Name: detection and quantitation of label-retaining cells in mouse incisors using a 3d reconstruction approach after tissue clearing
Uploaded: 2022-06-10T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Detection and Quantitation of Label-Retaining Cells in Mouse Incisors using a 3D Reconstruction Approach after Tissue Clearing at JoVE.com

We thank Meghann K. Holt for editing the manuscript. This study was supported by NIH/NIDCR grants DE026461 and DE028345 and the startup funding from the Texas A&#38;M School of Dentistry to Dr. Xiaofang Wang.

All methods described here have been approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) for Texas A&#38;M University College of Dentistry.
1. Preparation of the EdU labeling cocktail
<ol>
	<li>Prepare the cocktail stock solutions as described in Table 1.</li>
	<li>Prepare the EdU labeling cocktail as described in Table 1.</li>
</ol>
2. Preparation of the mice and EdU solution
<ol>
	...

<ol>
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Multiple doses of injections (BrdU, EdU) are usually used on growing neonatal mice to label proliferating cells as much as possible1,6,13. The chasing period is considered a critical step regarding the renewal rate of tissues6,13. The mouse incisor renews itself around every month. This trait allows researchers to set the chasing period to 4 weeks or longer<sup class="xr...

The continuously growing mouse incisor is an excellent model for studying adult stem cells1. The epithelial (labial and lingual cervical loop) and mesenchymal stem cells (between the labial and lingual cervical loop) that reside on the proximal side of the incisor differentiate into ameloblasts, odontoblasts, and dental pulp cells. This unique process provides a source of cells for compensation of tissue loss and turnover2. Though several stem cell markers such as Sox2, Gli1, Thy1/CD90, Bmi1, etc. have been identified in vivo for the subsets of adult stem cells in mouse incisors, they are inadequate in representing the stem cell populations when used alone1,3,4,5. Visualizing long-living quiescent cells by nucleotide analog DNA labeling and retention could provide unbiased detection for most subsets of adult stem cells6. Further, this approach is useful among many stem cell identification methods7 for understanding cell behavior and the homeostasis of dental stem cell populations3,8. While the dividing stem cells would lose their DNA labeling after a considerable chase, the putative quiescent stem cells retain their DNA label, deeming them label-retaining cells (LRCs)6. DNA labeling and retention by non-dividing stem cells will mark and locate the putative adult stem cells in their niches.
Over the past years, thymidine analog 5-bromo-2&#8242;-deoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling replaced the cumbersome, time-consuming, and high-resolution microscopy incompatible 3H-thymidine DNA labeling method for cell proliferation assays6,9. In recent years, the 5-ethynyl-2&#180;-deoxyuridine (EdU) labeling technique has been increasingly used over BrdU. This pattern emerged due to several reasons. First, the BrdU method is slow and labor-intensive. User conditions are variable, and it is unable to preserve the ultrastructure in specimens (due to DNA denaturation). Likewise, the BrdU method loses the antigenicity of cells, thus making it inefficient for downstream functional analyses and assays such as the co-localization experiments and in vivo stem cell transplantation3,7,9,10,11,12. BrdU is also a teratogen, which is not suitable for labeling LRCs in embryonic development6. Also, the BrdU method is inefficient when used in the whole-mount specimens. The disadvantages are low penetration of antibodies in the deep part of specimens or the requirement of a long antibody incubation period for deep penetration13. EdU labeling escapes the steps of denaturing specimens, thus preserving the ultrastructure. This feature is advantageous for downstream functional analyses such as co-localization experiments and stem cell transplantation11,12. Also, EdU labeling is highly sensitive and rapid; specimen penetration is high due to the use of rapidly absorbed and smaller-sized fluorescent azides for detecting EdU labels through a Cu(I)-catalyzed [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction (&#34;click&#34; chemistry)14.
Another increasingly applied&#160;DNA labeling method is the use of engineered transgenic mice. These mice express histone 2B green fluorescent protein (H2B-GFP) controlled by a tetracycline-responsive regulator element5,14. After feeding mice with tetracycline chow/water for a 4-week to 4-month chasing period, the GFP fluorescence will diminish in cycling cells and only LRCs retain the fluorescence6. The advantage of this method is that the labeled LRCs can be isolated and remain viable for cell culture or downstream functional analyses6,7. Some studies reported inaccurate labeling of quiescent stem cells when chased for long-term use. This result was due to a leaky background expression from the H2B-GFP strain and not the appropriate tetracycline-regulated response15.
Moreover, most literature in the past used the LRCs detection mainly on sectioned slides, which are two dimensional and often erroneously biased in showing the accurate location and number of LRCs. The approach displayed incorrect angles for sections of complex tissue structures16. The other method was to obtain 3D images from serial sections and perform post-image reconstructions. These steps were inaccurate because of image distortion from variations in each serial section due to compressed or stretched sections, resulting in missing information16,17,18. The method was also laborious and time-consuming.
To facilitate the whole-mount imaging of LRCs, samples need to be made clear while the fluorescence be&#160;well maintained. Current tissue clearing techniques can be classified into three major categories: organic solvent-based tissue clearing techniques, aqueous reagent-based tissue clearing techniques, and hydrogel-based tissue clearing techniques17,19. The polyethylene glycol (PEG)-associated solvent system (PEGASOS) has been recently developed. This approach renders nearly all types of tissues transparent and preserves endogenous fluorescence, including hard tissues such as bone and teeth20. The PEGASOS method has advantages over other tissue clearing methods, especially in clearing tooth and bone materials. Most other methods could only partially clear hard tissues, have long processing times, or require costly reagents21. Also, the PEGASOS method can efficiently preserve endogenous fluorescence over other methods.
This literature led us to create a new method for cell study. We combined the LRCs detection advantages of EdU&#160;labeling with the most superior 3D whole-mount imaging of tissue-cleared specimens; samples were processed with&#160;advanced polyethylene glycol (PEG)-associated solvent system (PEGASOS) tissue clearing technique15. Hard tissue transparency enabled us to reconstruct the 3D signal of LRCs fluorescence in vivo without breaking the teeth or mandible, creating a more accurate way to visualize and quantify LRCs.
In this study, we provide an innovative guide to visualize LRCs in the mouse incisor. We made a 3D visual approach to determine the location and quantity of LRCs within the mouse incisor stem cell niche. This project used EdU labeling, PEGASOS tissue clearing techniques, and confocal microscopy. Our method of EdU labeling the LRCs on whole-mount tissue and the use of a cleared and transparent specimen overcomes both the limitations of traditional sectioned slides and other disadvantageous DNA labeling methods. Thus, our technique will be suitable for studies on stem cell homeostasis requiring LRCs detection, especially on hard tissues. The protocol can be equally advantageous to those focusing on stem cell homeostasis in other tissues and organs.

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			<td>0.5 M EDTA</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrcih</td>
			<td>E9884</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>20 &#215; Objective/NA 0.9</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>507702</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 mL Falcon Centrifuge Tubes</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>352070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD PrecisionGlide Needle</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>REF 305111</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bezyl benzoate (BB)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrcih</td>
			<td>409529</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bitplane 9.0.1</td>
			<td>Imaris</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BRAND cavity slides</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>BR475505</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C57BL/6J mice</td>
			<td>Jackson Laboratory</td>
			<td>Strain #:000664</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Circulation Pump</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>23609-170</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CuSO4</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrcih</td>
			<td>451657</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMSO</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrcih</td>
			<td>D8418</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EdU</td>
			<td>Carboynth</td>
			<td>NE08701</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heparin</td>
			<td>Miiilipore Sigma</td>
			<td>H3149</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Imaging System</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>DP27</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LAS X Software</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Olympus Stereo Microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>SZX16</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehye</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P6148</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P4417</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PEGMMA500</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>447943</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Quadrol</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>122262</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Ascorbate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>11140</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sulfa-Cyanine 3 Azide</td>
			<td>Lumiprobe</td>
			<td>D1330</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TBS-10X</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling Technology</td>
			<td>12498</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TCS SP8 Confocal Microscope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>tert-butanol (tB)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>360538</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>X100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

detection and quantitation of label-retaining cells in mouse incisors using a 3d reconstruction approach after tissue clearing

The murine incisor is an organ that grows continuously throughout the lifespan of the mouse. The epithelial and mesenchymal stem cells residing in the proximal tissues of incisors give rise to progeny that will differentiate into ameloblasts, odontoblasts, and pulp fibroblasts. These cells are crucial in supporting the sustained turnover of incisor tissues, making the murine incisor an excellent model for studying the homeostasis of adult stem cells. Stem cells are believed to contain long-living quiescent cells that can be labeled by nucleotide analogs such as 5-ethynyl-2&#180;-deoxyuridine (EdU). The cells retain this label over time and are accordingly named&#160;label-retaining cells (LRCs). Approaches for visualizing LRCs in vivo provide a robust tool for monitoring stem cell homeostasis. In this study, we described a method for visualizing and analyzing LRCs. Our innovative approach features LRCs in mouse incisors after tissue clearing and whole-mount EdU staining followed by confocal microscopy and a 3-dimensional (3D) reconstruction with the imaging software. This method enables 3D imaging acquisition and non-biased quantitation compared to traditional LRCs analysis on sectioned slides.

After EdU labeling and the PEGASOS tissue clearing process (Figure 2), the transparent mandible was obtained as shown in our image (Figure 3B). We compared the modified sample to a normal mandible without a tissue clearing process (Figure 3A). The transparent mandible (Figure 3B) with EdU labeling was subjected to confocal imaging. We focused on the incisor apex showing the stem cell niche as shown in (...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Detection and Quantitation of Label-Retaining Cells in Mouse Incisors using a 3D Reconstruction Approach after Tissue Clearing at JoVE.com

Detection and Quantitation of Label-Retaining Cells in Mouse Incisors using a 3D Reconstruction Approach after Tissue Clearing

The mouse incisor contains valuable label-retaining cells in its stem cell niche. We have a novel way to unbiasedly detect and quantify the label-retaining cells; our study used EdU labeling and a 3D reconstruction approach after PEGASOS tissue clearing of the mandible.

The murine incisor is an organ that grows continuously throughout the lifespan of the mouse. The epithelial and mesenchymal stem cells residing in the ...

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