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In This Article

  • Summary
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Protocol
  • النتائج
  • Discussion
  • Disclosures
  • Acknowledgements
  • Materials
  • References
  • Reprints and Permissions

Summary

This protocol investigates the heterochromatin distribution in eight populations of Lycoris aurea (L′Her) Herb, using combined PI and DAPI chromosome staining, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with 18S-5.8-26S rRNA gene regions (45S rDNA regions), and 5S ribosomal DNA probes.

Abstract

To understand karyotype variation in eight populations, detailed karyotypes were meticulously established using chromosomal measurements, fluorescence bands, and rDNA FISH signals. The number of 45S rDNA sites varies from one to five pairs per population, with the most common number per karyotype being four pairs. The 45S rDNA locus is predominantly located in the short arms and terminal regions of chromosomes, while the 5S rDNA locus is found mainly in the short arm and the terminal or proximal regions. Populations HBWF, HNXN, HBBD, and HNZX showed a similar distribution of 45S rDNA sites, as did GXTL, HBFC, and SCLS, indicating a close relationship between populations with similar 45S rDNA site distributions. The karyotypes of all studied populations are symmetrical, comprising stable and metastable centromeres or exclusively stable centromeres. Scatter plots of MCA and CVCL effectively distinguish their karyotypic structures. The analysis includes six quantitative parameters (x, 2n, TCL, MCA, CVCL, CVCI). Additionally, the results indicate that PCoA based on these six parameters is a robust method for determining biological karyotype relationships among the eight populations. The chromosome number in Lycoris populations is x = 6-8. Based on the current study and literature, genomic differentiation of these populations is discussed in terms of genome size, heterochromatin, 45S and 5S rDNA sites, and karyotype asymmetry.

Introduction

Lycoris is a family that includes several important horticultural plants1. Lycoris aurea (L'Hér.) Herb. is a traditional Chinese medicinal plant with a long history. Phytochemical analysis has shown that Lycoris aurea (L′Her.) Herb contains galantamine and other alkaloids, which can enhance acetylcholine sensitivity and have the potential to treat Alzheimer's disease as cholinesterase inhibitors2.

In higher plants, karyotype analysis is crucial for integrating genetic and physical maps, with significant practical implications for plant biology. This analysis allows for chromosomal-level genome characterization, clarification of cellular taxonomic relationships between populations, identification of genetic aberrations, and understanding of chromosomal evolution trends3,4,5. Typically, a karyotype description includes chromosome number, absolute and relative chromosome lengths, primary and secondary constriction locations, heterochromatic fragment distribution, rDNA site numbers and locations, and other DNA sequence characteristics, as well as karyotype asymmetry6,7,8. Among karyotype parameters, asymmetry is determined by variations in chromosome length (interchromosomal asymmetry) and centromere position (intrachromosomal asymmetry). Karyotype asymmetry is a significant feature reflecting chromosome morphology and is widely used in plant cell taxonomy9,10,11,12.

Often, the absence of chromosome markers limits karyotype analysis and impedes the identification of individual chromosomes. In recent years, Giemsa staining, fluorescence banding, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) have become popular in plant chromosome analysis. Dual fluorescent staining methods, such as CMA (chromomycin A3) / DAPI (4, 6-diamino-2-phenylindole) staining and PI (propyl iodide) / DAPI staining (known as CPD staining), reveal GC-rich and AT-rich heterochromatic regions on chromosomes4,13. During metaphase or pachytene of plant mitosis, repeated DNA sequences or long DNA segments can generate specific signals in plant populations through FISH hybridization14,15,16.

Fluorescent bands and FISH signals provide useful markers for chromosome identification. By measuring chromosome length, analyzing fluorescence banding characteristics, and comparing FISH signal differences, detailed molecular cytogenetic karyotypes of different plant germplasms or populations can be constructed. These karyotypes effectively display chromosome morphology in various germplasms or populations, enabling comparisons of heterochromatin distribution and DNA sequence localization and encouraging further research4,8,17. Molecular cytogenetic karyotype comparisons can offer valuable insights into the phylogenetic relationships and chromosomal evolution of related populations8,14,18,19.

The Lycoris genus, a diverse and intriguing group within the Amaryllis family, is known for its perennial bulbs. Comprising approximately 20 species, 15 of which are endemic to China, it showcases rich biodiversity. This genus is found exclusively in warm temperate and subtropical regions of East Asia, including southwest China, southern Korea, and Japan, with a few populations extending to northern India and Nepal20. Early cytogenetic studies primarily involved chromosome counting to establish the genus's basic chromosome number and to describe chromosome morphology in specific populations, focusing largely on Lycoris radiata21. The total chromosome numbers observed in this genus range from 12 to 33 or 44, representing diploid, abnormal diploid, triploid, tetraploid, and aneuploid levels, respectively. The basic chromosome numbers, x, are 6, 7, 8, and 11.

Lycoris aurea (L'Hér.) Herb, a notable species within the Lycoris genus, is widely distributed throughout China22. It thrives in relaxed, moist environments and reproduces through small bulbs. These bulbs, containing lycorine and galantamine-two key medicinal compounds-have been used in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries. Lycoris aurea also captivates horticulturalists with its striking red flowers in the fall and evergreen leaves in the winter. However, the morphological similarity across all studied Lycoris aurea (L'Hér.) Herb populations present a significant challenge for chromosomal identification using conventional cytological methods.

Cloning of FISH, fosmid, or BAC (bacterial artificial chromosomes) with repetitive DNA sequences and oligonucleotide probes on metaphase or pachydermatous chromosomes has been used for karyotype analysis23,24,25, comparative cytogenetic analysis26,27, cytogenetic map construction28,29, and chromosome-specific assays30. Recently, the FISH technique has been applied to the chromosome analysis of Lycoris populations31. Although the chromosome number and karyotype vary in Lycoris populations, the total chromosome number remains constant, with three basic types observed: the central centromere chromosome (M-), the distal centromere chromosome (T-), and the proximal centromere chromosome (A-). Additionally, diverse chromosome shapes and sizes are observed in natural populations32.

RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is useful for detecting chromosomal changes, such as centromere fusion, inversion, gene amplification, and fragment deletion. Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (RNA-FISH) technology enables high-resolution visual analysis of chromosomes to detect and identify multiple complex changes, including the fusion of chromosome central regions, formation of new chromosome structures, reversal of chromosomal regions, amplification of genes or gene fragments, and gene sequence loss on specific chromosome regions33. Five of the 500 clones showed strong FISH signals on the centromere region of the central centromere chromosome (M-) but not on the distal centromere chromosome (T-)34. The unique FISH signal distribution pattern on each chromosome enabled the identification of individual chromosomes, which had previously been challenging in Lycoris populations using traditional staining methods31. Currently, there are few studies on the molecular cytogenetics of Lycoris aurea (L'Hér.) Herb, emphasizing the urgent need for further research in this field.

In this study, eight well-differentiated metaphase chromosomes of Lycoris aurea (L'Hér.) Herb populations were prepared using enzyme immersion and flame drying (EMF) methods. CPD staining and 45S and 5S rDNA probes were used for FISH identification. Detailed molecular cytogenetic karyotypes of these populations were constructed using combined data from chromosomal measurements, fluorescent bands, and 45S and 5S rDNA FISH signals. Six different karyotypic asymmetry indices were calculated for each population to identify karyotypic relationships among them. Evaluation of the molecular cytogenetic karyotype data provided significant insights into the genomic differentiation and evolutionary relationships of the eight populations, potentially reshaping the understanding of Lycoris chromosomes.

Protocol

The reagents and equipment utilized in this study are detailed in the Table of Materials, while the probes employed are provided in Supplementary File 1.

1. Preparation of apical chromosomes

  1. Take root by hydroponics. After removing the above-ground part of the bulb, place it in a tapered bottle filled with water, replacing the water every 3 days, following the method described by Song et al.35.
  2. Excise actively growing root tips when they reach approximately 1.0-2.0 cm in length and treat them in saturated α-bromonaphthalene at 28 °C for 1.0 h.
  3. Cut the root tips to about 1 cm and place them in a freshly prepared mixture of methanol and glacial acetic acid in a 3:1 volume ratio at room temperature (about 20-25 °C) for 2-3 h. Then, store them in a refrigerator at 4 °C, as described by She et al.36.
  4. Wash the fixed root tips (2-3 mm) thoroughly in double-distilled water.
  5. Prepare a mixture of cellulase and pectin hydrolase in 0.01 mM citric acid-sodium citrate buffer at pH 4.5, with cellulase and pectin hydrolase each at 1%. Place the pre-treated root tips in the mixture and digest at 28 °C for 1.0-1.5 h.
  6. Wash the digested root tips with double-distilled water, transfer them onto a glass slide, and mash thoroughly with the fixative using fine-pointed forceps.
  7. Dry the slides over the flame of an alcohol lamp until the water mist just disappears. Under a phase-contrast microscope, select slides with more than five split phases and no overlapping chromosomes. Store the slides at -20 °C for future use.

2. CPD staining

  1. Prepare a CPD solution by adding PI and DAPI to a 30% (v/v) anti-fluorescence attenuator, where the concentration of PI is 0.6 µg·mL-1 and the concentration of DAPI is 3 µg·mL-1.
  2. Dry the chromosome slide at 65 °C for 30 min.
  3. Add 100 µL of RNase A diluent (the RNase A storage solution diluted 100 times with 2x SSC (saline sodium citrate), resulting in a final concentration of 100 µg/mL) per chromosome slide. Cover the slide and warm it in a 37 °C moist chamber for 30-60 min.
  4. Wash the chromosome slide with 2x SSC at room temperature for three intervals of 5 min each.
  5. Wash the chromosome slide at room temperature for 1-2 min.
  6. Add 200 µL of pepsin diluent (the pepsin storage solution diluted 100 times with 0.01 N HCl to achieve a final concentration of 5 µg/mL) per chromosome slide. Cover the slide and incubate it in a moist chamber at 37 °C for 5-20 min.
  7. Wash the chromosome sections with ultra-pure water at room temperature for 2 min, followed by washing with 2 xSSC at room temperature for two intervals of 5 min each.
  8. Fix the slides with methanol: glacial acetic acid (3:1) solution for 10 min.
  9. Wash with 2x SSC at room temperature for three intervals of 5 min each.
  10. Treat with 70%, 95%, and 100% ethanol at -20 °C for 5 min each, then dry at room temperature.
  11. Take the treated and dried chromosome slides, add 30 µL of CPD staining solution to each slide, cover with a 24 mm x 50 mm coverslip, and stain in the dark for more than 30 min. Extensive chromosome material should be stained overnight.
  12. Observe the chromosome slides under a fluorescence microscope, using a green excitation filter (WG) for PI staining and an ultraviolet filter (UV) for DAPI staining. Capture images with the compatible software.
    1. Adjust the exposure time through the two filters to achieve similar red and blue fluorescence intensities during image capture. The CPD image is obtained from the grayscale images stained with PI and DAPI. Chromosome measurements and image processing were performed using Adobe Photoshop software.

3. Fluorescence in situ hybridization

  1. Prepare the hybrid solution: FAD (10 µL), ssDNA (2 µL), 20× SSC (2 µL), 5S rDNA (1 µL), 45S rDNA (1 µL), and 50% glucan sulfate (4 µL). After preparation, centrifuge the hybrid solution (2500 x g, 5-10 min, at room temperature) and place it on ice.
  2. Place the scanned slides in the oven at 65 °C for 30-60 min.
  3. Remove the baked slides, add 100 µL of 70% FAD denaturation solution, cover with a cover glass, and denature in an 85 °C molecular hybridization furnace for 2.5 min.
  4. Remove the cover glass and immediately immerse the slides in 70%, 90%, and 100% cold ethanol, dehydrating successively for 5 min each.
  5. Remove the slides and allow them to dry at room temperature for more than 30 min.
  6. Add 20 µL of hybrid solution to the slide, gently place the cover glass on top until the liquid is completely diffused, and leave it at room temperature for 10 min to moisten the covered area of the slide.
  7. Place the slides in a hybrid dish soaked with 2× SSC (the hybrid dish should be a large Petri dish with a lid wrapped in tin foil to facilitate operation away from light) and incubate at 37 °C overnight (for at least 6 h).
  8. Counterstain the chromosomes by mounting them with 3 µg·mL-1 DAPI in a 30% (v/v) solution of Vectashield H-100. Capture the image using compatible software, with the blue fluorescence of DAPI excited by the purple light of the filter and the red fluorescence of PI excited by the green light, respectively.
    NOTE: FISH hybridization was performed using 45S and 5S rDNA probes on previously CPD-stained slides, following the method described by She et al.36.

4. Karyotype analysis

  1. Select five metaphase mitotic cells for each population in which the chromosomes are well dispersed (with no overlapping) and moderately condensed (the chromosomes should not be maximally aggregated, but the ends should not be clumped together), following the methodology described by She et al.4.
  2. Determine the absolute length of each chromosome by selecting five chromosomes with the highest concentration during cell division.
  3. Meticulously and precisely measure the length of each chromosome's long arm (L) and short arm (S), as well as the size of each fluorescent pigment band on the chromosome.
  4. Calculate the following parameters: (1) relative chromosome length (RL, haploid percentage); (2) arm ratio (AR = L/S, long arm/short arm); (3) total haploid chromosome length (TCL; karyotype length); (4) average chromosome length (C); (5) size of the fluorescence band (the percentage of the fluorescence band relative to the length of the chromosome); (6) distance from the centromere to the rDNA site; (7) average centromere index (CI, calculated as the short arm length of each chromosome divided by the total length of that chromosome, then averaging these values); (8) four different indicators of karyotype asymmetry, including the centromere index (CVCI), coefficient of variation (CV), chromosome length coefficient of variation (CVCL), mean centromere asymmetry coefficient (MCA), and Stebbins asymmetry category.
    NOTE: Refer to the methods of Paszko10 and Peruzzi et al.11 to calculate the asymmetry index. Classify chromosomes with different arm ratios according to Levan's five classification methods. Arrange the chromosomes of Lycoris aurea (L'Hér.) Herb in descending order of length as described in the Han et al. protocol37.
  5. Ensure the precision and accuracy of the methodology by drawing chromosome karyotype patterns based on chromosome measurement data combined with fluorescence band information and the position and size of the rDNA-FISH.
  6. Visualizing the karyotype asymmetrical relationships of the eight populations is a key step that provides clear insights. This is achieved through two-dimensional scatter plots, which are used to obtain their MCA and CVCL.
  7. Perform principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) using the Gower similarity coefficient, a crucial component, following the methods of She et al.38.
  8. Calculate six quantitative parameters (x, 2n, TCL, MCA, CVCL, CVCI) to determine the cytogenetic karyotypes of the eight populations.
  9. Conduct statistical analyses using a data analysis and visualization program to generate the UPGMA-based dendrogram and PCoA scatter plot.

النتائج

By employing the meticulous enzyme immersion and flame drying (EMF) method, scattered and well-differentiated metaphase chromosomes of Lycoris aurea (L'Hér.) Herb were obtained, and the cytogenetic chromosome karyotype of Lycoris aurea was constructed (Figure 1). The metaphase chromosomes with the highest degree of condensation are unsuitable for karyotype analysis due to the reduced morphological differences. However, since the total length of haploid chromosomes ...

Discussion

The preparation of Lycoris aurea (L'Hér.) Herb root chromosomes involves several critical steps: (1) cultivating roots via hydroponics, (2) treating root tips with saturated α-bromonaphthalene, (3) fixing roots using an alcohol-acetic acid solution, (4) performing enzymatic hydrolysis on root tips with an enzyme solution, and (5) thoroughly squashing the digested roots and drying the slides over an alcohol lamp flame.

Accurate chromosome measurement is essential for kary...

Disclosures

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (32070367).

Materials

NameCompanyCatalog NumberComments
AlcoholSangon Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.A500737-0005(70%, 90%, 100%)
1× TNTSangon Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.B5481081×, 10×
2× SSCSangon Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.B5481092×, 20×
45S rDNASangon Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.TAMRA is added to both ends (5 'and 3' ends)
4'6-diamidino-2-phenylindole(DAPI)Sangon Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.E60730320ml
5S rDNASangon Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.5 'end plus 6-FAM(FITC)
Adobe Photoshop softwareAdobe Systems IncorporatedCS6
Alpha bromo-naphthaleneSangon Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.A602718Saturation
Anti-burnout agentSangon Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.Vectashield H-100010 mL
Biochemical incubatorShanghai Yiheng Scientific Instrument Co., LTDLRH-70
CellulaseSangon Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.A42606810 g
Citric acidSangon Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.A50170210 g
Deionized formamide (FAD)Sangon Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.A600211-05000.7
Dextran sulfateSangon Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.A42822910 mL
Fluorescence in situ hybridization instrumentUSA/Abbott ThermoBriteS500-24
Fluorescence microscopeOlympus China Co.ltdBX60
Glacial acetic acidSangon Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.A501931500 mL
HClAladdin Reagent Co. Ltd. (Shanghai)H399657500 mL
Ice machineDan Ding Shanghai International Trade Co., Ltd.ST-70
Leica biological microscopeGermany Leica Instrument Co., LTDDM6000B
Methyl alcoholSangon Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.A601617500 mL
MetMorph softwareMolecular DevicesVersion 7.35
OvenThermo Scientific™ Heratherm™THM#51028152
PectinaseSangon Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.A00429710 g
PepsinSangon Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.1.07185100 g
Propidium iodide(PI)Sangon Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.A4252591 g
RNaseASangon Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.R464210 mg
Salmon sperm DNA(ssDNA)Aladdin Reagent Co. Ltd. (Shanghai)D1198711 g
Sodium citrateAladdin Reagent Co. Ltd. (Shanghai)S18918310 g
Statistica for Windows 10.0 for statistical analysis

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Comparative Karyotype AnalysisLycoris AureaChromosomal MeasurementsFluorescence BandsRDNA FISH Signals45S RDNA SitesKaryotype VariationBiological RelationshipsQuantitative ParametersGenomic DifferentiationChromosome NumberKaryotype Asymmetry

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