Research was supported by NIH Grants EY012031 and EY0182175 and the F.M. Kirby Foundation.

Optical tweezers for manipulating isolated cells in culture
Trapping forces of optical tweezers are generated from the momentum of light (Ashkin, 1991; Ashkin et al., 1986). Although these forces easily trap cells in suspension, they are not able to move cells that adhere to a surface. Therefore, to reduce adhesion to the culture dish at the point where cells are trapped, the coverslip is coated with poly-2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate (poly-HEMA) (Sigma Chemical Co., St Louis, MO), a nontoxic compound with cell repellent properties previously employed for adhesion studies on endothelial cells (Folkman and Moscona, 1978). While poly-HEMA covers one half of the culture dish, the other half is coated with a substrate that supports cell growth. In our laboratory, Sal-1 is used as the substrate for culturing salamander retinal cells. The procedure for fabricating Sal-1 and poly-HEMA coated dishes is described below:
Fabrication of culture dishes
<ol>
<li>Clean coverglasses (#1 VWR Scientific Inc., Media, PA) in acid. This coverglass was selected for its thickness of just 0.1mm, necessary for the high numerical aperture objectives required for focusing the laser. </li>
<li>To create a cell repellant area, dissolve 20 mg poly-HEMA (Sigma Chemical Co., St Louis, MO) in 1ml of 95% ethanol overnight at room temperature. Preferably, this solution should be used within 1 month of preparation.</li>
<li>Prop up the coverglasses at a near vertical position in a dust-free environment such as a hood.</li>
<li>Place one or two drops of poly-HEMA solution near the top of the coverglass from the plastic tip of a 200&mu;l micropipette. The drops (about 50-100&micro;l each) should be restricted to one half of the coverglass. The steep incline ensures the liquid flows down the surface of the coverglass to the bottom, providing a thin even coating of poly-HEMA. Allow the poly-HEMA coated coverglasses to dry in the hood for 30-60 minutes at room temperature.</li>
<li>Mark the poly-HEMA side of the coverglass with a fine tip pen close to the edge.</li>
<li>Drill a 1 cm hole in the bottom of a 35 mm culture dish.</li>
<li>Glue the poly-HEMA coated coverglass to the bottom of the culture dish with Sylgard 184 (Dow Corning Co., Midland, MI) so that the poly-HEMA coated side faces toward the inside of the dish. Ensure the edge of the poly-HEMA coating runs down the center of the hole. Allow the dishes to dry for 1-3 days at room temperature in a dust-free environment.</li>
<li>Scratch a line on the outside of the coverglass with a diamond-tip pen following the edge of the poly-HEMA coating. Then, scratch two crossing lines at right angles to it approximately 2mm apart. The two points of intersection serve as reference or fiducial points to be used for reproducing the same orientation of the culture dish on the microscope stage.</li>
<li>Sterilize the dishes under ultraviolet light overnight. </li>
<li>To create a cell-adherent half of the culture dish, coat the non poly-HEMA half with Sal-1, which contains a mouse anti-salamander antibody raised against retinal cell membranes (generously provided by Dr. Peter MacLeish, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; see MacLeish et al. (1983)).&nbsp; First, coat the Sal-1 side with approximately 100&micro;l of 0.1 mg/ml sterile goat anti-mouse IgG antibody (Boehringer Mannheim Corporation, Indianapolis IN), taking care not to spill the liquid over onto the poly-HEMA side. Leave for three hours, then remove it. Wash the same area with sterile Ringer&rsquo;s solution once or twice,&nbsp;then place 100&micro;l Sal-1 supernatant, taking care not to spill the liquid into the poly-HEMA side of the dish. The first antibody ensures Sal-1 is coated at a known concentration.</li>
<li>Incubate the dishes with the Sal-1 overnight. </li>
<li>Remove the Sal-1 antibody solution and rinse the area with sterile Ringer&rsquo;s solution. Introduce 2 ml medium to the dish just prior to cell plating.</li>
</ol>
The composition of the amphibian Ringer&rsquo;s solution, serum-free amphibian medium, and Ringer&rsquo;s solution for enzyme digestion are found in MacLeish and Townes-Anderson (1988) and Mandell et al. (1993).
Preparation of cell cultures
The cells used in this video were derived from light-adapted, adult, aquatic-phase tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum), measuring 17&ndash;22 cm in length (Charles Sullivan Inc., Nashville, TN), maintained at 5&deg;C on a 12 h:12 h light-dark cycle. The protocols were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey in strict accordance with the guidelines from the National Institutes of Health. The procedures for preparing retinal cell cultures are described by Nachman-Clewner and Townes-Anderson (1996) and are as follows:
<ol>
<li>Decapitate and pith the animals. Remove the eyes and dissect out the corneas and iris. The retinas should detach slightly within the eyecup. By placing a curved forceps underneath the retina, scoop out the retinas. It is not important if the lens is attached to the retina at this stage. </li>
<li>Digest the retinas in 14 U/ml papain (Worthington, Freehold, NJ) in salamander Ringer's solution for 40 mins. </li>
<li>Prior to use, the papain Ringer&rsquo;s solution should be bubbled with 95% O2 / 5% CO2&nbsp; gas for 30 mins., then sterilized by passage through a 0.22 micron filter (Millipore, Carrigtwohill, Ireland).</li>
<li>Rinse the retinas with sterile salamander Ringer&rsquo;s solution three times.</li>
<li>Remove the lenses from the Ringer&rsquo;s solution, then gently triturate the retinal tissue with a 3 mm bore pipette to yield a cell suspension.</li>
</ol>
Laser tweezers manipulation of isolated neurons
<ol>
<li>Place the culture dish on the microscope stage, orienting the dish by aligning a mark on the dish with a reference point on the stage. Save the coordinates of the fiducial points in the computer.</li>
<li>Plate cells onto both Sal-1 and poly-HEMA halves of the dish.</li>
<li>Allow the cells to settle for approximately 20 mins, which is long enough for cells on the adherent side of the dish to attach to the antibody substrate. </li>
<li>Select a cell on the Sal-1 adherent side of the dish. Mark the x and y stage coordinates of a position close to the cell. In our case, the point was approximately 10&micro;m from the primary dendrites of the selected cell. Save coordinates in the computer. </li>
<li>Select a second neuron, in our case a photoreceptor, on the poly-HEMA side of the dish and use the laser tweezer tool to trap it.&nbsp; Trapping can be achieved over a broad range of power levels. However, we set the power of the laser at 10%&ndash;20%, which is low enough to avoid trapping debris along with the cell, but sufficient to transport the cell through the medium.</li>
<li>While holding the cell in the trap, lower the stage so that the cell is well above the surface of the culture dish and above any attached neurons. Move the stage under computer control to bring the cell to the previously saved x and y coordinates on the Sal-1 side. The stage movement was set at 8&ndash;20&micro;m/s, but maximum speed should be empirically determined. On arrival at the destination point on the Sal-1 side, raise the stage to bring the trapped cell to the surface of the dish. Cell placement can be made with an accuracy of a few microns. Allow the cell to adhere to the Sal-1 substrate. </li>
<li>Obtaining digitized images of both cells in the pair before and after pair formation provides a useful record. </li>
<li>Maintain the cell pairs in an incubator. For salamander cells, place the dishes in a humidified chamber at 10&deg;C. Cells can be monitored by video time lapse and used with any cell biological technique required.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Ashkin, A., Dziedzic, J. M., Bjorkholm, J. E., Chu, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Observation+of+a+Single-Beam+Gradient+Force+Optical+Trap+for+Dielectric+Particles.">Observation of a Single-Beam Gradient Force Optical Trap for Dielectric Particles.</a> Opt. Lett. 11, 288-290 (1986).</li><li>Clarke, R. J., Hoegnason, K., Brimacombe, M., Townes-Anderson, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cone+and+rod+cells+have+different+target+preferences+in+vitro+as+revealed+by+optical+tweezers.">Cone and rod cells have different target preferences in vitro as revealed by optical tweezers.</a> Mol. Vision. 14, 706-720 (2008).</li><li>Folkman, J., Moscona, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+cell+shape+in+growth+control.">Role of cell shape in growth control.</a> Nature. 273, 345-349 (1978).</li><li>Liu, Y., Cheng, D. K., Soneck, G. J., Berns, M. W., Chapman, C. F., Tromberg, B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence+of+localized+cell+heating+induced+by+infrared+optical+tweezers.">Evidence of localized cell heating induced by infrared optical tweezers.</a> Biophysical Journal. 68, 2137-2144 (1995).</li><li>MacLeish, P. R., Barnstable, C. J., Townes-Anderson, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+a+monoclonal+antibody+as+a+substrate+for+mature+neurons+in+vitro.">Use of a monoclonal antibody as a substrate for mature neurons in vitro.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 80, 7014-7018 (1983).</li><li>MacLeish, P. R., Townes-Anderson, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Growth+and+synapse+formation+among+major+classes+of+adult+salamander+retinal+neurons+in+vitro.">Growth and synapse formation among major classes of adult salamander retinal neurons in vitro.</a> Neuron. 1, 751-760 (1988).</li><li>Mandell, J. W., MacLeish, P. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Townes-Anderson+E.+Process+outgrowth+and+synaptic+varicosity+formation+by+adult+photoreceptors+in+vitro.">Townes-Anderson E. Process outgrowth and synaptic varicosity formation by adult photoreceptors in vitro.</a> J. Neurosci. 13, 3533-3548 (1993).</li><li>Nachman-Clewner, M., Townes-Anderson, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Injury-induced+remodelling+and+regeneration+of+the+ribbon+presynaptic+terminal+in+vitro.">Injury-induced remodelling and regeneration of the ribbon presynaptic terminal in vitro.</a> J. Neurocytol. 25, 597-613 (1996).</li><li>Townes-Anderson, E., St Jules, R. S., Sherry, D. M., Lichtenberger, J., Hassanain, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Micromanipulation+of+retinal+neurons+by+optical+tweezers.">Micromanipulation of retinal neurons by optical tweezers.</a> Mol. Vis.. 4, (1998).</li></ol>

Light has momentum, and when a light ray is refracted as it passes through a cell, a force is required to change the direction of the momentum. Because of the law of conservation of momentum, a force in the opposite direction must, in turn, react back on a cell. Ashkin (1991) showed that the force generated by a laser beam focused by a microscope objective lens will move a cell toward the center of focus. Even though a laser beam generates only a few piconewtons of force, this force is sufficient to pull a cell through m...

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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">	
		
		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>25mm circle No.1 coverglass</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>VWR Scientific Inc., Westchester, PA</td>
<td>48380 080</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>poly-2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate (poly-HEMA)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma Chemical Co., St Louis, MO</td>
<td>P-3932</td>
<td>Dissolve in 95% ethanol</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Goat anti-mouse IgG antibody</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Chemicon International, Temecula CA</td>
<td>AP181</td>
<td> 1mg in 1ml, dilute 10x for use</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Sal-1 supernatant containing mouse anti-salamander antibody</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>generously provided by Dr. Peter MacLeish</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Dr. Peter MacLeish, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>3 mm bore 5ml pyrex disposable pipets</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Corning Inc., Corning NY</td>
<td>7078A-5</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Cell culture dishes 35mm x 10mm</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Corning inc., Corning NY</td>
<td>430165</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Sylgard 184 silicone elastomer kit</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Dow Corning Corp., Midland MI</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Optical tweezers-microtool or laser tweezers</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Cell Robotics Inc., Albuquerque NM</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>1 W continuous wave diode laser of 980nm wavelength</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Cell Robotics Inc., Albuquerque NM</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Axiovert 100 inverted light microscope</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Carl Zeiss Inc., Thornwood, NY</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>40x oil immersion plan neofluor objective lens</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Carl Zeiss Inc., Thornwood, NY</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Numerical aperture (N.A. 1.3)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Black and white CCD camera</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sony Corporation, Tokyo, Japan</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Computer and joystick with software</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Cell Robotics Inc.</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>for controlling a motorized stage</td>
</tr>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

using laser tweezers for manipulating isolated neurons in vitro

In this paper and video, we describe the protocols used in our laboratory to study the targeting preferences of regenerating cell processes of adult retinal neurons in vitro. Procedures for preparing retinal cell cultures start with the dissection, digestion and trituration of the retina, and end with the plating of isolated retinal cells on dishes made especially for use with laser tweezers. These dishes are divided into a cell adhesive half and a cell repellant half. The cell adhesive side is coated with a layer of Sal-1 antibodies, which provide a substrate upon which our cells grow. Other adhesive substrates could be used for other cell types. The cell repellant side is coated with a thin layer of poly-HEMA. The cells plated on the poly-HEMA side of the dish are trapped with the laser tweezers, transported and then placed adjacent to a cell on the Sal-1 side to create a pair. Formation of cell groups of any size should be possible with this technique. "Laser-tweezers-controlled micromanipulation" means that the investigator can choose which cells to move, and the desired distance between the cells can be standardized. Because the laser beam goes through transparent surfaces of the culture dish, cell selection and placement are done in an enclosed, sterile environment. Cells can be monitored by video time-lapse and used with any cell biological technique required. This technique may help investigations of cell-cell interactions.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using Laser Tweezers For Manipulating Isolated Neurons In Vitro at JoVE.com

Using Laser Tweezers For Manipulating Isolated Neurons In Vitro

This video describes the manipulation of cultured neurons using laser tweezers in vitro.

In this paper and video, we describe the protocols used in our laboratory to study the targeting preferences of regenerating cell processes of adult ...

using-laser-tweezers-for-manipulating-isolated-neurons-in-vitro

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10.1K Views.  University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey - UMDNJ. This video describes the manipulation of cultured neurons using laser tweezers in vitro.