نشكر الدكتور نائل العلمي والدكتور كيم نام تشول على تعليقاتهم المفيدة حول هذا المخطوط.

<ol>
	<li>Budnik, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synapse+maturation+and+structural+plasticity+at+Drosophila+neuromuscular+junctions.">Synapse maturation and structural plasticity at Drosophila neuromuscular junctions.</a> Curr Opin Neurobiol. 6, 858-867 (1996).</li><li>Fouquet, W., Owald, D., Wichmann, C., Mertel, S., Depner, H., Dyba, M., Hallermann, S., Kittel, R. J., Eimer, S., Sigrist, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maturation+of+active+zone+assembly+by+Drosophila+Bruchpilot.">Maturation of active zone assembly by Drosophila Bruchpilot.</a> J Cell Biol. 186, 129-145 (2009).</li><li>Hoang, B., Chiba, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-Cell+Analysis+of+Drosophila+Larval+Neuromuscular+Synapses.">Single-Cell Analysis of Drosophila Larval Neuromuscular Synapses.</a> Developmental Biology. 229, 55-70 (2001).</li><li>Keshishian, H., Kim, Y. -. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Orchestrating+development+and+function:+retrograde+BMP+signaling+in+the+Drosophila+nervous+system.">Orchestrating development and function: retrograde BMP signaling in the Drosophila nervous system.</a> Trends in Neurosciences. 27, 143-147 (2004).</li><li>Kittel, R. J., Wichmann, C., Rasse, T. M., Fouquet, W., Schmidt, M., Schmid, A., Wagh, D. A., Pawlu, C., Kellner, R. R., Willig, K. I., Hell, S. W., Buchner, E., Heckmann, M., Sigrist, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bruchpilot+Promotes+Active+Zone+Assembly,+Ca2++Channel+Clustering,+and+Vesicle+Release.">Bruchpilot Promotes Active Zone Assembly, Ca2+ Channel Clustering, and Vesicle Release.</a> Science. 312, 1051-1054 (2006).</li><li>Koh, Y. H., Gramates, L. S., Budnik, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+larval+neuromuscular+junction:+Molecular+components+and+mechanisms+underlying+synaptic+plasticity.">Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction: Molecular components and mechanisms underlying synaptic plasticity.</a> Microscopy Research and Technique. 49, 14-25 (2000).</li><li>Lloyd, T. E., Taylor, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flightless+flies:+Drosophila+models+of+neuromuscular+disease.">Flightless flies: Drosophila models of neuromuscular disease.</a> Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1184, e1-e20 (2010).</li><li>Ratnaparkhi, A., Lawless, G. M., Schweizer, F. E., Golshani, P., Jackson, G. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Drosophila+model+of+ALS:+human+ALS-associated+mutation+in+VAP33A+suggests+a+dominant+negative+mechanism.">A Drosophila model of ALS: human ALS-associated mutation in VAP33A suggests a dominant negative mechanism.</a> PLoS One. 3, e2334-e2334 (2008).</li><li>Wagh, D. A., Rasse, T. M., Asan, E., Hofbauer, A., Schwenkert, I., D&#252;rrbeck, H., Buchner, S., Dabauvalle, M. -. C., Schmidt, M., Qin, G., Wichmann, C., Kittel, R., Sigrist, S. J., Buchner, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bruchpilot,+a+Protein+with+Homology+to+ELKS/CAST,+Is+Required+for+Structural+Integrity+and+Function+of+Synaptic+Active+Zones+in+Drosophila.">Bruchpilot, a Protein with Homology to ELKS/CAST, Is Required for Structural Integrity and Function of Synaptic Active Zones in Drosophila.</a> Neuron. 49, 833-844 (2006).</li><li>Zweier, C., Jong, E. K. d. e., Zweier, M., Orrico, A., Ousager, L. B., Collins, A. L., Bijlsma, E. K., Oortveld, M. A., Ekici, A. B., Reis, A., Schenck, A., Rauch, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CNTNAP2+and+NRXN1+are+mutated+in+autosomal-recessive+Pitt-Hopkins-like+mental+retardation+and+determine+the+level+of+a+common+synaptic+protein+in+Drosophila.">CNTNAP2 and NRXN1 are mutated in autosomal-recessive Pitt-Hopkins-like mental retardation and determine the level of a common synaptic protein in Drosophila.</a> Am J Hum Genet. 85, 655-666 (2009).</li></ol>

الإعلان عن أي تضارب في المصالح.

عن الخلايا العصبية ، ومنطقة محطة متشابك هو أمر بالغ الأهمية ، وجسر للتواصل السليم بين آخر وخلايا ما قبل متشابك. وسيلة قوية للتحقق من صحة الخلايا العصبية في نماذج المرض هو تحليل البروتينات من محطة متشابك بواسطة المناعي. الأسلوب المناعي المعروضة هنا تمكن الباحث لدراسة...

<table border="1" style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><tbody><tr><td> اسم الكاشف </td><td> شركة </td><td> رقم كتالوج </td><td> تعليقات </td></tr><tr><td> Sylgard سيليكون إلاستومر 184 قاعدة </td><td> داو كورننغ </td><td> 68037-59-2 </td><td> بعد خلط تسمح لفقاعات في الارتفاع ببطء من خلال وضع على محور دوار بطيئة أو السماح للجلوس لمدة 30 دقيقة أو أكثر. </td></tr><tr><td> الفولاذ المقاوم للصدأ دبابيس Minutien </td><td> أدوات العلوم غرامة </td><td> 26002-10 </td><td> لتقليم تقريبا. 3 - 4mm في الطول مع مقص العادية </td></tr><tr><td> الملقط استئصال الصفيحه (بلانت استخدامها لاستيعاب دبابيس) </td><td> أدوات العلوم غرامة </td><td> 11223-20 </td><td> يستعمل مثل كليلة ملقط لاستيعاب دبابيس </td></tr><tr><td> تشريح الملقط </td><td> العالم آلات دقيقة </td><td> 501985 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> فائق الجودة Vannas مقصات 8cm طويلة </td><td> العالم آلات دقيقة </td><td> 501778 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> الماوس المضادة للأجسام المضادة BRP </td><td> DSHB </td><td> NC82 </td><td> استخدام تخفيف 01:50 </td></tr><tr><td> Cy3 Affinipure عنزة مكافحة الفجل البيروكسيداز </td><td> جاكسون Immunoresearch </td><td> 123-165-021 </td><td> استخدامها في التخفيف 1:200 </td></tr><tr><td> الكسا فلور 488 عنزة المضادة للماوس مفتش </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> A11001 </td><td> استخدام تقريبا. 1:200 تخفيف </td></tr></tbody></table>

dissection and imaging of active zones in the drosophila neuromuscular junction

يرقات ذبابة الفاكهة الوصل العصبي العضلي (NMJ) هو نموذج ممتاز لدراسة بنية ووظيفة متشابك. ذبابة الفاكهة هو معروف جيدا لسهولة التلاعب الجيني قوية والنظام العصبي اليرقات وقد ثبت في دراسة مفيدة بشكل خاص ليس فقط وظيفة عادية ولكن أيضا اضطرابات التي تصاحب بعض الأمراض العصبية (لويد وتايلور ، 2010). وتوجد أيضا العديد من الجزيئات مفتاح متشابك وجدت في ذبابة الفاكهة في الثدييات ومثل معظم نقاط الاشتباك العصبي CNS مثير في الثدييات ، وذبابة الفاكهة وNMJ glutamatergic ويوضح نشاط تعتمد على إعادة عرض (كوه وآخرون ، 2000). بالإضافة إلى ذلك ، يمكن أن الخلايا العصبية تكون ذبابة الفاكهة التي تم تحديدها بشكل فردي بسبب أنماط تعصيب هم النمطية والتكرار مما يجعل من الممكن لدراسة محطات متشابك المحددة ، مثل تلك التي بين الخلايا العصبية الحركية والألياف العضلية الجسم الجدار أنهم يعصب (Keshishian وكيم ، 2004). وجود مكونات المشبك الحفاظ تطويريا مع سهولة التلاعب الجيني والجسدي جعل النموذج المثالي لذبابة الفاكهة التحقيق في الآليات الكامنة وراء وظيفة متشابك (Budnik ، 1996). المناطق النشطة في محطات متشابك ذات أهمية خاصة لأن هذه هي مواقع لإطلاق العصبي. NC82 هو ريتوكسيماب تعترف البروتين ذبابة الفاكهة Bruchpilot (BRP) ، أحد أفراد العائلة CAST1/ERC التي هي عنصر مهم من منطقة نشطة (Wagh وآخرون ، 2006). وقد تبين لBRP شكل مباشر على منطقة نشطة تي بار ، وهي مسؤولة عن تجميع فعال كا 2 +. قنوات تحت كثافة تي بار (فوكيه وآخرون ، 2009) قللت من المسوخ BRP كا 2 + قناة كثافة ، والاكتئاب أثار إطلاق سراح الحويصلة ، واختلال في الأجل القصير اللدونة (Kittel وآخرون ، 2006). وقد لوحظت تغييرات على المناطق النشطة في نماذج مرض ذبابة الفاكهة. على سبيل المثال ، أظهرت المناعي باستخدام الأجسام المضادة التي تم NC82 انخفضت كثافة المنطقة النشطة في نماذج من التصلب الجانبي الضموري وبيت هوبكنز متلازمة (Ratnaparkhi وآخرون ، 2008 ؛. Zweier وآخرون ، 2009). وبالتالي ، قد تقييم المناطق النشطة ، أو البروتينات متشابك أخرى ، يرقات ذبابة الفاكهة في نماذج من الأمراض تقديم فكرة قيمة الأولية إلى وجود خلل متشابك. يستعد كامل يرقات ذبابة الفاكهة يشن تشريح للتحليل المناعي للNMJ يتطلب بعض المهارة ، ولكن يمكن تحقيقه من قبل معظم العلماء مع القليل من الممارسة. قدم هو الأسلوب الذي ينص على أن تكون يرقات العديد من تشريح وimmunostained في طبق تشريح نفسه ، مما يحد من الاختلافات البيئية بين التركيب الوراثي وتوفير كل الحيوانات ما يكفي للثقة في استنساخ والتحليل الإحصائي.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Dissection and Imaging of Active Zones in the Drosophila Neuromuscular Junction at JoVE.com

Dissection and Imaging of Active Zones in the Drosophila Neuromuscular Junction

الوصل العصبي العضلي (NMJ) من<em&gt; ذبابة الفاكهة السوداء البطن</em&gt; هو نظام نموذجا هاما لدراسة وظيفة متشابك العادي فضلا عن اضطرابات في وظيفة متشابك وجدت في بعض الأمراض العصبية. نقدم بروتوكول للتشريح<em&gt; ذبابة الفاكهة</em&gt; نظام المحرك اليرقات وimmunostaining عن البروتينات النشطة داخل منطقة NMJ.

تشريح والتصوير من المناطق النشطة في ذبابة الفاكهة الوصل العصبي العضلي

The Drosophila  larvae neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is an excellent model for the study of synaptic structure and function. Drosophila  is well known for ...

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Neuroscience

Dissection and Imaging of Active Zones in the Drosophila Neuromuscular Junction

15.3K Views.  St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital. الوصل العصبي العضلي (NMJ) من ذبابة الفاكهة السوداء البطن هو نظام نموذجا هاما لدراسة وظيفة متشابك العادي فضلا عن اضطرابات في وظيفة متشابك وجدت في بعض الأمراض العصبية. نقدم بروتوكول للتشريح ذبابة الفاكهة نظام المحرك اليرقات وimmunostaining عن البروتينات ?...

Video: Dissection and Imaging of Active Zones in the Drosophila Neuromuscular Junction

Single Drosophila Ommatidium Dissection and Imaging

The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has made invaluable contributions to neuroscience research and has been used widely as a model for neurodegenerative diseases because of its powerful genetics1. The fly eye in particular has been the organ of choice for neurodegeneration research, being the most accessible and life-dispensable part of the Drosophila nervous system. However the major caveat of intact eyes is the difficulty, because of the intense autofluorescence of the pigment, in imaging intracellular events, such as autophagy dynamics2, which are paramount to understanding of neurodegeneration.
We have recently used the dissection and culture of single ommatidia3 that has been essential for our understanding of autophagic dysfunctions in a fly model of Dentatorubro-Pallidoluysian Atrophy (DRPLA)3, 4.
We now report a comprehensive description of this technique (Fig. 1), adapted from electrophysiological studies5, which is likely to expand dramatically the possibility of fly models for neurodegeneration. This method can be adapted to image live subcellular events and to monitor effective drug administration onto photoreceptor cells (Fig. 2). If used in combination with mosaic techniques6-8, the responses of genetically different cells can be assayed in parallel (Fig. 2).

Single Drosophila Ommatidium Dissection and Imaging

The limiting factor in the use of the adult Drosophila eye to study neurodegeneration and cell biology is the difficult imaging of intracellular processes. We describe the dissection of single ommatidia to generate a bona-fide primary neuronal cell culture, which can be subject to drug treatment and advanced imaging.

وحيد ذبابة الفاكهة Ommatidium تشريح والتصوير

The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has made invaluable contributions to neuroscience research and has been used widely as a model for neurodegenerative ...

Sequential Photo-bleaching to Delineate Single Schwann Cells at the Neuromuscular Junction

Sequential photo-bleaching provides a non-invasive way to label individual SCs at the NMJ. The NMJ is the largest synapse of the mammalian nervous system and has served as guiding model to study synaptic structure and function. In mouse NMJs motor axon terminals form pretzel-like contact sites with muscle fibers. The motor axon and its terminal are sheathed by SCs. Over the past decades, several transgenic mice have been generated to visualize motor neurons and SCs, for example Thy1-XFP1 and Plp-GFP mice2, respectively.
Along motor axons, myelinating axonal SCs are arranged in non-overlapping internodes, separated by nodes of Ranvier, to enable saltatory action potential propagation. In contrast, terminal SCs at the synapse are specialized glial cells, which monitor and promote neurotransmission, digest debris and guide regenerating axons. NMJs are tightly covered by up to half a dozen non-myelinating terminal SCs - these, however, cannot be individually resolved by light microscopy, as they are in direct membrane contact3.
Several approaches exist to individually visualize terminal SCs. None of these are flawless, though. For instance, dye filling, where single cells are impaled with a dye-filled microelectrode, requires destroying a labelled cell before filling a second one. This is not compatible with subsequent time-lapse recordings3. Multi-spectral "Brainbow" labeling of SCs has been achieved by using combinatorial expression of fluorescent proteins4. However, this technique requires combining several transgenes and is limited by the expression pattern of the promoters used. In the future, expression of "photo-switchable" proteins in SCs might be yet another alternative5. Here we present sequential photo-bleaching, where single cells are bleached, and their image obtained by subtraction. We believe that this approach - due to its ease and versatility - represents a lasting addition to the neuroscientist's technology palette, especially as it can be used in vivo and transferred to others cell types, anatomical sites or species6.
In the following protocol, we detail the application of sequential bleaching and subsequent confocal time-lapse microscopy to terminal SCs in triangularis sterni muscle explants. This thin, superficial and easily dissected nerve-muscle preparation7,8 has proven useful for studies of NMJ development, physiology and pathology9. Finally, we explain how the triangularis sterni muscle is prepared after fixation to perform correlated high-resolution confocal imaging, immunohistochemistry or ultrastructural examinations.

Visualizing individual cells in densely packed tissues, such as terminal Schwann cells (SCs) at neuromuscular junctions (NMJs), is challenging. "Sequential photo-bleaching" allows delineating single terminal SCs, for instance in the triangularis sterni muscle explant, a convenient nerve-muscle preparation, where sequential bleaching can be combined with time-lapse imaging and post-hoc immunostainings.

صور متتابعة تبيض لتحديد خلايا شوان واحدة عند تقاطع الاعصاب

Sequential photo-bleaching provides a non-invasive way to label individual SCs at the NMJ. The NMJ is the largest synapse of the mammalian nervous system ...

Dissection of the Transversus Abdominis Muscle for Whole-mount Neuromuscular Junction Analysis

Analysis of neuromuscular junction morphology can give important insight into the physiological status of a given motor neuron. Analysis of thin flat muscles can offer significant advantage over traditionally used thicker muscles, such as those from the hind limb (e.g. gastrocnemius). Thin muscles allow for comprehensive overview of the entire innervation pattern for a given muscle, which in turn permits identification of selectively vulnerable pools of motor neurons. These muscles also allow analysis of parameters such as motor unit size, axonal branching, and terminal/nodal sprouting. A common obstacle in using such muscles is gaining the technical expertise to dissect them. In this video, we detail the protocol for dissecting the transversus abdominis (TVA) muscle from young mice and performing immunofluorescence to visualize axons and neuromuscular junctions (NMJs). We demonstrate that this technique gives a complete overview of the innervation pattern of the TVA muscle&#160;and can be used to investigate NMJ pathology in a mouse model of the childhood motor neuron disease, spinal muscular atrophy.

Dissection of the Transversus Abdominis Muscle for Whole-mount Neuromuscular Junction Analysis

In this video we demonstrate a protocol for dissection of the transversus abdominis muscle of the mouse and use immunofluorescence and microscopy to visualize neuromuscular junctions.

تشريح العضلات Abdominis المستعرض لتحليل تقاطع العصبية والعضلية جبل كامل

Analysis of neuromuscular junction morphology can give important insight into the physiological status of a given motor neuron. Analysis of thin flat ...

Detection of In Situ Protein-protein Complexes at the Drosophila Larval Neuromuscular Junction Using Proximity Ligation Assay

Discs large (Dlg) is a conserved member of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase family, and serves as a major scaffolding protein at the larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ) in Drosophila. Previous studies have shown that the postsynaptic distribution of Dlg at the larval NMJ overlaps with that of Hu-li tai shao (Hts), a homologue to the mammalian adducins. In addition, Dlg and Hts are observed to form a complex with each other based on co-immunoprecipitation experiments involving whole adult fly lysates. Due to the nature of these experiments, however, it was unknown whether this complex exists specifically at the NMJ during larval development.
Proximity Ligation Assay (PLA) is a recently developed technique used mostly in cell and tissue culture that can detect protein-protein interactions in situ. In this assay, samples are incubated with primary antibodies against the two proteins of interest using standard immunohistochemical procedures. The primary antibodies are then detected with a specially designed pair of oligonucleotide-conjugated secondary antibodies, termed PLA probes, which can be used to generate a signal only when the two probes have bound in close proximity to each other. Thus, proteins that are in a complex can be visualized. Here, it is demonstrated how PLA can be used to detect in situ protein-protein interactions at the Drosophila larval NMJ. The technique is performed on larval body wall muscle preparations to show that a complex between Dlg and Hts does indeed exist at the postsynaptic region of NMJs.

Detection of In Situ Protein-protein Complexes at the Drosophila Larval Neuromuscular Junction Using Proximity Ligation Assay

This protocol demonstrates how Proximity Ligation Assay can be used to detect in situ protein-protein interactions at the Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction. With this technique, Discs large and Hu-li tai shao are shown to form a complex at the postsynaptic region, an association previously identified through co-immunoprecipitation.

الكشف عن<em&gt; في الموقع</em&gt; مجمعات البروتين البروتين في<em&gt; ذبابة الفاكهة</em&gt; اليرقية الموصل العصبي العضلي عن طريق القرب ربط الفحص

Discs large (Dlg) is a conserved member of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase family, and serves as a major scaffolding protein at the larval ...

The Neuromuscular Junction: Measuring Synapse Size, Fragmentation and Changes in Synaptic Protein Density Using Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy

The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is the large, cholinergic relay synapse through which mammalian motor neurons control voluntary muscle contraction. Structural changes at the NMJ can result in neurotransmission failure, resulting in weakness, atrophy and even death of the muscle fiber. Many studies have investigated how genetic modifications or disease can alter the structure of the mouse NMJ. Unfortunately, it can be difficult to directly compare findings from these studies because they often employed different parameters and analytical methods. Three protocols are described here. The first uses maximum intensity projection confocal images to measure the area of acetylcholine receptor (AChR)-rich postsynaptic membrane domains at the endplate and the area of synaptic vesicle staining in the overlying presynaptic nerve terminal. The second protocol compares the relative intensities of immunostaining for synaptic proteins in the postsynaptic membrane. The third protocol uses Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) to detect changes in the packing of postsynaptic AChRs at the endplate. The protocols have been developed and refined over a series of studies. Factors that influence the quality and consistency of results are discussed and normative data are provided for NMJs in healthy young adult mice.

The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is altered in a variety of conditions that can sometimes culminate in synaptic failure. This report describes fluorescence microscope-based methods to quantify such structural changes.

على الموصل العصبي العضلي: قياس المشبك الحجم، التغييرات تجزئة ومتشابك الكثافة البروتين عن طريق متحد البؤر مضان المجهر

The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is the large, cholinergic relay synapse through which mammalian motor neurons control voluntary muscle contraction. ...

Why Quantification Matters: Characterization of Phenotypes at the Drosophila Larval Neuromuscular Junction

Most studies on morphogenesis rely on qualitative descriptions of how anatomical traits are affected by the disruption of specific genes and genetic pathways. Quantitative descriptions are rarely performed, although genetic manipulations produce a range of phenotypic effects and variations are observed even among individuals within control groups.&#160;Emerging evidence shows that morphology, size and location of organelles play a previously underappreciated, yet fundamental role in cell function and survival. Here we provide step-by-step instructions for performing quantitative analyses of phenotypes at the Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ). We use several reliable immuno-histochemical markers combined with bio-imaging techniques and morphometric analyses to examine the effects of genetic mutations on specific cellular processes. In particular, we focus on the quantitative analysis of phenotypes affecting morphology, size and position of nuclei within the striated muscles of Drosophila larvae. The Drosophila larval NMJ is a valuable experimental model to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the structure and the function of the neuromuscular system, both in health and disease. However, the methodologies we describe here can be extended to other systems as well.

Why Quantification Matters: Characterization of Phenotypes at the Drosophila Larval Neuromuscular Junction

Morphology, size and location of intracellular organelles are evolutionarily conserved and appear to directly affect their function. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying these processes has become an important goal of modern biology. Here we show how these studies can be facilitated by the application of quantitative techniques.

لماذا الكمي المسائل: توصيف الظواهر في<em&gt; ذبابة الفاكهة</em&gt; اليرقات عصبي عضلي مفرق

Most studies on morphogenesis rely on qualitative descriptions of how anatomical traits are affected by the disruption of specific genes and genetic ...

A Simple One-step Dissection Protocol for Whole-mount Preparation of Adult Drosophila Brains

There is an increasing interest in using Drosophila to model human brain degenerative diseases, map neuronal circuitries in adult brains, and study the molecular and cellular basis of higher brain functions. A whole-mount preparation of adult brains with well-preserved morphology is critical for such whole brain-based studies, but can be technically challenging and time-consuming. This protocol describes an easy-to-learn, one-step dissection approach of an adult fly head in less than 10 s, while keeping the intact brain attached to the rest of the body to facilitate subsequent processing steps. The procedure helps remove most of the eye and tracheal tissues normally associated with the brain that can interfere with the later imaging step, and also places less demand on the quality of the dissecting forceps. Additionally, we describe a simple method that allows convenient flipping of the mounted brain samples on a coverslip, which is important for imaging both sides of the brains with similar signal intensity and quality. As an example of the protocol, we present an analysis of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in adult brains of WT (w1118) flies. The high efficacy of the dissection method makes it particularly useful for large-scale adult brain-based studies in Drosophila.

A Simple One-step Dissection Protocol for Whole-mount Preparation of Adult Drosophila Brains

The adult Drosophila brain is a valuable system for studying neuronal circuitry, higher brain functions, and complex disorders. An efficient method to dissect whole brain tissue from the small fly head will facilitate brain-based studies. Here we describe a simple, one-step dissection protocol of adult brains with well-preserved morphology.

وبسيطة خطوة واحدة بروتوكول تشريح لجبل لالجامع إعداد الكبار<em&gt; ذبابة الفاكهة</em&gt; أدمغة

There is an increasing interest in using Drosophila to model human brain degenerative diseases, map neuronal circuitries in adult brains, and study the ...

Measuring Neuromuscular Junction Functionality

Neuromuscular junction (NMJ) functionality plays a pivotal role when studying diseases in which the communication between motor neuron and muscle is impaired, such as aging and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Here we describe an experimental protocol that can be used to measure NMJ functionality by combining two types of electrical stimulation: direct muscle membrane stimulation and the stimulation through the nerve. The comparison of the muscle response to these two different stimulations can help to define, at the functional level, potential alterations in the NMJ that lead to functional decline in muscle.
Ex vivo preparations are suited to well-controlled studies. Here we describe an intensive protocol to measure several parameters of muscle and NMJ functionality for the soleus-sciatic nerve preparation and for the diaphragm-phrenic nerve preparation. The protocol lasts approximately 60 min and is conducted uninterruptedly by means of a custom-made software that measures the twitch kinetics properties, the force-frequency relationship for both muscle and nerve stimulations, and two parameters specific to NMJ functionality, i.e. neurotransmission failure and intratetanic fatigue. This methodology was used to detect damages in soleus and diaphragm muscle-nerve preparations by using SOD1G93A transgenic mouse, an experimental model of ALS that ubiquitously overexpresses the mutant antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1).

A functional assessment of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) can provide essential information on the communication between muscle and nerve. Here we describe a protocol to comprehensively evaluate both the NMJ and muscle functionality using two different muscle-nerve preparations, i.e. soleus-sciatic and diaphragm-phrenic.

قياس الأداء الوظيفي الوصلات العصبية العضلية

Neuromuscular junction (NMJ) functionality plays a pivotal role when studying diseases in which the communication between motor neuron and muscle is ...

Two Algorithms for High-throughput and Multi-parametric Quantification of Drosophila Neuromuscular Junction Morphology

Synaptic morphology is tightly related to synaptic efficacy, and in many cases morphological synapse defects ultimately lead to synaptic malfunction. The Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ), a well-established model for glutamatergic synapses, has been extensively studied for decades. Identification of mutations causing NMJ morphological defects revealed a repertoire of genes that regulate synapse development and function. Many of these were identified in large-scale studies that focused on qualitative approaches to detect morphological abnormalities of the Drosophila NMJ. A drawback of qualitative analyses is that many subtle players contributing to NMJ morphology likely remain unnoticed. Whereas quantitative analyses are required to detect the subtler morphological differences, such analyses are not yet commonly performed because they are laborious. This protocol describes in detail two image analysis algorithms "Drosophila NMJ Morphometrics" and "Drosophila NMJ Bouton Morphometrics", available as Fiji-compatible macros, for quantitative, accurate and objective morphometric analysis of the Drosophila NMJ. This methodology is developed to analyze NMJ terminals immunolabeled with the commonly used markers Dlg-1 and Brp. Additionally, its wider application to other markers such as Hrp, Csp and Syt is presented in this protocol. The macros are able to assess nine morphological NMJ features: NMJ area, NMJ perimeter, number of boutons, NMJ length, NMJ longest branch length, number of islands, number of branches, number of branching points and number of active zones in the NMJ terminal.

Two Algorithms for High-throughput and Multi-parametric Quantification of Drosophila Neuromuscular Junction Morphology

Two image analysis algorithms, "Drosophila NMJ Morphometrics" and "Drosophila NMJ Bouton Morphometrics" were created, to automatically quantify nine morphological features of the Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ).

اثنين من الخوارزميات لإنتاجية عالية ومتعدد حدودي الكمي ل<em&gt; ذبابة الفاكهة</em&gt; عصبي عضلي مفرق الصرف

Synaptic morphology is tightly related to synaptic efficacy, and in many cases morphological synapse defects ultimately lead to synaptic malfunction. The ...

Focal Macropatch Recordings of Synaptic Currents from the Drosophila Larval Neuromuscular Junction

Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is an excellent model system to study glutamatergic synaptic transmission. We describe the technique of focal macropatch recordings of synaptic currents from visualized boutons at the Drosophila larval NMJ. This technique requires customized fabrication of recording micropipettes, as well as a compound microscope equipped with a high magnification, long-distance water immersion objective, differential interference contrast (DIC) optics, and a fluorescent attachment. The recording electrode is positioned on the top of a selected synaptic bouton visualized with DIC optics, epi-fluorescence, or both. The advantage of this technique is that it allows monitoring the synaptic activity of a limited number of sites of release. The recording electrode has&#160;a diameter of several microns, and the release sites positioned outside of the electrode rim do&#160;not significantly affect the recorded currents. The recorded synaptic currents have fast kinetics and can be readily resolved. These advantages are especially important for the studies of mutant fly lines with enhanced spontaneous or asynchronous synaptic activity.

Focal Macropatch Recordings of Synaptic Currents from the Drosophila Larval Neuromuscular Junction

Synaptic currents can be recorded focally from visualized synaptic boutons at the Drosophila third instar larvae neuromuscular junction. This technique enables monitoring the activity of a single synaptic bouton.

تسجيلات ماكروباتش المحورية للتيارات متشابك من الوصلات العصبية العضلية اليرقات المورفولوجية

Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is an excellent model system to study glutamatergic synaptic transmission. We describe the technique of focal ...