This work was supported by grants from the Science and Technology Project of Guangzhou City (202102010090) and the Guangzhou Municipal Health and Family Planning Commission (grant No.20201A001086 to Dr. Tang).

The procedure was reviewed and approved by the Clinical Research and Application Ethics Committee of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University. The content and methods of the research are in line with medical ethics norms and requirements. The patient was informed of the purpose, background, process, risks, and benefits of the study prior to surgery. The patient understood that participation in this study was voluntary and signed informed consent.
1. Patient positioning, instruments, and port placement
<ol>
	<li>Place the patient in the supine and 30&#176; reverse Trendelenburg position on the operating table, and subsequently tilt 30&#176; to the right during the procedure, with the surgeon performing from the right side.</li>
	<li>Use the five-port technique during the procedure, with three 10 mm trocars, one 5 mm trocar, and one 12 mm trocar for retraction and specimen retrieval. Then, assemble the following hemostatic devices: 30&#176; laparoscope, laparoscopic ultrasonography device, and basic laparoscopic instruments, including a single lumen catheter, a harmonic scalpel, a monopole electrocoagulator, a vascular clip, and a powered endoscopic cutter stapler (see Table of Materials).</li>
	<li>Administer the patient a combination of intravenous and inhalation anesthesia by giving propofol 150 mg, sufentanil 15 ug, and rocuronium bromide 50 mg intravenously, followed by endotracheal intubation 7.5 F after 90 s. 
	NOTE: The selection of the anesthetic agents and the application of intravenous and inhalation anesthesia are decided and performed by the anesthetist on a case-to-case basis.
	<ol>
		<li>During the parenchymal transection, lower the central venous pressure by 3-5 cm H2O to reduce hepatic venous bleeding while limiting the fluid replacement as much as possible. Place a lumen catheter and nasogastric tube (see Table of Materials) in the bladder and stomach for urinary volume recording and decompression.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Routinely place a preoperative arterial line and a central venous (internal jugular vein) catheter. Use a 10 mm trocar for the observation port 2 cm below the umbilicus. Then, establish pneumoperitoneum by insufflating carbon dioxide, and maintain the intra-abdominal pressure at 12-14 mmHg (1 mmHg, 1/4 0.133 kPa).</li>
	<li>Place the other four trocars in the following locations: the 5 mm trocar in the right anterior axillary line, the 12 mm trocar in the right midclavicular line under the costal margin, the 10 mm trocar in the left anterior axillary line, and the 10 mm trocar in the left midclavicular line under the costal margin (Figure 2).</li>
</ol>
2. Surgical technique
<ol>
	<li>Pull the fundus of the gallbladder upward, and use a harmonic scalpel (see Table of Materials) for Calot&#39;s triangle18&#160;dissociation. Take care to ligate the cystic duct and artery with medium-sized hemostatic clips, do not cut the gallbladder, and leave the gallbladder in situ primarily (Figure 3).</li>
	<li>Segment the round and falciform ligaments with the harmonic scalpel. Separate the left coronary and triangular ligaments carefully, avoiding injury to the adjacent phrenic vein branches (Figure 4). Then, incisethe hepatogastric ligaments medially 10 mm into the lesser sac.</li>
	<li>Access from left to right behind the hepatoduodenal ligament through a sling removed from the attached 14 F single-lumen catheter to prepare for hepatic inflow occlusion (Figure 5).</li>
	<li>After ligating the left hepatic artery with medium-sized vascular clips, ensure that the first porta hepatis has been blocked with the single-lumen catheter to prevent unexpected bleeding during the mobilization of the left hepatic pedicle.
	<ol>
		<li>Gently lift the inferior edge of the liver, free the left Glissonean pedicles by the gap of the Laennec membrane19 and Hilar plate20 (Figure 6), and then prepare a tourniquet system to block the left hepatic inflow by inserting an 8 F single lumen catheter through the left Glissonean pedicle21 (Figure 7).</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>After releasing the first porta hepatis, block the left hepatic pedicle by clamping the single lumen catheter with a hemostatic clip (Figure 8), which will be stapled after parenchyma transection. Determine the border between the left and right hepatic lobes by identifying ischemia of the left hepatic lobe.
	<ol>
		<li>Following the dividing line, seek and mark the projection positions of the middle hepatic veins with laparoscopic ultrasonography. Pay attention to mapping the location and trajectories of the vital intrahepatic vessels, especially those located on the expected transverse plane of the liver parenchyma (Figure 9). 
		NOTE: In this study, the ultrasound was set to color Doppler flow image (CDFI) mode, and the thin-walled vessel flowing into the inferior vena cava in the same direction as the long axis of the ultrasound probe was judged to be the MHV. Moreover, it was also located near the dividing line.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Mark the parenchymal transection line with an electric hook along the demarcation line on the liver surface (Figure 10). Ask the assistant to drag the fundus of the gallbladder and transect the parenchyma from the foot side to the head side along the middle hepatic vein using an ultrasonic scalpel (Figure 11).
	<ol>
		<li>Trigger the ultrasonic scalpel early to effectively reduce hepatic parenchymal bleeding, and do not clamp the tip of the scalpel to avoid vessel damage. Secure or suture the large intrahepatic vessels and bile ducts found during the parenchymal resection with 2-0 sutures if necessary.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Expose the vascular pedicles inflowing into segments 4a/4b and the left hepatic vein further up in the cutting line (Figure 12). Then, expose the whole MHV and its tributaries fully, and dissect the roots of the LHV and MHV later (Figure 13). Lastly, staple the inflow and outflow vessels with the powered plus stapler when exposed.</li>
	<li>Once the liver specimens have been isolated from the remaining right hepatic lobe, conduct a hemostasis and bile leakage examination along the cut surface before suturing.
	<ol>
		<li>Use monopole electrocoagulation (see Table of Materials) for hemostasis when bleeding spots are found on the cut surface (Figure 14). Wrap the resected left hepatic lobe (Figure 15) in a plastic bag, and take it out through a 4 cm long incision in the lower abdomen, followed by the placement of two drainage tubes.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
3. Postoperative nursing
<ol>
	<li>On the first postoperative day, discontinue the nasogastric tube, and give the patient a liquid diet.</li>
	<li>Remove the Foley catheter on postoperative day 2, and assist the patient in getting out of bed for daily activities.</li>
	<li>Finally, when the drainage is less than 50 mL per day, remove the two drainage tubes on the fourth and fifth days, respectively. Ask the patient to return to the hospital for a follow-up examination 1 month later.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
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M., Bruix, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hepatocellular+carcinoma.">Hepatocellular carcinoma.</a> Lancet. 379 (9822), 1245-1255 (2012).</li><li>Li, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Outcomes+and+recurrence+patterns+following+curative+hepatectomy+for+hepatocellular+carcinoma+patients+with+different+China+liver+cancer+staging.">Outcomes and recurrence patterns following curative hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma patients with different China liver cancer staging.</a> American Journal of Cancer Research. 12 (2), 907-921 (2022).</li><li>Abdalla, S., Pierre, S., Ellis, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calot's+triangle.">Calot's triangle.</a> Clinical Anatomy. 26 (4), 493-501 (2013).</li><li>Zhang, Y. P., Shi, N., Jian, Z. X., Jin, H. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Research+progression+and+application+of+Laennec+capsule+in+liver.">Research progression and application of Laennec capsule in liver.</a> Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi. 58 (8), 646-648 (2020).</li><li>Yu, H. 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P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Micrometastasis+in+surrounding+liver+and+the+minimal+length+of+resection+margin+of+primary+liver+cancer.">Micrometastasis in surrounding liver and the minimal length of resection margin of primary liver cancer.</a> World Journal of Gastroenterology. 13 (33), 4498-4503 (2007).</li><li>Makuuchi, M., Hasegawa, H., Yamazaki, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrasonically+guided+subsegmentectomy.">Ultrasonically guided subsegmentectomy.</a> Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics. 161 (4), 346-350 (1985).</li><li>Kang, K. J., Ahn, K. 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H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+results+of+laparoscopic+liver+resection+for+the+primary+treatment+of+hepatocellular+carcinoma:+Role+of+the+surgeon+in+anatomical+resection.">Long-term results of laparoscopic liver resection for the primary treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: Role of the surgeon in anatomical resection.</a> Surgical Endoscopy. 32 (11), 4481-4490 (2018).</li><li>Berardi, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Parenchymal+sparing+anatomical+liver+resections+with+full+laparoscopic+approach:+Description+of+technique+and+short-term+results.">Parenchymal sparing anatomical liver resections with full laparoscopic approach: Description of technique and short-term results.</a> Annals of Surgery. 273 (4), 785-791 (2021).</li><li>Ome, Y., Honda, G., Doi, M., Muto, J., Seyama, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laparoscopic+anatomic+liver+resection+of+segment+8+using+intrahepatic+Glissonean+approach.">Laparoscopic anatomic liver resection of segment 8 using intrahepatic Glissonean approach.</a> Journal of the American College of Surgery. 230 (3), e13-e20 (2020).</li><li>Kokudo, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Liver+resection+for+hepatocellular+carcinoma+associated+with+hepatic+vein+invasion:+A+Japanese+nationwide+survey.">Liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma associated with hepatic vein invasion: A Japanese nationwide survey.</a> Hepatology. 66 (2), 510-517 (2017).</li><li>Kokudo, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surgical+treatment+of+hepatocellular+carcinoma+associated+with+hepatic+vein+tumor+thrombosis.">Surgical treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma associated with hepatic vein tumor thrombosis.</a> Journal of Hepatology. 61 (3), 583-588 (2014).</li><li>Pesi, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Liver+resection+with+thrombectomy+as+a+treatment+of+hepatocellular+carcinoma+with+major+vascular+invasion:+Results+from+a+retrospective+multicentric+study.">Liver resection with thrombectomy as a treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with major vascular invasion: Results from a retrospective multicentric study.</a> American Journal of Surgery. 210 (1), 35-44 (2015).</li><li>Neuhaus, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extended+resections+for+Hilar+cholangiocarcinoma.">Extended resections for Hilar cholangiocarcinoma.</a> Annals of Surgery. 230 (6), 808-818 (1999).</li><li>Becker, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surgical+treatment+for+Hilar+cholangiocarcinoma+(Klatskin's+tumor).">Surgical treatment for Hilar cholangiocarcinoma (Klatskin's tumor).</a> Zentralblatt fur Chirurgie. 128 (11), 928-935 (2003).</li><li>Bednarsch, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Left+versus+right-sided+hepatectomy+with+hilar+en-bloc+resection+in+perihilar+cholangiocarcinoma.">Left versus right-sided hepatectomy with hilar en-bloc resection in perihilar cholangiocarcinoma.</a> HPB. 22 (3), 437-444 (2020).</li></ol>

The authors have no conflicts of interest or financial ties to disclose.

Anatomic hepatectomy is a procedure that can simultaneously remove the lesion and the liver segments along with the corresponding veins and has been considered an ideal method for treating liver cancer23,24,25,26. With technological innovation, anatomic liver resection with laparoscopic technology has developed rapidly as an alternative to conventional open liver resection and is now widely acc...

Hepatocellular carcinoma is a common cancer; it is the sixth most common neoplasm in adults and the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide, and its incidence is predicted to rise in the future1. Surgical resection, ablative electrochemical therapy, transarterial chemoembolization, systemic therapy such as sorafenib, and transplantation have been reported to be effective treatment modalities for liver cancer2,3. Of these options, surgical resection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is considered the primary curative treatment since the tumor can be completely removed rather than limited4.
Laparoscopic surgery, a minimally invasive technique with fewer perioperative complications compared to open resection5, has made great progress worldwide and has steadily become an important surgical method for liver surgery6,7,8. However, in laparoscopic liver resection, the surgeon&#39;s inability to recognize the tumor margins under direct vision and the fear of not being able to ensure laparoscopic hemostasis have discouraged most liver surgeons from attempting this demanding procedure. In 1960, Lin et al. reported a case of right hepatic lobectomy with intrahepatic portal vein pedicle ligation9. In 1986, Takasaki also described Glisson&#39;s pedicle transect hepatectomy, named extrathecal dissection10. In 1991, Reich et al. applied laparoscopic resection of benign liver tumors and completed the world&#39;s first laparoscopic hepatectomy11. Since then, anatomical hepatectomy has gradually entered the public view while providing technical support for laparoscopic hepatectomy. However, in the case in the present study, the lower end of the tumor reached the cystic plate, and simple traditional anatomic resection could not guarantee an R0 resection, but the management of such cases has rarely been reported in detail. In 1999, Neuhaus et al. proposed the principle of total portal vein resection, which proved to be a good prognostic indicator, increasing the chance of R0 resection12. Accordingly, with a new understanding of liver anatomy, we advanced a new approach called &#34;en bloc concept combined with anatomic resection&#34;, which is depicted in this video protocol.
In this study, the patient was a 67-year-old female admitted to our hospital in August 2021 with mild upper abdominal pain for 1 month. Her medical history was notable for hypertension and diabetes. Abdominal contrast-enhanced computed tomography revealed a mass with heterogeneous enhancement located at segment 4 of the liver, with a size of 247 mm x 54 mm x 50 mm. The lower end of the mass had reached the cystic plate, and the possibility of gallbladder invasion could not be ruled out (Figure 1). The Child-Pugh liver function13 was grade A, and the ICG clearance rate14,15 R15 was 5.1% (&#60;10%). The patient was classified as stage A according to the BCLC algorithm16 and stage IB according to the CNLC algorithm17. After a multidisciplinary meeting, it was decided that her treatment should be laparoscopic left lobe resection of the liver and cholecystectomy. The concept of en bloc resection combined with anatomic hepatic resection in laparoscopy was adopted to eliminate the enormous liver mass totally.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>30&#176; Laparoscopy</td>
			<td>Olympus Corporation</td>
			<td>CV-190</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Harmonic Ace Ultrasonic Surgical Devices</td>
			<td>Ethicon Endo-Surgery, LLC</td>
			<td>&#160;HAR36</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laparoscopic ultrasonography</td>
			<td>Hitachi</td>
			<td>Arietta 60</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Monopole electrocoagulation</td>
			<td>Kangji Medical</td>
			<td>/</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nasogastric tube</td>
			<td>Pacific Hospital Supply Co. Ltd</td>
			<td>I02705</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Powered plus stapler</td>
			<td>Ethicon Endo-Surgery, LLC</td>
			<td>PSEE60A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Single lumen ureter</td>
			<td>Well Lead Medical CO, LTD</td>
			<td>14F,8F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trocar</td>
			<td>Surgaid Medical</td>
			<td>NPCM-100-1-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vascular clips</td>
			<td>Teleflex Medical</td>
			<td>544243</td>
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application of the en bloc concept combined with anatomic resection in laparoscopic hepatectomy

Laparoscopic hepatectomy has been reported in many studies, and it is the mainstream method of liver resection. In some particular cases, such as when there are tumors adjacent to the cystic bed, surgeons cannot palpate the surgical margins through the laparoscopic approach, which leads to uncertainty about R0 resection. Conventionally, the gallbladder is resected first, and the hepatic lobes or segments are resected second. However, tumor tissues can be disseminated in the above cases. To address this issue, based on the recognition of the porta hepatis and intrahepatic anatomy, we propose a unique approach to hepatectomy combined with gallbladder resection by en bloc anatomic resection in situ. Firstly, after dissecting the cystic duct, without cutting the gallbladder primarily, the porta hepatis is pre-occluded by the single lumen ureter; secondly, the left hepatic pedicle is made free by the gap of the Laennec membrane and Hilar plate; thirdly, the assistant is asked to drag the fundus of the gallbladder, and the liver parenchyma tissue is resected using a harmonic scalpel along the ischemia line on the liver surface and intraoperative ultrasound. The whole middle hepatic vein (MHV) and its tributaries appear completely; lastly, the left hepatic vein (LHV) is disconnected, and the specimen is taken out from the abdominal cavity. The tumor, gallbladder, and other surrounding tissues are resected en bloc, which meets the tumor-free criterion, and a wide incisal margin and R0 resection are achieved. Therefore, the laparoscopic hepatectomy with the combination of the en bloc concept and anatomic resection is a safe, effective, and radical method with low postoperative recurrence and metastasis.

The duration of the operation was 255 min, no complications were observed during the operation, and the estimated blood loss was less than 20 mL. The operation was not converted to open surgery, and no postoperative complications were seen. Liver segment 2, liver segment 3, and liver segment 4 (including the gallbladder) were resected anatomically, and the MHV as well as its tributaries (V5v, ventral branch of the fifth segment of the hepatic vein; V8v, ventral branch of the eigth segment of the hepatic vein) were comple...

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Application of the En Bloc Concept Combined with Anatomic Resection in Laparoscopic Hepatectomy

Numerous studies have demonstrated the advantages of anatomic resection. Nonetheless, whether anatomic resection can increase R0 resection rates remains controversial. Consequently, the present study describes an innovative procedure involving the en bloc concept combined with anatomic resection in laparoscopic hepatectomy, which can reduce postoperative recurrence and metastasis.

Laparoscopic hepatectomy has been reported in many studies, and it is the mainstream method of liver resection. In some particular cases, such as when ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

1.0K Views.  the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University. Numerous studies have demonstrated the advantages of anatomic resection. Nonetheless, whether anatomic resection can increase R0 resection rates remains controversial. Consequently, the present study describes an innovative procedure involving the en bloc concept combined with anatomic resection in laparoscopic hepatectomy, which can reduce postoperative recurrence and metastasis. 

Video: Application of the En Bloc Concept Combined with Anatomic Resection in Laparoscopic Hepatectomy

Evaporation-reducing Culture Condition Increases the Reproducibility of Multicellular Spheroid Formation in Microtiter Plates

Tumor models that closely imitate in vivo conditions are becoming increasingly popular in drug discovery and development for the screening of potential anti-cancer drugs. Multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTSes) effectively mimic the physiological conditions of solid tumors, making them excellent in vitro models for lead optimization and target validation. Out of the various techniques available for MCTS culture, the liquid-overlay method on agarose is one of the most inexpensive methods for MCTS generation. However, the reliable transfer of MCTS cultures using liquid-overlay for high-throughput screening may be compromised by a number of limitations, including the coating of microtiter plates (MPs) with agarose and the irreproducibility of uniform MCTS formation across wells. MPs are significantly prone to edge effects that result from excessive evaporation of medium from the exterior of the plate, preventing the use of the entire plate for drug tests. This manuscript provides detailed technical improvements to the liquid-overlay technique to increase the scalability and reproducibility of uniform MCTS formation. Additionally, details on a simple, semi-automatic, and universally applicable software tool for the evaluation of MCTS features after drug treatment is presented.

The uneven loss of medium from microtiter plates affects the reproducibility of uniform multicellular tumor spheroid formation. Improving culture conditions to reduce significant medium loss will improve the reproducibility of spheroid formation and the results of spheroid-based assays using the liquid-overlay technique.

Tumor models that closely imitate in vivo conditions are becoming increasingly popular in drug discovery and development for the screening of potential ...

Analyzing the Communication Between Monocytes and Primary Breast Cancer Cells in an Extracellular Matrix Extract (ECME)-based Three-dimensional System

Embedded in the extracellular matrix (ECM), normal and neoplastic epithelial cells intimately communicate with hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells, thus greatly influencing normal tissue homeostasis and disease outcome. In breast cancer, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play a critical role in disease progression, metastasis, and recurrence; therefore, understanding the mechanisms of monocyte chemoattraction to the tumor microenvironment and their interactions with tumor cells is important to control the disease. Here, we provide a detailed description of a three-dimensional (3D) co-culture system of human breast cancer (BrC) cells and human monocytes. BrC cells produced high basal levels of regulated on-activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), while in co-culture with monocytes, pro-inflammatory cytokines Interleukin (IL)-1 beta (IL-1&#946;) and IL-8 were enriched together with matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-1, MMP-2, and MMP-10. This tumor stroma microenvironment promoted resistance to anoikis in MCF-10A 3D acini-like structures, chemoattraction of monocytes, and invasion of aggressive BrC cells. The protocols presented here provide an affordable alternative to study intra-tumor communication and are an example of the great potential that in vitro 3D cell systems provide to interrogate specific features of tumor biology related to tumor aggression.

Analyzing the Communication Between Monocytes and Primary Breast Cancer Cells in an Extracellular Matrix Extract ECME-based Three-dimensional System

Here, we describe a three-dimensional culture method to analyze the morphology of primary breast cancer cells, as well as to study their direct/indirect interactions with monocytes and the outcomes such as collagen degradation, immune cell recruitment, cell invasion, and promotion of cancer-related inflammation.

Embedded in the extracellular matrix (ECM), normal and neoplastic epithelial cells intimately communicate with hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells, ...

Laparoscopic Pancreatoduodenectomy With Modified Blumgart Pancreaticojejunostomy

Minimally invasive pancreatic resections are technically demanding but rapidly increasing in popularity. In contrast to laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy, laparoscopic pancreatoduodenectomy (LPD) has not yet obtained wide acceptance, probably due to technical challenges, especially regarding the pancreatic anastomosis.
The study describes and demonstrates all steps of LPD, including the modified Blumgart pancreaticojejunostomy. Indications for LPD are all pancreatic and peri-ampullary tumors without vascular involvement. Relative contra-indications are body mass index &#62;35 kg/m2, chronic pancreatitis, mid-cholangiocarcinomas and large duodenal cancers.
The patient is in French position, 6 trocars are placed, and dissection is performed using an (articulating) sealing device. A modified Blumgart end-to-side pancreaticojejunostomy is performed with 4 large needles (3/0) barbed trans-pancreatic sutures and 4 to 6 duct-to-mucosa sutures using 5/0 absorbable multifilament combined with a 12 cm, 6 or 8 Fr internal stent using 3D laparoscopy. Two surgical drains are placed alongside the pancreaticojejunostomy.
The described technique for LPD including a modified Blumgart pancreatico-jejunostomy is well standardized, and its merits are currently studied in the randomized controlled multicenter trial. This complex operation should be performed at high-volume centers where surgeons have extensive experience in both open pancreatic surgery and advanced laparoscopic gastro-intestinal surgery.

Laparoscopic pancreatoduodenctomy (LPD) may offer advantages over open pancreatoduodenectomy, including early postoperative mobilization, less delayed gastric emptying and a shorter hospital stay. However, LPD is technically challenging and not well-standardized, especially regarding the pancreatic anastomosis. We describe a standardized technique for the pancreatic anastomosis during LPD: modified Blumgart pancreaticojejunostomy.

Minimally invasive pancreatic resections are technically demanding but rapidly increasing in popularity. In contrast to laparoscopic distal ...

The Application of 1% Methylene Blue Dye As a Single Technique in Breast Cancer Sentinel Node Biopsy

In this study, we injected 1% methylene blue dye (MBD) into the subareolar or peritumoral space of the breast. In the case of breast conserving surgery (BCS), a separate incision in the lower axilla hairline was made to find the sentinel nodes (SNs). In mastectomy, the SNs were identified through the same mastectomy incision. The SNs were described as blue nodes or nodes with lymphatic blue channels. An anatomical landmark in the axilla was used to facilitate SNs identification. The SNs metastases were evaluated by intraoperative frozen section analysis and histopathology examination as it is a gold standard. Here, we described the MBD as the lone technique in breast cancer sentinel node biopsy (SNB) which could be useful when radioisotope tracer or patent or isosulfan blue dye (PBD) cannot be provided.

In Indonesia, sentinel node biopsy (SNB) is not routinely performed for breast cancer surgery because of the limitation to provide radioisotope tracer and isosulfan or patent blue dye (PBD). To overcome this obstacle, we applied 1% methylene blue dye (MBD) as a single agent to map the sentinel nodes (SNs).

In this study, we injected 1% methylene blue dye (MBD) into the subareolar or peritumoral space of the breast. In the case of breast conserving surgery ...

Phosphopeptide Enrichment Coupled with Label-free Quantitative Mass Spectrometry to Investigate the Phosphoproteome in Prostate Cancer

Phosphoproteomics involves the large-scale study of phosphorylated proteins. Protein phosphorylation is a critical step in many signal transduction pathways and is tightly regulated by kinases and phosphatases. Therefore, characterizing the phosphoproteome may provide insights into identifying novel targets and biomarkers for oncologic therapy. Mass spectrometry provides a way to globally detect and quantify thousands of unique phosphorylation events. However, phosphopeptides are much less abundant than non-phosphopeptides, making biochemical analysis more challenging. To overcome this limitation, methods to enrich phosphopeptides prior to the mass spectrometry analysis are required. We describe a procedure to extract and digest proteins from tissue to yield peptides, followed by an enrichment for phosphotyrosine (pY) and phosphoserine/threonine (pST) peptides using an antibody-based and/or titanium dioxide (TiO2)-based enrichment method. After the sample preparation and mass spectrometry, we subsequently identify and quantify phosphopeptides using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and analysis software.

This protocol describes a procedure to extract and enrich phosphopeptides from prostate cancer cell lines or tissues for an analysis of the phosphoproteome via mass spectrometry-based proteomics.

Phosphoproteomics involves the large-scale study of phosphorylated proteins. Protein phosphorylation is a critical step in many signal transduction ...

The Clinical Application of Tumor Treating Fields Therapy in Glioblastoma

Glioblastoma is the most common and lethal form of brain cancer, with a median survival of 15 months after diagnosis and a 5 year survival rate of only 5% with current standard of care. Tumors often recur within 9 months following initial surgery, radiation and chemotherapy, at which point treatment options become limited. This highlights the pressing need for the development of better therapeutics to prolong survival and increase the quality of life for these patients.
Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields) therapy was developed to take advantage of the effect of low frequency alternating electrical fields on cells for cancer therapy. TTFields have been demonstrated to disrupt cells during mitosis and slow tumor growth. There is also growing evidence that they act through stimulating immune responses within exposed tumors. The advantages of TTFields therapy include its noninvasive approach and increased quality of life compared to other treatment modalities such as cytotoxic chemotherapies. The Food and Drug Administration approved TTFields therapy for the treatment of recurrent glioblastoma in 2011 and for newly diagnosed glioblastoma in 2015. We report on the effects of TTFields during mitosis, the results of electric fields modeling, and proper transducer array placement. Our protocol outlines the clinical application of TTFields on a patient post-surgery, using the second-generation device.

Glioblastoma is the most common and aggressive primary brain malignancy in adults, with most tumors recurring after initial treatment. Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields) therapy is the newest treatment modality for glioblastoma. Here, we describe the proper application of TTFields-transducer arrays on patients and discuss theory and aspects of treatment.

Glioblastoma is the most common and lethal form of brain cancer, with a median survival of 15 months after diagnosis and a 5 year survival rate of only 5% ...

Combined Use of Tail Vein Metastasis Assays and Real-Time In Vivo Imaging to Quantify Breast Cancer Metastatic Colonization and Burden in the Lungs

Metastasis is the main cause of cancer-related deaths and there are limited therapeutic options for patients with metastatic disease. The identification and testing of novel therapeutic targets that will facilitate the development of better treatments for metastatic disease requires preclinical in vivo models. Demonstrated here is a syngeneic mouse model for assaying breast cancer metastatic colonization and subsequent growth. Metastatic cancer cells are stably transduced with viral vectors encoding firefly luciferase and ZsGreen proteins. Candidate genes are then stably manipulated in luciferase/ZsGreen-expressing cancer cells and then the cells are injected into mice via the lateral tail vein to assay metastatic colonization and growth. An in vivo imaging device is then used to measure the bioluminescence or fluorescence of the tumor cells in the living animals to quantify changes in metastatic burden over time. The expression of the fluorescent protein allows the number and size of metastases in the lungs to be quantified at the end of the experiment without the need for sectioning or histological staining. This approach offers a relatively quick and easy way to test the role of candidate genes in metastatic colonization and growth, and provides a great deal more information than traditional tail vein metastasis assays. Using this approach, we show that simultaneous knockdown of Yes associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional co-activator with a PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) in breast cancer cells leads to reduced metastatic burden in the lungs and that this reduced burden is the result of significantly impaired metastatic colonization and reduced growth of metastases.

The described approach combines experimental tail vein metastasis assays with in vivo live animal imaging to allow real-time monitoring of breast cancer metastasis formation and growth in addition to the quantification of metastasis number and size in the lungs.

Metastasis is the main cause of cancer-related deaths and there are limited therapeutic options for patients with metastatic disease. The identification ...

In Vivo Targeting of Xenografted Human Cancer Cells with Functionalized Fluorescent Silica Nanoparticles in Zebrafish

Developing nanoparticles capable of detecting, targeting, and destroying cancer cells is of great interest in the field of nanomedicine. In vivo animal models are required for bridging the nanotechnology to its biomedical application. The mouse represents the traditional animal model for preclinical testing; however, mice are relatively expensive to keep and have long experimental cycles due to the limited progeny from each mother. The zebrafish has emerged as a powerful model system for developmental and biomedical research, including cancer research. In particular, due to its optical transparency and rapid development, zebrafish embryos are well suited for real-time in vivo monitoring of the behavior of cancer cells and their interactions with their microenvironment. This method was developed to sequentially introduce human cancer cells and functionalized nanoparticles in transparent Casper zebrafish embryos and monitor in vivo recognition and targeting of the cancer cells by nanoparticles in real time. This optimized protocol shows that fluorescently labeled nanoparticles, which are functionalized with folate groups, can specifically recognize and target metastatic human cervical epithelial cancer cells labeled with a different fluorochrome. The recognition and targeting process can occur as early as 30 min postinjection of the nanoparticles tested. The whole experiment only requires the breeding of a few pairs of adult fish and takes less than 4 days to complete. Moreover, zebrafish embryos lack a functional adaptive immune system, allowing the engraftment of a wide range of human cancer cells. Hence, the utility of the protocol described here enables the testing of nanoparticles on various types of human cancer cells, facilitating the selection of optimal nanoparticles in each specific cancer context for future testing in mammals and the clinic.

Described here is a method for utilizing zebrafish embryos to study the ability of functionalized nanoparticles to target human cancer cells in vivo. This method allows for the evaluation and selection of optimal nanoparticles for future testing in large animals and in clinical trials.

Developing nanoparticles capable of detecting, targeting, and destroying cancer cells is of great interest in the field of nanomedicine. In vivo animal ...

Robot Assisted Distal Pancreatectomy with Celiac Axis Resection (DP-CAR) for Pancreatic Cancer: Surgical Planning and Technique

Malignant pancreatic tumors involving the celiac artery can be resected with a distal pancreatectomy, splenectomy and celiac axis resection (DP-CAR), relying on collateral flow to the liver through the gastroduodenal artery (GDA). In the current manuscript, the technical conduct of robotic DP-CAR is outlined. The greater curve of the stomach is mobilized with care to avoid sacrificing the gastroepiploic vessels. The stomach and liver are retracted cephalad to facilitate dissection of the porta hepatis. The hepatic artery (HA) is dissected and encircled with a vessel loop. The gastroduodenal artery (GDA) is carefully preserved. The common HA is clamped and triphasic flow in the proper HA via the GDA is confirmed using intra-operative ultrasound. A retropancreatic tunnel is made over the superior mesenteric vein (SMV). The pancreas is divided with an endovascular stapler at the neck. The inferior mesenteric vein (IMV) and splenic vein are ligated. The HA is stapled proximal to the GDA. The entire specimen is retracted laterally with further dissection cephalad to expose the superior mesenteric artery (SMA). The SMA is then traced back to the aorta. The dissection continues cephalad along the aorta with the bipolar energy device used to divide the crural fibers and celiac nerve plexus. The specimen is mobilized from the patient's right to left until the origin of the celiac axis is identified and oriented towards the left. The trunk is circumferentially dissected and stapled. Additional dissection with hook cautery and the bipolar energy device fully mobilizes the pancreatic tail and spleen. The specimen is removed from the left lower quadrant extraction site and one drain is left in the resection bed. A final intra-operative ultrasound of the proper HA confirms pulsatile, triphasic flow in the artery and liver parenchyma. The stomach is inspected for evidence of ischemia. Robotic DP-CAR is safe, feasible and when used in conjunction with multi-modality therapy, offers potential for long-term survival in selected patients.

Robot Assisted Distal Pancreatectomy with Celiac Axis Resection DP-CAR for Pancreatic Cancer: Surgical Planning and Technique

We present our operative approach to robot assisted distal pancreatectomy, splenectomy, and celiac axis resection (DP-CAR), demonstrating that the procedure is safe and feasible with proper planning, patient selection, and surgeon experience.

Malignant pancreatic tumors involving the celiac artery can be resected with a distal pancreatectomy, splenectomy and celiac axis resection (DP-CAR), ...

Application of Hemostatic Devices in Laparoscopic Hepatectomy

Laparoscopic hepatectomy is considered a conventional method for treating benign and malignant liver diseases because it is a minimally invasive method. Despite its non-invasive aspect, bleeding and bile leakage occur in liver parenchyma tissue resection during the operation or in the post-operation period, indicating the requirement for high-grade hemostatic devices, such as ultrasonic surgical aspiration, bipolar electrocoagulation, etc. The lack of availability of these high-grade hemostatic devices prevents laparoscopic hepatectomy from becoming a generalized procedure in basic medical organizations. In view of the situation mentioned above, a suite of simple and easy hemostatic devices is developed in this protocol, which includes a harmonic scalpel, monopole electrocoagulation, and a single lumen catheter, to innovatively perform liver parenchyma tissue resection. First of all, the porta hepatis or hepatic pedicle is occluded intermittently by a single lumen catheter, followed by clamping for 15 min and releasing for 5 min. Subsequently, using the harmonic scalpel, clamping and crushing of the liver are done to cut off the hepatic parenchyma tissue and to reveal the intrahepatic arteries, veins, and bile ducts. Lastly, the bleeding spots are coagulated by using monopole electrocoagulation at each spot. Intrahepatic pipeline structures are then visible by using these methods, which could stop bleeding easily, reduce the incidence rate of bile leakage, and improve the safety and feasibility of laparoscopic hepatectomy. Therefore, the simple and easy hemostatic devices shown here are suitable for conducting procedures in primary medical institutions.

High-grade hemostatic devices are essential for laparoscopic hepatectomy. However, these devices are not generalized in basic medical organizations. Therefore, a suite of simple and easy hemostatic devices is shown in this article, which can make the laparoscopic hepatectomy easier to perform.

Laparoscopic hepatectomy is considered a conventional method for treating benign and malignant liver diseases because it is a minimally invasive method. ...