نشكر الدكتور مايكل R. Sramkoski للمساعدة في التدفق الخلوي، والدكتور والدكتور جايسوال بورنيما وو دي لفي وقت سابق المدخلات وAylyarov ايليا للحصول على مساعدة مع الرسوم التوضيحية. بدعم من المعاهد الوطنية للصحة منح R01GM089872 والخلوي ومرفق التصوير الأساسية المجهر المركز الشامل للسرطان حالة (P30 CA43703).

<ol>
	<li>Herskowitz, I., Oshima, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Control of cell type in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Mating type and mating-type interconversion. , 181-210 (1981).</li><li>Muller, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Parental+age+and+the+life-span+of+zygotes+of+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae.">Parental age and the life-span of zygotes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.</a> Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 51, 1-10 (1985).</li><li>Tartakoff, A. M., Jaiswal, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nuclear+fusion+and+genome+encounter+during+yeast+zygote+formation.">Nuclear fusion and genome encounter during yeast zygote formation.</a> Mol. Biol. Cell. 20, 2932-2942 (2009).</li><li>Azpiroz, R., Butow, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patterns+of+mitochondrial+sorting+in+yeast+zygotes.">Patterns of mitochondrial sorting in yeast zygotes.</a> Mol. Biol. Cell. 4, 21-36 (1993).</li><li>Rose, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nuclear+fusion+in+the+yeast+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae.">Nuclear fusion in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.</a> Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 12, 663-695 (1996).</li><li>Dujon, B., Jones, E., Strathern, J., Broach, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Molecular Biology of the Yeast Saccharomyces: Life Cycle and Inheritance. , 505-635 (1981).</li><li>Sprague, G. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assay+of+yeast+mating+reaction.">Assay of yeast mating reaction.</a> Methods Enzymol. 194, 77-93 (1991).</li><li>Ydenberg, C. A., Rose, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Yeast+mating:+a+model+system+for+studying+cell+and+nuclear+fusion.">Yeast mating: a model system for studying cell and nuclear fusion.</a> Methods Mol. Biol. 475, 3-20 (2008).</li><li>Sena, E. P., Radin, D. N., Fogel, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synchronous+mating+in+yeast.">Synchronous mating in yeast.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 70, 1373-1377 (1973).</li><li>Amberg, D., Burke, D., Strathern, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Methods in Yeast Genetics: A Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Course Manual, 2005 Edition. , (2005).</li><li>Nolan, S., Cowan, A. E., Koppel, D. E., Jin, H., Grote, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=FUS1+regulates+the+opening+and+expansion+of+fusion+pores+between+mating+yeast.">FUS1 regulates the opening and expansion of fusion pores between mating yeast.</a> Mol. Biol. Cell. 17, 2439-2450 (2006).</li><li>Weisman, L. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organelles+on+the+move:+insights+from+yeast+vacuole+inheritance.">Organelles on the move: insights from yeast vacuole inheritance.</a> Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 7, 243-252 (2006).</li></ol>

الإعلان عن أي تضارب في المصالح.

توافر بيضات ملقحة تنقية ينبغي أن تيسر الدراسات البيوكيميائية بما في ذلك البروتيوميات، وtranscriptomics lipidomics، وكذلك التحقيق في الآليات التي تخضع لدورة الخلية بيضات ملقحة إعادة الدخول، إعادة عرض الحائط الخلية، والخصائص الناشئة والميراث، وما إلى ذلك وبدلا من ذلك، يمكن إنش?...

<table border="1" style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><tbody><tr><td> كاشف / معدات </td><td> مصدر </td><td> كتالوج رقم </td></tr><tr><td> pEG220، URA3/YIp، GFP حشوية ترميز 11) </td><td> E. غروت </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> pAJ1661، URA3/CEN، ترميز RPL25 تنصهر لmCherry </td><td> A. جونستون </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> فيشر FB120 sonicator </td><td> فيشر العلمية </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> أنبوب البولي بروبلين مع غطاء مصفاة </td><td> BD الصقر </td><td> الرقم المرجعي 352235 </td></tr><tr><td> المبردة microfuge </td><td> تومي </td><td> MRX-150 </td></tr><tr><td> الحل تدفق الخلوي غمد </td><td> Biosure </td><td> 1027 </td></tr><tr><td> يوفق تدفق عداد الكريات انعكاس الموديل </td><td> سوني </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> DeltaVision deconvolution المجهر </td><td> P التطبيقيةريسيسيون ... y </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> epifluorescence المجهر تستقيم </td><td> لايكا </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> عالى النقاء الاغاروز </td><td> إينفيتروجن </td><td> 15510-07 </td></tr><tr><td> CSM الجلوكوز صياغة ملاحظات: للحصول على لوحات أجار، وتشمل ببساطة أجار 2٪ (Difco) </td><td> 10 </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

flow cytometry-based purification of s. cerevisiae zygotes

بيضات ملقحة هي وسيطة بين فرداني الأساسية والدول مضاعفا في دورة حياة العديد من الكائنات الحية، بما في ذلك الخميرة (الشكل 1) 1. S. خميرة بيضات ملقحة تنتج عن دمج خلايا من نوع فرداني التزاوج متميزة (ماتا، MATalpha) وتؤدي إلى diploids مستقرة المقابلة التي تولد تباعا ما يصل إلى 20 سلالة مضاعفا نتيجة لانقساماتهم الإنقسامية غير المتماثلة لافت للنظر 2. ودبرت تشكيل البيضة الملقحة عن طريق سلسلة معقدة من الأحداث: في هذه العملية، والعوامل القابلة للذوبان التزاوج ربط المستقبلات المشابهة، مما اثار مستقبلات بوساطة أجهزة الطرد المركزي التي تسهل إشارة توقف دورة الخلية وتبلغ ذروتها في الخلية خلية الانصهار. ويمكن اعتبار بيضات ملقحة نموذجا للسلف أو وظيفة خلايا الجذعية. على الرغم من أن تم تعلمه الكثير عن تشكيل بيضات ملقحة وعلى الرغم من استخدام بيضات ملقحة للتحقيق في الخلية الجزيئية مسائل signif العامicance، تقريبا جعلت جميع الدراسات استخدام الخلائط التزاوج الذي يتم مختلط بيضات ملقحة التي تتألف غالبية سكانها من الخلايا فرداني 3-8. كثير من جوانب الكيمياء الحيوية من تشكيل البيضة الملقحة والحياة المستمرة لاقحة تبقى دون تحقيق ذلك. تقارير تنقية بيضات ملقحة الخميرة وصف بروتوكولات يعتمد على خصائص الترسيب على 9؛ إلا أن هذا الإجراء يستند إلى الترسيب لم تسفر عن ما يقرب من 90٪ النقاء في أيدينا. وعلاوة على ذلك، فإنه لديه عيب وتتعرض الخلايا لالسوربيتول مفرط التوتر. ولذلك وضعت إجراء تنقية تنوعا. لهذا الغرض، وكان أزواج من الخلايا فرداني معربا عن البروتينات الفلورية الخضراء أو الحمراء شارك في المحتضنة للسماح تشكيل لاقحة، تحصد في أوقات مختلفة، وعلى بيضات ملقحة وتنقيته مما أدى باستخدام بروتوكول تدفق الخلوي على أساس الفرز. هذه التقنية يوفر تقييم مريحة البصرية من النقاء والنضج. نقاء المتوسطمن الكسر ما يقرب من 90٪. وفقا لتوقيت الحصاد، يمكن استرداد بيضات ملقحة من درجات متفاوتة من النضج. العينات النقية توفير نقطة انطلاق لمريحة &quot;، OMIC&quot; دراسات، لاسترداد ذرية الأولية، وللتحقيق المنتظم لهذه الخلية السلف.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Flow Cytometry-based Purification of S. cerevisiae Zygotes at JoVE.com

Flow Cytometry-based Purification of S. cerevisiae Zygotes

لتنقية بيضات ملقحة من<em&gt; S. خميرة</em&gt;، كانت قد صممت الخلايا فرداني نوع التزاوج المعاكس للتعبير عن البروتينات الفلورية الخضراء أو الحمراء، وشارك في المحتضنة للسماح تشكيل لاقحة، ومجزأة باستخدام تدفق الخلوي على أساس البروتوكول. الكسر عالي التخصيب يمكن اللاحقة &quot;-OMIC&quot; دراسات والانتعاش الأولي من ذرية، والتحقيق المنهجي لاقحة التشكل.

تدفق الخلوي على أساس تنقية<em&gt; S. خميرة</em&gt; بيضات ملقحة

Zygotes are essential intermediates between haploid and diploid states in the life cycle of many organisms, including yeast (Figure 1) 1. S. cerevisiae ...

flow-cytometry-based-purification-of-s-cerevisiae-zygotes

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Flow Cytometry-based Purification of S. cerevisiae Zygotes

12.7K Views.  Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine. لتنقية بيضات ملقحة من S. خميرة، كانت قد صممت الخلايا فرداني نوع التزاوج المعاكس للتعبير عن البروتينات الفلورية الخضراء أو الحمراء، وشارك في المحتضنة للسماح تشكيل لاقحة، ومجزأة باستخدام تدفق الخلوي على أساس البروتوكول. الكسر عالي التخصيب يمكن اللاحقة &qu...

Video: Flow Cytometry-based Purification of S. cerevisiae Zygotes

Assay for Adhesion and Agar Invasion in S. cerevisiae

Yeasts are found in natural biofilms, where many microorganisms colonize surfaces. In artificial environments, such as surfaces of man-made objects, biofilms can reduce industrial productivity, destroy structures, and threaten human life. 1-3 On the other hand, harnessing the power of biofilms can help clean the environment and generate sustainable energy. 4-8
The ability of S. cerevisiae to colonize surfaces and participate in complex biofilms was mostly ignored until the rediscovery of the differentiation programs triggered by various signaling pathways and environmental cues in this organism. 9, 10 The continuing interest in using S. cerevisiae as a model organism to understand the interaction and convergence of signaling pathways, such as the Ras-PKA, Kss1 MAPK, and Hog1 osmolarity pathways, quickly placed S. cerevisiae in the junction of biofilm biology and signal transduction research. 11-20 To this end, differentiation of yeast cells into long, adhesive, pseudohyphal filaments became a convenient readout for the activation of signal transduction pathways upon various environmental changes. However, filamentation is a complex collection of phenotypes, which makes assaying for it as if it were a simple phenotype misleading. In the past decade, several assays were successfully adopted from bacterial biofilm studies to yeast research, such as MAT formation assays to measure colony spread on soft agar and crystal violet staining to quantitatively measure cell-surface adherence. 12, 21 However, there has been some confusion in assays developed to qualitatively assess the adhesive and invasive phenotypes of yeast in agar.
Here, we present a simple and reliable method for assessing the adhesive and invasive quality of yeast strains with easy-to-understand steps to isolate the adhesion assessment from invasion assessment. Our method, adopted from previous studies, 10, 16 involves growing cells in liquid media and plating on differential nutrient conditions for growth of large spots, which we then wash with water to assess adhesion and rub cells completely off the agar surface to assess invasion into the agar. We eliminate the need for streaking cells onto agar, which affects the invasion of cells into the agar. In general, we observed that haploid strains that invade agar are always adhesive, yet not all adhesive strains can invade agar medium. Our approach can be used in conjunction with other assays to carefully dissect the differentiation steps and requirements of yeast signal transduction, differentiation, quorum sensing, and biofilm formation.

We describe a qualitative assay for yeast adhesion and agar invasion as a measure of invasive and pseudohyphal differentiation. This simple assay can be used to assess the invasive phenotype of various mutants as well as the effects environmental cues and signaling pathways on yeast differentiation.

مقايسة للالتصاق وغزو آجار في البيرة س.

Yeasts are found in natural biofilms, where many microorganisms colonize surfaces. In artificial environments, such as surfaces of man-made objects, ...

A high-throughput method to globally study the organelle morphology in S. cerevisiae

High-throughput methods to examine protein localization or organelle morphology is an effective tool for studying protein interactions and can help achieve an comprehensive understanding of molecular pathways. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with the development of the non-essential gene deletion array, we can globally study the morphology of different organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the mitochondria using GFP (or variant)-markers in different gene backgrounds. However, incorporating GFP markers in each single mutant individually is a labor-intensive process. Here, we describe a procedure that is routinely used in our laboratory. By using a robotic system to handle high-density yeast arrays and drug selection techniques, we can significantly shorten the time required and improve reproducibility. In brief, we cross a GFP-tagged mitochondrial marker (Apc1-GFP) to a high-density array of 4,672 nonessential gene deletion mutants by robotic replica pinning.  Through diploid selection, sporulation, germination and dual marker selection, we recover both alleles. As a result, each haploid single mutant contains Apc1-GFP incorporated at its genomic locus. Now, we can study the morphology of mitochondria in all non-essential mutant background. Using this high-throughput approach, we can conveniently study and delineate the pathways and genes involved in the inheritance and the formation of organelles in a genome-wide setting.

GFP-fusion proteins are widely used to visualize organelles by confocal microscopy. However, screening for mutations that affect the morphology of organelles generally requires individual mutagenesis and is time consuming. Here, we demonstrate a method to simultaneously incorporate organelle-GFP markers in almost 5,000 non-essential genes in yeast.

أسلوب الإنتاجية العالية عالميا لدراسة مورفولوجية عضية في البيرة س.

High-throughput methods to examine protein localization or organelle morphology is an effective tool for studying protein interactions and can help ...

Identification of protein complexes with quantitative proteomics in S. cerevisiae

Lipids are the building blocks of cellular membranes that function as barriers and in compartmentalization of cellular processes, and recently, as important intracellular signalling molecules. However, unlike proteins, lipids are small hydrophobic molecules that traffic primarily by poorly described nonvesicular routes, which are hypothesized to occur at membrane contact sites (MCSs). MCSs are regions where the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) makes direct physical contact with a partnering organelle, e.g., plasma membrane (PM). The ER portion of ER-PM MCSs is enriched in lipid-synthesizing enzymes, suggesting that lipid synthesis is directed to these sites and implying that MCSs are important for lipid traffic. Yeast is an ideal model to study ER-PM MCSs because of their abundance, with over 1000 contacts per cell, and their conserved nature in all eukaryotes. Uncovering the proteins that constitute MCSs is critical to understanding how lipids traffic is accomplished in cells, and how they act as signaling molecules. We have found that an ER called Scs2p localize to ER-PM MCSs and is important for their formation. We are focused on uncovering the molecular partners of Scs2p. Identification of protein complexes traditionally relies on first resolving purified protein samples by gel electrophoresis, followed by in-gel digestion of protein bands and analysis of peptides by mass spectrometry. This often limits the study to a small subset of proteins. Also, protein complexes are exposed to denaturing or non-physiological conditions during the procedure. To circumvent these problems, we have implemented a large-scale quantitative proteomics technique to extract unbiased and quantified data. We use stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) to incorporate staple isotope nuclei in proteins in an untagged control strain. Equal volumes of tagged culture and untagged, SILAC-labeled culture are mixed together and lysed by grinding in liquid nitrogen. We then carry out an affinity purification procedure to pull down protein complexes. Finally, we precipitate the protein sample, which is ready for analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography/ tandem mass spectrometry. Most importantly, proteins in the control strain are labeled by the heavy isotope and will produce a mass/ charge shift that can be quantified against the unlabeled proteins in the bait strain. Therefore, contaminants, or unspecific binding can be easily eliminated. By using this approach, we have identified several novel proteins that localize to ER-PM MCSs. Here we present a detailed description of our approach. 

Here we describe a new quantitative proteomics technique for identifying protein complexes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this study, we have used the SILAC method together with affinity purification followed by tandem mass spectrometry to identify with high specificity the binding partners of an ER protein, Scs2p.

تحديد بروتين المجمعات مع كمية البروتينات في البيرة س.

Lipids are the building blocks of cellular membranes that function as barriers and in compartmentalization of cellular processes, and recently, as ...

Staining of Proteins in Gels with Coomassie G-250 without Organic Solvent and Acetic Acid

In classical protein staining protocols using Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB), solutions with high contents of toxic and flammable organic solvents (Methanol, Ethanol or 2-Propanol) and acetic acid are used for fixation, staining and destaining of proteins in a gel after SDS-PAGE. To speed up the procedure, heating the staining solution in the microwave oven for a short time is frequently used. This usually results in evaporation of toxic or hazardous Methanol, Ethanol or 2-Propanol and a strong smell of acetic acid in the lab which should be avoided due to safety considerations. In a protocol originally published in two patent applications by E.M. Wondrak (US2001046709 (A1), US6319720 (B1)), an alternative composition of the staining solution is described in which no organic solvent or acid is used. The CBB is dissolved in bidistilled water (60-80mg of CBB G-250 per liter) and 35 mM HCl is added as the only other compound in the staining solution. The CBB staning of the gel is done after SDS-PAGE and thorough washing of the gel in bidistilled water. By heating the gel during the washing and staining steps, the process can be finished faster and no toxic or hazardous compunds are evaporating. The staining of proteins occurs already within 1 minute after heating the gel in staining solution and is fully developed after 15-30 min with a slightly blue background that is destained completely by prolonged washing of the stained gel in bidistilled water, without affecting the stained protein bands.

A short protocol for protein staining with Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) G-250 in polyacrylamide gels is described without using organic solvents or acetic acid as in the classical staining procedures with CBB.

تلطيخ من البروتينات في الهلام مع Coomassie G - 250 دون عضوي حمض الخليك والمذيبات

In classical protein staining protocols using Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB), solutions with high contents of toxic and flammable organic solvents ...

Flow Cytometry Purification of Mouse Meiotic Cells

The heterogeneous nature of cell types in the testis and the absence of meiotic cell culture models have been significant hurdles to the study of the unique differentiation programs that are manifest during meiosis. Two principal methods have been developed to purify, to varying degrees, various meiotic fractions from both adult and immature animals: elutriation or Staput (sedimentation) using BSA and/or percoll gradients. Both of these methods rely on cell size and density to separate meiotic cells1-5. Overall, except for few cell populations6, these protocols fail to yield sufficient purity of the numerous meiotic cell populations that are necessary for detailed molecular analyses. Moreover, with such methods usually one type of meiotic cells can be purified at a given time, which adds an extra level of complexity regarding the reproducibility and homogeneity when comparing meiotic cell samples.
Here, we describe a refined method that allows one to easily visualize, identify, and purify meiotic cells, from germ cells to round spermatids, using FACS combined with Hoechst 33342 staining7,8. This method provides an overall snapshot of the entire meiotic process and allows one to highly purify viable cells from most stage of meiosis. These purified cells can then be analyzed in detail for molecular changes that accompany progression through meiosis, for example changes in gene expression9,10and the dynamics of nucleosome occupancy at hotspots of meiotic recombination11.

An efficient method to obtain highly purified viable meiotic fractions from mouse testis is described, which combines a refined cell dissociation protocol with fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS). This method takes advantage of differences in the DNA content and nuclear density of discrete meiotic fractions.

تدفق تنقية الخلوي للخلايا الفأر الانتصافي

The heterogeneous nature of cell types in the testis and the absence of meiotic cell culture models have been significant hurdles to the study of the ...

Studying Age-dependent Genomic Instability using the S. cerevisiae Chronological Lifespan Model

Studies using the Saccharomyces cerevisiae aging model have uncovered life span regulatory pathways that are partially conserved in higher eukaryotes1-2. The simplicity and power of the yeast aging model can also be explored to study DNA damage and genome maintenance as well as their contributions to diseases during aging. Here, we describe a system to study age-dependent DNA mutations, including base substitutions, frame-shift mutations, gross chromosomal rearrangements, and homologous/homeologous recombination, as well as nuclear DNA repair activity by combining the yeast chronological life span with simple DNA damage and mutation assays. The methods described here should facilitate the identification of genes/pathways that regulate genomic instability and the mechanisms that underlie age-dependent DNA mutations and cancer in mammals.

Studying Age-dependent Genomic Instability using the S. cerevisiae Chronological Lifespan Model

Here we describe a set of DNA mutation assays that can be combined with the yeast chronological life span model to study the genes/pathways that regulate or contribute to genomic DNA instability during aging.

دراسة السن التي تعتمد على عدم الاستقرار الجيني باستخدام س. خميرة يفسبن الزمني النموذجي

Studies using the Saccharomyces cerevisiae aging model have uncovered life span regulatory pathways that are partially conserved in higher eukaryotes1-2. ...

Expression and Purification of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a chloride channel, that when mutated, can give rise to cystic fibrosis in humans.There is therefore considerable interest in this protein, but efforts to study its structure and activity have been hampered by the difficulty of expressing and purifying sufficient amounts of the protein1-3. Like many 'difficult' eukaryotic membrane proteins, expression in a fast-growing organism is desirable, but challenging, and in the yeast S. cerevisiae, so far low amounts were obtained and rapid degradation of the recombinant protein was observed 4-9. Proteins involved in the processing of recombinant CFTR in yeast have been described6-9 .In this report we describe a methodology for expression of CFTR in yeast and its purification in significant amounts. The protocol describes how the earlier proteolysis problems can be overcome and how expression levels of CFTR can be greatly improved by modifying the cell growth conditions and by controlling the induction conditions, in particular the time period prior to cell harvesting. The reagants associated with this protocol (murine CFTR-expressing yeast cells or yeast plasmids) will be distributed via the US Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, which has sponsored the research. An article describing the design and synthesis of the CFTR construct employed in this report will be published separately (Urbatsch, I.; Thibodeau, P. et al., unpublished). In this article we will explain our method beginning with the transformation of the yeast cells with the CFTR construct - containing yeast plasmid (Fig. 1). The construct has a green fluorescent protein (GFP) sequence fused to CFTR at its C-terminus and follows the system developed by Drew et al. (2008)10. The GFP allows the expression and purification of CFTR to be followed relatively easily. The JoVE visualized protocol finishes after the preparation of microsomes from the yeast cells, although we include some suggestions for purification of the protein from the microsomes. Readers may wish to add their own modifications to the microsome purification procedure, dependent on the final experiments to be carried out with the protein and the local equipment available to them. The yeast-expressed CFTR protein can be partially purified using metal ion affinity chromatography, using an intrinsic polyhistidine purification tag. Subsequent size-exclusion chromatography yields a protein that appears to be &gt;90% pure, as judged by SDS-PAGE and Coomassie-staining of the gel.

Expression and Purification of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Attempts to express the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae have, until now, yielded relatively low amounts of protein. This protocol and the associated reagents distributed via the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation should allow the preparation of milligram amounts of this 'difficult' eukaryotic membrane protein.

التعبير وتنقية عبر الغشاء التليف الكيسي بروتين منظم المواصلة في خميرة الخباز

The  cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a chloride  channel, that when mutated, can give rise to cystic fibrosis in  ...

Optimized Staining and Proliferation Modeling Methods for Cell Division Monitoring using Cell Tracking Dyes

Fluorescent cell tracking dyes, in combination with flow and image cytometry, are powerful tools with which to study the interactions and fates of different cell types in vitro and in vivo.1-5 Although there are literally thousands of publications using such dyes, some of the most commonly encountered cell tracking applications include monitoring of:
<ol>
	<li>stem and progenitor cell quiescence, proliferation and/or differentiation6-8</li>
	<li>antigen-driven membrane transfer9 and/or precursor cell proliferation3,4,10-18 and</li>
	<li>immune regulatory and effector cell function1,18-21.</li>
</ol>
Commercially available cell tracking dyes vary widely in their chemistries and fluorescence properties but the great majority fall into one of two classes based on their mechanism of cell labeling. "Membrane dyes", typified by PKH26, are highly lipophilic dyes that partition stably but non-covalently into cell membranes1,2,11. "Protein dyes", typified by CFSE, are amino-reactive dyes that form stable covalent bonds with cell proteins4,16,18. Each class has its own advantages and limitations. The key to their successful use, particularly in multicolor studies where multiple dyes are used to track different cell types, is therefore to understand the critical issues enabling optimal use of each class2-4,16,18,24.
The protocols included here highlight three common causes of poor or variable results when using cell-tracking dyes. These are:
<ol>
	<li>Failure to achieve bright, uniform, reproducible labeling. This is a necessary starting point for any cell tracking study but requires attention to different variables when using membrane dyes than when using protein dyes or equilibrium binding reagents such as antibodies.</li>
	<li>Suboptimal fluorochrome combinations and/or failure to include critical compensation controls. Tracking dye fluorescence is typically 102 - 103 times brighter than antibody fluorescence. It is therefore essential to verify that the presence of tracking dye does not compromise the ability to detect other probes being used.</li>
	<li>Failure to obtain a good fit with peak modeling software. Such software allows quantitative comparison of proliferative responses across different populations or stimuli based on precursor frequency or other metrics. Obtaining a good fit, however, requires exclusion of dead/dying cells that can distort dye dilution profiles and matching of the assumptions underlying the model with characteristics of the observed dye dilution profile.</li>
</ol>
Examples given here illustrate how these variables can affect results when using membrane and/or protein dyes to monitor cell proliferation.

Successful use of cell tracking dyes to monitor immune cell function and proliferation involves several critical steps. We describe methods for: 1) obtaining bright, uniform, reproducible label-ing with membrane dyes; 2) selecting fluorochromes and data acquisition conditions; and 3) choosing a model to quantify cell proliferation based on dye dilution.

الأمثل أساليب النمذجة وتلوين لرصد انتشار استخدام الأصباغ انقسام الخلية خلية تتبع

Fluorescent cell tracking dyes, in combination with flow and image cytometry, are powerful tools with which to study the interactions and fates of ...

High Throughput Microinjections of Sea Urchin Zygotes

Microinjection into cells and embryos is a common technique that is used to study a wide range of biological processes. In this method a small amount of treatment solution is loaded into a microinjection needle that is used to physically inject individual immobilized cells or embryos. Despite the need for initial training to perform this procedure for high-throughput delivery, microinjection offers maximum efficiency and reproducible delivery of a wide variety of treatment solutions (including complex mixtures of samples) into cells, eggs or embryos. Applications to microinjections include delivery of DNA constructs, mRNAs, recombinant proteins, gain of function, and loss of function reagents. Fluorescent or colorimetric dye is added to the injected solution to enable instant visualization of efficient delivery as well as a tool for reliable normalization of the amount of the delivered solution. The described method enables microinjection of 100-400 sea urchin zygotes within 10-15 min.

Microinjection is a common technique used to deliver DNA constructs, mRNAs, morpholino antisense oligonucleotides or other treatments into eggs, embryos, and cells of various species.

عالية الإنتاجية إبر دقيقة جدا لقنفذ البحر بيضات ملقحة

Microinjection into cells and embryos is a common technique that is used to study a wide range of biological processes. In this method a small amount of ...

Purification of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Protein Expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Defects in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein cause cystic fibrosis (CF), an autosomal recessive disease that currently limits the average life expectancy of sufferers to &#60;40 years of age. The development of novel drug molecules to restore the activity of CFTR is an important goal in the treatment CF, and the isolation of functionally active CFTR is a useful step towards achieving this goal.
We describe two methods for the purification of CFTR from a eukaryotic heterologous expression system, S. cerevisiae. Like prokaryotic systems, S. cerevisiae can be rapidly grown in the lab at low cost, but can also traffic and posttranslationally modify large membrane proteins. The selection of detergents for solubilization and purification is a critical step in the purification of any membrane protein. Having screened for the solubility of CFTR in several detergents, we have chosen two contrasting detergents for use in the purification that allow the final CFTR preparation to be tailored to the subsequently planned experiments.
In this method, we provide comparison of the purification of CFTR in dodecyl-&#946;-D-maltoside (DDM) and 1-tetradecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1&#39;-rac-glycerol) (LPG-14). Protein purified in DDM by this method shows ATPase activity in functional assays. Protein purified in LPG-14 shows high purity and yield, can be employed to study post-translational modifications, and can be used for structural methods such as small-angle X-ray scattering and electron microscopy. However it displays significantly lower ATPase activity.

Purification of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Protein Expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Heterologous expression and purification of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) are significant challenges and limiting factors in the development of drug therapies for cystic fibrosis. This protocol describes two methods for the isolation of milligram quantities of CFTR suitable for functional and structural studies.&#160;