reduction, and data analysis in neutron spin echo (NSE) studies of lipid membranes. Judicious deuterium labeling of lipids enables access to different membrane dynamics on mesoscopic length and time scales, over which vital biological processes occur.

Lipid bilayers form the main matrix of cell membranes and are the primary platform for nutrient exchange, protein-membrane&#160;interactions, and viral ...

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Measuring Plasma Membrane Protein Endocytic Rates by Reversible Biotinylation

Plasma membrane proteins are a large, diverse group of proteins comprised of receptors, ion channels, transporters and pumps.  Activity of these proteins ...

Detection of Nitric Oxide and Superoxide Radical Anion by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy from Cells using Spin Traps

Reactive nitrogen/oxygen species (ROS/RNS) at low concentrations play an important role in regulating cell function, signaling, and immune response but in ...

Combining Single-molecule Manipulation and Imaging for the Study of Protein-DNA Interactions

The paper describes the combination of optical tweezers and single molecule fluorescence detection for the study of protein-DNA interaction. The method ...

Green Fluorescent Protein-based Expression Screening of Membrane Proteins in Escherichia coli

Green Fluorescent Protein-based Expression Screening of Membrane Proteins in Escherichia coli

The production of recombinant membrane proteins for structural and functional studies remains technically challenging due to low levels of expression and ...

Determining Membrane Protein Topology Using Fluorescence Protease Protection (FPP)

Determining Membrane Protein Topology Using Fluorescence Protease Protection FPP

The correct topology and orientation of integral membrane proteins are essential for their proper function, yet such information has not been established ...

Flash-and-Freeze: A Novel Technique to Capture Membrane Dynamics with Electron Microscopy

Cells constantly change their membrane architecture and protein distribution, but it is extremely difficult to visualize these events at a temporal and ...

Imaging FITC-dextran as a Reporter for Regulated Exocytosis

Regulated exocytosis is a process by which cargo, which is stored in secretory granules (SGs), is released in response to a secretory trigger. Regulated ...

The CryoAPEX Method for Electron Microscopy Analysis of Membrane Protein Localization Within Ultrastructurally-Preserved Cells

Key cellular events like signal transduction and membrane trafficking rely on proper protein location within cellular compartments. Understanding precise ...

Detection of Protein Aggregation using Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy

Protein aggregation is a hallmark of neurodegenerative disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's ...