Name: propagation of dental and respiratory cells and organs in microgravity
Uploaded: 2021-05-25T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Propagation of Dental and Respiratory Cells and Organs in Microgravity at JoVE.com

Studies were generously supported by grants from the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (UG3-DE028869 and R01-DE027930).

All necessary institutional approval was obtained to ensure that the study was in compliance with TAMU institutional animal care guidelines.
1. Bioreactor assembly and sterilization
<ol>
	<li>Sterilize four high aspect ratio vessels (HARV) for the bioreactor in an autoclave on the plastic instrument cycle for 20 minutes at 121 &#176;C as recommended by the manufacturer.</li>
	<li>After sterilization, assemble the vessels in a cell culture hood by tightening the screws provided with the biore...

<ol>
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P., Goodwin, T. J., Wolf, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+culture+for+three-dimensional+modeling+in+rotating-wall+vessels:+An+application+of+simulated+microgravity.">Cell culture for three-dimensional modeling in rotating-wall vessels: An application of simulated microgravity.</a> Journal of Tissue Culture Methods. 14 (2), 51-57 (1992).</li><li>Nokhbatolfoghahaei, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Computational+modeling+of+media+flow+through+perfusion-based+bioreactors+for+bone+tissue+engineering.">Computational modeling of media flow through perfusion-based bioreactors for bone tissue engineering.</a> Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H. 234 (12), 1397-1408 (2020).</li><li>Sun, F. -. y., Wang, X. -. m., Li, X. -. y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+innovative+membrane+bioreactor+(MBR)+system+for+simultaneous+nitrogen+and+phosphorus+removal.">An innovative membrane bioreactor (MBR) system for simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal.</a> Process Biochemistry. 48 (11), 1749-1756 (2013).</li><li>Steimberg, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advanced+3D+Models+Cultured+to+Investigate+Mesenchymal+Stromal+Cells+of+the+Human+Dental+Follicle.">Advanced 3D Models Cultured to Investigate Mesenchymal Stromal Cells of the Human Dental Follicle.</a> Tissue Engineering Methods (Part C). 24 (3), 187-196 (2018).</li><li>Li, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RCCS+enhances+EOE+cell+proliferation+and+their+differentiation+into+ameloblasts.">RCCS enhances EOE cell proliferation and their differentiation into ameloblasts.</a> Molecular Biology Reports. 39 (1), 309-317 (2012).</li><li>Grimm, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tissue+engineering+under+microgravity+conditions-use+of+stem+cells+and+specialized+cells.">Tissue engineering under microgravity conditions-use of stem cells and specialized cells.</a> Stem Cells and Development. 27 (12), 787-804 (2018).</li><li>Tasoglu, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Magnetic+Levitational+Assembly+for+Living+Material+Fabrication.">Magnetic Levitational Assembly for Living Material Fabrication.</a> Advanced Healthcare Materials. 4 (10), 1469-1476 (2015).</li><li>Sarigil, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Scaffold-free+biofabrication+of+adipocyte+structures+with+magnetic+levitation.">Scaffold-free biofabrication of adipocyte structures with magnetic levitation.</a> Biotechnology and Bioengineering. 118 (3), 1127-1140 (2021).</li><li>Anil-Inevi, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biofabrication+of+in+situ+Self+Assembled+3D+Cell+Cultures+in+a+Weightlessness+Environment+Generated+using+Magnetic+Levitation.">Biofabrication of in situ Self Assembled 3D Cell Cultures in a Weightlessness Environment Generated using Magnetic Levitation.</a> Scientific Reports. 8 (1), 7239 (2018).</li><li>Nishikawa, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+simulated+microgravity+by+three-dimensional+clinostat+on+bone+tissue+engineering.">The effect of simulated microgravity by three-dimensional clinostat on bone tissue engineering.</a> Cell Transplant. 14 (10), 829-835 (2005).</li><li>Pandya, M., Diekwisch, T. 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G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Daughters+of+the+Enamel+Organ:+Development,+Fate,+and+Function+of+the+Stratum+Intermedium,+Stellate+Reticulum,+and+Outer+Enamel+Epithelium.">Daughters of the Enamel Organ: Development, Fate, and Function of the Stratum Intermedium, Stellate Reticulum, and Outer Enamel Epithelium.</a> Stem Cells and Development. 25 (20), 1580-1590 (2016).</li><li>Chen, L. S., Couwenhoven, R. I., Hsu, D., Luo, W., Snead, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maintenance+of+amelogenin+gene+expression+by+transformed+epithelial+cells+of+mouse+enamel+organ.">Maintenance of amelogenin gene expression by transformed epithelial cells of mouse enamel organ.</a> Archives of Oral Biology. 37 (10), 771-778 (1992).</li><li>DenBesten, P. K., Gao, C., Li, W., Mathews, C. H., Gruenert, D. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+and+characterization+of+an+SV40+immortalized+porcine+ameloblast-like+cell+line.">Development and characterization of an SV40 immortalized porcine ameloblast-like cell line.</a> European Journal of Oral Sciences. 107 (4), 276-281 (1999).</li><li>Arakaki, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+epithelial-stem+cell+interactions+during+dental+cell+differentiation.">Role of epithelial-stem cell interactions during dental cell differentiation.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 287 (13), 10590-10601 (2012).</li><li>Au - Chavez, M. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+Culture+of+Dental+Epithelial+Stem+Cells+from+the+Adult+Mouse+Incisor.">Isolation and Culture of Dental Epithelial Stem Cells from the Adult Mouse Incisor.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (87), e51266 (2014).</li><li>Pandya, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Posttranslational+Amelogenin+Processing+and+Changes+in+Matrix+Assembly+during+Enamel+Development.">Posttranslational Amelogenin Processing and Changes in Matrix Assembly during Enamel Development.</a> Frontiers in Physiology. 8, 790 (2017).</li><li>Dangaria, S. J., Ito, Y., Luan, X., Diekwisch, T. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differentiation+of+neural-crest-derived+intermediate+pluripotent+progenitors+into+committed+periodontal+populations+involves+unique+molecular+signature+changes,+cohort+shifts,+and+epigenetic+modifications.">Differentiation of neural-crest-derived intermediate pluripotent progenitors into committed periodontal populations involves unique molecular signature changes, cohort shifts, and epigenetic modifications.</a> Stem Cells and Development. 20 (1), 39-52 (2011).</li><li>Ahadian, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrical+stimulation+as+a+biomimicry+tool+for+regulating+muscle+cell+behavior.">Electrical stimulation as a biomimicry tool for regulating muscle cell behavior.</a> Organogenesis. 9 (2), 87-92 (2013).</li><li>Smith, C. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+and+chemical+events+during+enamel+maturation.">Cellular and chemical events during enamel maturation.</a> Critical Reviews in Oral Biology &amp; Medicine. 9 (2), 128-161 (1998).</li><li>Pei, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bioreactors+mediate+the+effectiveness+of+tissue+engineering+scaffolds.">Bioreactors mediate the effectiveness of tissue engineering scaffolds.</a> The FASEB Journal. 16 (12), 1691-1694 (2002).</li><li>Ahmed, S., Chauhan, V. M., Ghaemmaghami, A. M., Aylott, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+generation+of+bioreactors+that+advance+extracellular+matrix+modelling+and+tissue+engineering.">New generation of bioreactors that advance extracellular matrix modelling and tissue engineering.</a> Biotechnology Letters. 41 (1), 1-25 (2019).</li><li>Seidel, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Resolving+stem+and+progenitor+cells+in+the+adult+mouse+incisor+through+gene+co-expression+analysis.">Resolving stem and progenitor cells in the adult mouse incisor through gene co-expression analysis.</a> Elife. 6, (2017).</li><li>Green, H., Rheinwald, J. G., Sun, T. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Properties+of+an+epithelial+cell+type+in+culture:+the+epidermal+keratinocyte+and+its+dependence+on+products+of+the+fibroblast.">Properties of an epithelial cell type in culture: the epidermal keratinocyte and its dependence on products of the fibroblast.</a> Progress in Clinical and Biological Research. 17, 493-500 (1977).</li><li>Green, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+birth+of+therapy+with+cultured+cells.">The birth of therapy with cultured cells.</a> Bioessays. 30 (9), 897-903 (2008).</li><li>Zeichner-David, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Control+of+ameloblast+differentiation.">Control of ameloblast differentiation.</a> International Journal of Developmental Biology. 39 (1), 69-92 (1995).</li><li>Bei, M., Stowell, S., Maas, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Msx2+controls+ameloblast+terminal+differentiation.">Msx2 controls ameloblast terminal differentiation.</a> Developmental Dynamics. 231 (4), 758-765 (2004).</li><li>Dangaria, S. J., Ito, Y., Luan, X., Diekwisch, T. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Successful+periodontal+ligament+regeneration+by+periodontal+progenitor+preseeding+on+natural+tooth+root+surfaces.">Successful periodontal ligament regeneration by periodontal progenitor preseeding on natural tooth root surfaces.</a> Stem Cells and Development. 20 (10), 1659-1668 (2011).</li><li>Del Moral, P. M., Warburton, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Explant+culture+of+mouse+embryonic+whole+lung,+isolated+epithelium,+or+mesenchyme+under+chemically+defined+conditions+as+a+system+to+evaluate+the+molecular+mechanism+of+branching+morphogenesis+and+cellular+differentiation.">Explant culture of mouse embryonic whole lung, isolated epithelium, or mesenchyme under chemically defined conditions as a system to evaluate the molecular mechanism of branching morphogenesis and cellular differentiation.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 633, 71-79 (2010).</li><li>Hermanns, M. I., Unger, R. E., Kehe, K., Peters, K., Kirkpatrick, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lung+epithelial+cell+lines+in+coculture+with+human+pulmonary+microvascular+endothelial+cells:+development+of+an+alveolo-capillary+barrier+in+vitro.">Lung epithelial cell lines in coculture with human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells: development of an alveolo-capillary barrier in vitro.</a> Laboratory Investigation. 84 (6), 736-752 (2004).</li><li>Duell, B. L., Cripps, A. W., Schembri, M. A., Ulett, G. 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Critical steps of the protocol for the growth of cells in microgravity include the bioreactor, the scaffold, the cells used for 3D culture, and the scaffold coating as a means to induce cell differentiation. The type of bioreactor used in our studies comprises the RCCS-4 bioreactor, a recent modification of the original Rotary Cell Culture System (RCCS) rotating cylindrical tissue culture device developed by NASA to grow cells in simulated microgravity. This RCCS-4 environment provides extremely low shear stresses, which...

Gravity affects all aspects of life on Earth, including the biology of individual cells and their function within organisms. Cells sense gravity through mechanoreceptors and respond to changes in gravity by reconfiguring cytoskeletal architectures and by altering cell division1,2,3. Other effects of microgravity include the hydrostatic pressure in fluid filled vesicles, sedimentation of organelles, and buoyancy-driven convection of flow and heat4. Studies on the effect of loss of gravity on human cells and organs were originally conducted to simulate the weightless environment of space on astronauts during space flight missions5. However, in recent years, these 3D bioreactor technologies originally developed by NASA to simulate microgravity are becoming increasingly relevant as novel approaches for the culture of cell populations that are otherwise not amenable to 2D culture systems.
3D Bioreactors simulate microgravity by growing cells in suspension and thus creating a constant &#34;free-fall&#34; effect. Other advantages of the rotating bioreactors include the lack of air exposure encountered in organ culture systems, a reduction in shear stress and turbulence, and a continuous exposure to a changing supply of nutrients. These dynamic conditions provided by a Rotary Cell Culture System (RCCS) bioreactor favor spatial co-localization and three-dimensional assembly of single cells into aggregates6,7.
Previous studies have demonstrated the advantages of a rotary bioreactor for bone regeneration8, tooth germ culture9, and for the culture of human dental follicle cells10. There has also been a report suggesting that RCCS enhances EOE cell proliferation and differentiation into ameloblasts11. However, differentiated cells were considered ameloblasts based on ameloblastin immunofluorescence and/or amelogenin expression alone11 without considering their elongated morphology or polarized cell shape.
In addition to the NASA-developed rotating wall vessels (RWV) bioreactor, other technologies to generate 3D aggregates from cells include magnetic levitation, the random positioning machine (RPM) and the clinostat12. To achieve magnetic levitation, cells labeled with magnetic nanoparticles are levitated using an external magnetic force, resulting in the formation of scaffold-free 3D structures that have been used for the biofabrication of adipocyte structures13,14,15. Another approach to simulate microgravity is the generation of multidirectional G forces by controlling simultaneous rotation about two axes resulting in a cancellation of the cumulative gravity vector at the center of a device called clinostat16. When bone marrow stem cells were cultured in a clinostat, new bone formation was inhibited through the suppression of osteoblast differentiation, illustrating one of the dedifferentiating effects of microgravity16.
In vitro systems to facilitate the faithful culture of ameloblasts would provide a major step forward toward tooth enamel tissue engineering17. Unfortunately, to this date, the culture of ameloblasts has been a challenging undertaking18,19. So far, five different ameloblast-like cell lines have been reported, including the mouse ameloblast-lineage cell line (ALC), the rat dental epithelial cell line (HAT-7), the mouse LS8 cell line20, the porcine PABSo-E cell line21 and the rat SF2-24 cell line22. However, the majority of these cells have lost their distinctive polarized cell shape in 2D culture.
In the present study we have turned to a Rotary Cell Culture Bioreactor System (RCCS) to facilitate the growth of ameloblast-like cells from cervical loop epithelia co-cultured with mesenchymal progenitors and to overcome the challenges of 2D culture systems, including reduced flow of nutrients and cytoskeletal changes due to gravity. In addition, the RCCS has provided novel avenues for the study of cell/scaffold interactions related to periodontal tissue engineering and to examine the effects of inflammatory mediators on lung alveolar tissues in vitro. Together, results from these studies highlight the benefits of microgravity-based rotatory culture systems for the propagation of differentiated epithelia and for the assessment of environmental effects on cells grown in vitro, including cell/scaffold interactions and the tissue response to inflammatory conditions.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Antibiotic-antimycotic</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientfic</td>
			<td>15240096</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ascorbic Acid</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>A4544</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BGJb Fitton-Jackson Modification media</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientfic</td>
			<td>12591</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BIOST PGA scaffold</td>
			<td>Synthecon</td>
			<td>Custom</td>
			<td>Available from the company through a custom order</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BMP-2</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>355-BM</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BMP-4</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>314-BP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM Media</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>D6429-500mL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientfic</td>
			<td>16140071</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fibricol</td>
			<td>Advanced Biomatrix</td>
			<td>5133-20mL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fibronectin</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>354008</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Galanin</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>G-0278</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gelatin disc</td>
			<td>Advanced Biomatrix</td>
			<td>CytoForm 500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Graphene sheets</td>
			<td>Advanced Biomatrix</td>
			<td>CytoForm 300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>hEGF</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>AF-100-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>hFGF</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientfic</td>
			<td>AA1-155</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydroxyapatite disc</td>
			<td>Advanced Biomatrix</td>
			<td>CytoForm 200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Il-6 protein</td>
			<td>PeproTech</td>
			<td>200-06</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Keratinocyte SFM media (1X)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientfic</td>
			<td>17005042</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laminin</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>354259</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LRAP peptide</td>
			<td>Peptide 2.0</td>
			<td>Custom made sequence: MPLPPHPGSPGYINLSYEVLT 
			PLKWYQSMIRQPPLSPILPEL 
			PLEAWPATDKTKREEVD</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Matrigel</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>354234</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Millipore Nitrocellulose membrane</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>AABP04700</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RCCS Bioreactor</td>
			<td>Synthecon</td>
			<td>RCCS 4HD</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SpongeCol</td>
			<td>Advanced Biomatrix</td>
			<td>5135-25EA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syring valve one way stopcock w/swivel male luer lock</td>
			<td>Smiths Medical</td>
			<td>MX5-61L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringes with needle 3cc</td>
			<td>McKESSON</td>
			<td>16-SN3C211</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin EDTA (0.25%)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientfic</td>
			<td>25200056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

propagation of dental and respiratory cells and organs in microgravity

Gravity is one of the key determinants of human cell function, proliferation, cytoskeletal architecture and orientation. Rotary bioreactor systems (RCCSs) mimic the loss of gravity as it occurs in space and instead provide a microgravity environment through continuous rotation of cultured cells or tissues. These RCCSs ensure an un-interrupted supply of nutrients, growth and transcription factors, and oxygen, and address some of the shortcomings of gravitational forces in motionless 2D (two dimensional) cell or organ culture dishes. In the present study we have used RCCSs to co-culture cervical loop cells and dental pulp cells to become ameloblasts, to characterize periodontal progenitor/scaffold interactions, and to determine the effect of inflammation on lung alveoli. The RCCS environments facilitated growth of ameloblast-like cells, promoted periodontal progenitor proliferation in response to scaffold coatings, and allowed for an assessment of the effects of inflammatory changes on cultured lung alveoli. This manuscript summarizes the environmental conditions, materials, and steps along the way and highlights critical aspects and experimental details. In conclusion, RCCSs are innovative tools to master the culture and 3D (three dimensional) growth of cells in vitro and to allow for the study of cellular systems or interactions not amenable to classic 2D culture environments.

The inside chamber of the bioreactor provides an environment for the cells to proliferate and differentiate, attach to a scaffold or congregate to form tissue like assemblies. Each HARV vessel holds up to 10 mL of medium and facilitates a constant circulation of nutrients so that each cell has an excellent chance to survive. Figure 1A illustrates the attachment of the syringe ports to the front plate of the vessel where sterile one-stop valves are attached. These valves act as doorkeepers to...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Propagation of Dental and Respiratory Cells and Organs in Microgravity at JoVE.com

Propagation of Dental and Respiratory Cells and Organs in Microgravity

This protocol presents a method for the culture and 3D growth of ameloblast-like cells in microgravity to maintain their elongated and polarized shape as well as enamel-specific protein expression. Culture conditions for the culture of periodontal engineering constructs and lung organs in microgravity are also described.

Gravity is one of the key determinants of human cell function, proliferation, cytoskeletal architecture and orientation. Rotary bioreactor systems (RCCSs) ...

Elongated and polarized the amelogenin-secreting ameloblast in culture. This is also the first protocol for growing ameloblast cells in microgravity. The growth of ameloblasts in culture has been one of the major challenges in the enamel field.And for us, it's using this bioreactor model, it's the first time that we have accomplished this hallmark in enamel research. This model can be used to understand the biology of ameloblast cells. This model will be demonstrated by Dr.Mirali Pandya.Begin by placing the collected tissue from six-day postnatal mice under the dissection microscope and dissected cervical loops. Set up a bioreactor by attaching the sterile valves to the syringe ports. Add both cells, the cervical loop and the dental pulp, along with coated scaffold to the bioreactor and fill the bioreactor vessel with 10 milliliters of keratinocyte SFM media supplemented with growth factors and extracellular matrix proteins.Close and tighten the fill port cap of the bioreactor vessel, then open the sterile valves. Use two sterile three milliliter syringes for a media change. To do so, fill one syringe with the fresh medium and leave the other syringe empty.Open both syringe valves and gently maneuver the bubbles towards the empty syringe port. Once the fresh medium from the full syringe is carefully injected into the vessel, remove all the bubbles through the empty syringe port. Close the syringe ports with caps.Attach each vessel to the rotator base. Turn on the power and set the speed to 10.1 rotations per minute. Adjust the speed to ensure the scaffolds are in suspension and not touching the vessel wall.For media change every 24 hours, place the vessels upright to ensure the cells settle at the bottom. Open the syringe ports to connect the sterile syringes to the ports. Aspirate 75%of the nutrition-depleted medium and inject the fresh medium through the other port as previously demonstrated.The macrographs of graphene scaffold and collagen scaffold are shown here. The graphene scaffold had a parallel array of surface embossments, while the collagen scaffold exhibited the porous structure. A skeletonized mouse mandible was dissected and the distal most portion of the lower mouse incisor was exposed.The precise position of the resected cervical loop is demarcated in the six-day postnatal mouse incisor, while a similar region in an adult skeletonized mouse mandible is provided as a reference. The hemimandibles were comprised of three mandibular molars and a constantly growing incisor, while the cervical loop cell niche contained a varied cell population necessary for enamel formation. The successful differentiation of the cervical loop cells in a tailored microenvironment resulted in the formation of ameloblasts with a typical characteristic of polarized cells with the nucleus at one end and long cellular processes at the other.The culture of cells in media alone without growth factors and scaffold coating resulted in cervical loop cells that secreted key enamel proteins, but did not elongate or polarize. The galanin-coated scaffold group demonstrated a significantly higher proliferation rate compared to the control group containing uncoated scaffolds. The lung tissue segments harvested from E15 mice were successfully cultured for 10 days in a 3D microgravity environment in the bioreactor.The addition of interleukin-6 to the culture medium resulted in inflammation-associated changes in alveolar morphology similar to those seen in vivo. In the introduction, I told you how difficult it was for the enamel team to come up with an ameloblast cell culture model. Now we have addressed this challenge by using a highly innovative procedure that focuses on two aspects:sponge collagen scaffold and also the employment of matrix to differentiate the ameloblast cells.Together, these two innovations resulted in the polarization and growth of ameloblast-like cells in 3D culture. These 3D cultured cells are a wonderful model to understand ameloblast biology. And to understand this biology, we can use a variety of techniques including electron microscopy, proteomics, and genomics.Ameloblasts are fantastic cells. Yes, they have the ability to secrete prismatic tooth enamel. Now, this bioreactor model puts us in the position to understand how ameloblasts secrete matrix and secrete apatite minerals to grow prismatic tooth enamel.

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Use of Human Perivascular Stem Cells for Bone Regeneration

Human perivascular stem cells (PSCs) can be isolated in sufficient numbers from multiple tissues for purposes of skeletal tissue engineering1-3. PSCs are ...

Alginate Microcapsule as a 3D Platform for Propagation and Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells (hESC) to Different Lineages

Alginate Microcapsule as a 3D Platform for Propagation and Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells hESC to Different Lineages

Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) are emerging as an attractive alternative source for cell replacement therapy since they can be expanded in culture ...

Micropipette Aspiration of Substrate-attached Cells to Estimate Cell Stiffness

Growing number of studies show that biomechanical properties of individual cells play major roles in multiple cellular functions, including cell ...

Transplantation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Mesoangioblast-like Myogenic Progenitors in Mouse Models of Muscle Regeneration

Patient-derived iPSCs could be an invaluable source of cells for future autologous cell therapy protocols. iPSC-derived myogenic stem/progenitor cells ...

Ordering Single Cells and Single Embryos in 3D Confinement: A New Device for High Content Screening

Biological cells are usually observed on flat (2D) surfaces. This condition is not physiological, and phenotypes and shapes are highly variable. Screening ...

Adapting the Electrospinning Process to Provide Three Unique Environments for a Tri-layered In Vitro Model of the Airway Wall

Adapting the Electrospinning Process to Provide Three Unique Environments for a Tri-layered In Vitro Model of the Airway Wall

Electrospinning is a highly adaptable method producing porous 3D fibrous scaffolds that can be exploited in in vitro cell culture. Alterations to ...

Development of a Multicellular Three-dimensional Organotypic Model of the Human Intestinal Mucosa Grown Under Microgravity

Because cells growing in a three-dimensional (3-D) environment have the potential to bridge many gaps of cell cultivation in 2-D environments (e.g., ...

Interfacing Microfluidics with Microelectrode Arrays for Studying Neuronal Communication and Axonal Signal Propagation

Microelectrode arrays (MEAs) are widely used to study neuronal function in vitro. These devices allow concurrent non-invasive recording/stimulation of ...

Calvarial Model of Bone Augmentation in Rabbit for Assessment of Bone Growth and Neovascularization in Bone Substitution Materials

The basic principle of the rabbit calvarial model is to grow new bone tissue vertically on top of the cortical part of the skull. This model allows ...

In vitro Induction of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Toward Pancreatic Lineages

In vitro Induction of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Toward Pancreatic Lineages

As of 2000, the success of pancreatic islet transplantation using the Edmonton protocol to treat type I diabetes mellitus still faced some obstacles. ...