This work is supported by a Baylor University Research Council grant and by a research grant from the Epilepsy Foundation.

وقد ولدت الفئران الذكور البالغين المستخدمة في التجربة التالية ويضم في جامعة بايلور في درجة الحرارة المحيطة 22 ° C، مع ضوء 14 ساعة و 10 ساعة الظلام (20:00 حتي 06:00 ساعة) دورة نهاري. أعطيت الفئران الإعلان بالمال وبالشهرة أيضا الحصول على الغذاء والماء. وكانت جميع الإجراءات للفئران في الامتثال مع المعاهد الوطنية للصحة المبادئ التوجيهية لرعاية واستخدام الحيوانات المختبرية وبروتوكول الحيوان وافقت عليه جامعة بايلور رعاية الحيوان واللجنة الاستخدام. تم اختبار الفئران في وقت متأخر من صباح / بعد الظهر. لجميع الإجراءات أدناه المحقق يجب ارتداء قفازات للقضاء على الروائح ومنع التلوث. 1. إعداد الروائح غير الاجتماعية <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إعداد الروائح غير الاجتماعية الطازجة كل يوم من الاختبار. ملاحظة: المحقق يجب استخدام قفازات لإعداد الروائح. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ملء 3 أنابيب الطرد المركزي مع 10 مل من الماء لكل منهما. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ماصة 100 ميكرولتر من استخراج الموز إلى 15 مل &amp; #160؛ أنبوب مخروطي و 100 ميكرولتر من استخراج اللوز في الثانية 15 مل أنبوب مخروطي ل1: 100 التخفيف. ملاحظة: سوف الثالث أنبوب 15 مل تحتوي على الماء فقط. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. إعداد الروائح الاجتماعية <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إعداد الروائح الاجتماعية الطازجة على اختبار الصباح سوف تحدث. الحصول على الروائح الاجتماعية من اثنين من الأقفاص التي لم يتم تنظيفها لمدة ثلاثة أيام على الأقل ويحتوي على عدد متساو من الفئران. الحصول على الروائح الاجتماعية من الفئران من نفس الجنس كاختبار الموضوع. ملاحظة: هذه هي ليتم تخزينها في RT وينبغي أن تستخدم في غضون 4-6 ساعة للحفاظ على رائحة قوية وثابتة. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تحديد عدد رائحة الاجتماعية مسحات القطن تحتاج إلى إنشاء: سيتم تقديم كل فأر يجري اختبارها مع ثلاث مسحات من رائحة الاجتماعية 1، وثلاثة من رائحة الاجتماعية 2. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إعداد الروائح الاجتماعية من خلال مسح مسحة القطن بطريقة متعرج عبر الجزء السفلي من القفص القذرة. تخلص من أي فراش الزائد التشبث الحافة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> متجر مسحات في عبوات زجاجية كبيرة مع أغطية الأكواب أو في تغطيتها مع parafilm. تعيين حاوية واحدة لرائحة الاجتماعية (1) والثانية لرائحة الاجتماعية 2. </li></ol></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> الحفاظ على أقفاص مصدر الرائحة خارج قاعة الاختبار التجريبية. </li></ol> 3. التأقلم للماوس اختبار <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> وضعت على قفازات وتزن الماوس لفحصها ووضع على حدة في قفص نظيفة مع غطاء الأسلاك على رأس وزجاجة مياه إزالتها. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> السماح الماوس ليتأقلم إلى قفص جديد لمدة 45 دقيقة في غرفة أخرى غير غرفة الاختبار. ضمان عدم وجود أي روائح غير عادية أو ضوضاء في الغرفة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> كما الاختبار يستغرق حوالي 45 دقيقة، وارباك مرات التأقلم عن طريق وضع الماوس المقبل لفحصها في قفص نظيفة للتأقلم الحق قبل اختبار الماوس الحالي. </li></ol> 4. إعداد غرفة الاختبار <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> وضع مسحة جديدة من القطن، الشريط المختبر، والزجاجات التي تحتوي على مسحات رائحة الاجتماعية، وأنابيب نعلى اساس الاجتماعية الروائح، وmicropipette، واثنين من أجهزة ضبط الوقت، وزجاجة النفايات مع غطاء في قاعة الاختبار. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تأكد من أن غرفة الاختبار مجانية معقول من الروائح، والضوضاء الصاخبة، والضوء الساطع. لا ترتدي كولونيا معطرة أو المستحضرات. ملاحظة: يجب أن لا يكون المراقب العلكة أو الحلوى خلال فترة الاختبار، وينبغي محاولة للحد من تعرضهم للأطعمة رائحة قوية. </li></ol> 5. اختبار الإجراءات <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> جلب الماوس تأقلم في قفصه إلى غرفة الاختبار ووضع القفص على العداد في الارتفاع الذي هو مريح للعرض أثناء الجلوس. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تقديم كل رائحة 3 مرات على التوالي لمدة 2 دقيقة في كل مرة. استخدام النظام العرض التي يمكن العثور عليها في الجدول رقم 1. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ماصة 50 ميكرولتر من الرائحة في رائحة لفحصها إلى غيض من مسحة القطن وإعادة الغطاء مصدر الرائحة. رفع الجزء العلوي من سلك القفص وإدراج نسكينتيد، نهاية خشبية للمسحة في افتتاح زجاجة المياه، pushinز طول طريق من الجانب السفلي من السلك إلى الأعلى. تجنب لمس طرف القطن إلى أي شيء، بما في ذلك الأصابع، وذلك لتجنب التلوث رائحة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> الاستمرار في رسم مسحة من خلال فتح زجاجة الماء حتى حوالي 1 بوصة من نهاية القطن يتدلى إلى القفص. يضعوا نهاية خشبية من مسحة إلى جانب القفص باستخدام الشريط المختبر. ملاحظة: يجب الحرص على عدم ترك غطاء تقع مرة أخرى إلى القفص، مما تسبب ضوضاء الصاخبة التي من شأنها أن تعكر صفو اختبار الماوس. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تبدأ على الفور توقيت لمدة 2 دقيقة. استخدام توقيت واحد لآخر عرض 2 دقيقة. تسجيل الوقت التراكمي قضى شم رائحة أثناء المحاكمة 2 دقيقة. عد السلوك استنشاق الحيوان باستخدام مراقبة وقف منفصلة. ويعرف استنشاق نشط عندما توجه أنف الحيوان نحو الطرف القطن مع لالأنف ~ 2 سم أو أقرب إلى الحافة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> بعد الانتهاء من كل محاكمة، ورفع غطاء الأسلاك وإزالة قطعة من القطن عن طريق سحبها إلى الأسفل من خلال الأمم المتحدةderside من غطاء (هذا يتجنب التلوث رائحة عن طريق منع غيض من القطن لمس الأسلاك). ختم مسحة المستخدمة في زجاجة النفايات 500 مل. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إعداد وإدراج مسحة القادمة والبدء في التوقيت. السماح حوالي 1 دقيقة بين كل فاصل زمني بين المحاكمة. تستمر حتى تم عرض كل رائحة ثلاث مرات على التوالي، لمدة 2 دقيقة في كل مرة. </li></ol></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> وبمجرد الانتهاء من جميع المحاكمات الماوس، إفراغ زجاجة من النفايات التي تحتوي على مسحات القطن المستخدمة في سلة المهملات خارج الغرفة الاختبار. عودة الماوس إلى قفص وطنه. </li></ol> تحليل 6. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تحليل البيانات لكل مجموعة في حالة رائحة باستخدام اثنين من طريقة المتبعة ANOVA التي كتبها نيومان Keuls أو اختبار مماثل آخر مخصص لتحديد التعود كبير (أقل وقت استنشاق نفس الروائح متتالية)، وdishabitutation (المزيد من الوقت استنشاق رائحة جديدة). </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

النتائج الواردة في هذه الورقة هي الأمثل بالنسبة للفئران. الفئران تظهر استجابة قوية لرائحة جديدة، ثم روض بسرعة. واحدة من الخطوات الرئيسية في هذه الطريقة هو إعداد الروائح. يحتاج المحقق إلى رعاية كبيرة لعزل الروائح عن بعضها البعض لمنع التلوث. جانبا رئيسيا آخر هو عرض من ?...

الفئران هي التي تعتمد على حاسة الشم لتبحر بيئات جديدة، وإيجاد الطعام، للاعتراف أفراد آخرين، والسلوك الجنسي 1-3. فمن الضروري أن المحققين تحديد ما إذا أم لا حيوانات التجارب لديهم شعور سير رائحة قبل إدارة الاختبارات السلوكية التي تشمل المواد الغذائية والتفاعل الاجتماعي، أو أي الروائح تهدف للحصول على رد من الماوس. الشم أو عدم القدرة على التمييز بين الروائح المختلفة، يمكن أن يؤدي إلى ايجابيات كاذبة أو السلبيات في طائفة واسعة من النماذج السلوكية، لذلك ينبغي إنشاء قدرة الماوس على اكتشاف وتمييز الروائح قبل أن يتم إجراء أنواع أخرى من الاختبارات السلوكية. وكان أول وصف حاسة الشم اختبار التعود / إزالة التعود في 1980s 4. وقد تم تكييف الاختبار لاستخدامها في الفئران عن طريق الدكاترة. مو يانغ وجاكلين كراولي 5. هذا اختبار بسيط وغير مكلف الذي يسمح للمحقق تهتblish أن الفأر يمكن الكشف عن والتفريق بين الروائح. بالإضافة إلى اختبار الشم، وهذا الاختبار يسمح للمحقق لمراقبة السلوك العام للفأرة وينبغي أن يتم في نظام الاختبار في وقت مبكر. ملاحظات نوعية على صعيد الحركة الماوس، وعلامات القلق، ومستوى النشاط، وردا على الروائح الاجتماعية مقابل الروائح الغذائية قد يشير المجالات الجديدة التي يمكن إجراء الاختبار تنفيذها. في هذا الاختبار، يتم تقديم قطعة قطن مغموسة في مختلف الروائح لماوس ثلاث مرات على التوالي. مع كل عرض المتكرر للرائحة، والماوس روض إلى قطعة من القطن، وإنفاق وقت أقل التحقيق مع كل عرض لاحق. عند عرض رائحة جديدة، يحدث إزالة التعود، وسوف ماوس نموذجي قضاء المزيد من الوقت في التحقيق المسحة، مشيرا إلى أنه يمكن التمييز بين الروائح الحالية والسابقة 5. ويدير هذا الاختبار لفأر واحد في وقت واحد، وتشمل لجنة التنسيق الإدارية 45 دقيقةفترة معدن limation تليها 45 دقيقة من التجارب. على الرغم من أن هذا الاختبار هو من السهل القيام بها يمكن استخدامها لتحقيق الأسئلة متطورة حول نظام الماوس حاسة الشم. اختبارات شعبية أخرى من الشم، مثل اختبار المواد الغذائية دفن، ببساطة تحديد وجود أو عدم وجود الشم. ومع ذلك، فإن التمييز والتعود حاسة الشم الاختبار يسمح للمحقق لتحديد أن الفأر ليس فقط لديه القدرة على اكتشاف الروائح ولكن يمكن التمييز بين الروائح المختلفة. وقد استخدم هذا النمط من التعود وإزالة التعود لإثبات أن طفرات جديدة يمكن التمييز بين الروائح 6،7. في دراسة مثيرة للدهشة، وتستخدم Fadool وزملاؤه مخاليط معقدة من الروائح تبين أن الفئران مع حذف استهداف الجين من قناة Kv1.3 هي &quot;smellers السوبر&quot; التي يمكن أن تميز الروائح مشابهة جدا أفضل من الفئران العادية 8. عند النظر في نموذج الماوس خروج المغلوب جديد من المفيد أن تأسيس العهدح وجود السلوك العادي للمهام الحسية الأساسية. عند الانتهاء في وقت مبكر في نظام الاختبار، وتمييز رائحة واختبار التعود يعطي محقق الفرصة لمراقبة أي سلوكيات غريبة. يمكن لهذه الملاحظات يمنع نتائج إيجابية أو سلبية كاذبة في التجارب اللاحقة التي يمكن أن تنسب إلى التباس خصائص متحولة. وبينما يستمر الباحثون إلى السلوك الاجتماعي الحاجة للتحقق من وظيفة حاسة الشم الأساسية يصبح ذات أهمية متزايدة. بالإضافة إلى دراسة الشم في خطوط متحولة، وهذا الاختبار يمكن أن تستخدم لمعالجة مسائل محددة مثل ما إذا كان العلاج الدوائي يزيد خصيصا استجابة الحيوان للمؤثرات رائحة الاجتماعية أو في حالة زيادة استجابتها لجميع المحفزات رائحة.

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			<td>Mouse cage</td>
			<td>Allentown</td>
			<td>Standard mouse cage</td>
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			<td rowspan="2">Wire lid</td>
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			<td>Bedding</td>
			<td>Harlan</td>
			<td>7090 Sani-Chips</td>
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			<td>Cotton swabs</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>89031-270</td>
			<td>6&#8221; wooden handle</td>
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			<td>Banana extract</td>
			<td>McCormick</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Almond extract</td>
			<td>McCormick</td>
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			<td>Laboratory tape</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>89098-062</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Stop watch</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>62374-000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nitrile gloves</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>82026</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Timing device</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>61161-350</td>
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			<td>15 mL conical tubes</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>89003-294</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 L beakers&#160;</td>
			<td>Pyrex</td>
			<td align="right">1003</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Parafilm</td>
			<td>Parafilm</td>
			<td>PM-992</td>
			<td>4&#8221; x 250&#8217;</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>1 L bottle with cap</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>89000-240</td>
			<td></td>
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testing for odor discrimination and habituation in mice

This video demonstrates a technique to establish the presence of a normally functioning olfactory system in a mouse. The test helps determine whether the mouse can discriminate between non-social odors and social odors, whether the mouse habituates to a repeatedly presented odor, and whether the mouse demonstrates dishabituation when presented with a novel odor. Since many social behavior tests measure the experimental animal&#8217;s response to a familiar or novel mouse, false positives can be avoided by establishing that the animals can detect and discriminate between social odors. There are similar considerations in learning tests such as fear conditioning that use odor to create a novel environment or olfactory cues as an associative stimulus. Deficits in the olfactory system would impair the ability to distinguish between contexts and to form an association with an olfactory cue during fear conditioning. 
In the odor habitation/dishabituation test, the mouse is repeatedly presented with several odors. Each odor is presented three times for two minutes. The investigator records the sniffing time directed towards the odor as the measurement of olfactory responsiveness. A typical mouse shows a decrease in response to the odor over repeated presentations (habituation). The experimenter then presents a novel odor that elicits increased sniffing towards the new odor (dishabituation). After repeated presentation of the novel odor the animal again shows habituation. This protocol involves the presentation of water, two or more non-social odors, and two social odors. In addition to reducing experimental confounds, this test can provide information on the function of the olfactory systems of new knockout, knock-in, and conditional knockout mouse lines.

بعد بروتوكول صفها، وقد سجلت النتائج باستخدام عشرة الكبار (يوم بعد الولادة 90-120) من الذكور C57BL / 6J الفئران وثمانية من الذكور FVB سلالة مختلطة الخلفية (يوم بعد الولادة 50-70). وأجري الاختبار من قبل محقق واحد أكثر من عدة أيام. كل نقطة على الرسوم البيانية تمثل متوسط ​​الوقت الذ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Testing for Odor Discrimination and Habituation in Mice at JoVE.com

Testing for Odor Discrimination and Habituation in Mice

This manuscript describes a protocol to examine the olfactory system of rodents. The olfactory habituation/dishabituation test will allow investigators to determine whether a mouse habituates to a repeatedly presented odor and whether the mouse demonstrates dishabituation when presented a novel odor.

اختبار لرائحة التمييز والتعويد في الفئران

This video demonstrates a technique to establish the presence of a normally functioning olfactory system in a mouse. The test helps determine whether the ...

testing-for-odor-discrimination-and-habituation-in-mice

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

17.5K Views.  Baylor University. This manuscript describes a protocol to examine the olfactory system of rodents. The olfactory habituation/dishabituation test will allow investigators to determine whether a mouse habituates to a repeatedly presented odor and whether the mouse demonstrates dishabituation when presented a novel odor. 

Video: Testing for Odor Discrimination and Habituation in Mice

Contextual and Cued Fear Conditioning Test Using a Video Analyzing System in Mice

The contextual and cued fear conditioning test is one of the behavioral tests that assesses the ability of mice to learn and remember an association between environmental cues and aversive experiences. In this test, mice are placed into a conditioning chamber and are given parings of a conditioned stimulus (an auditory cue) and an aversive unconditioned stimulus (an electric footshock). After a delay time, the mice are exposed to the same conditioning chamber and a differently shaped chamber with presentation of the auditory cue. Freezing behavior during the test is measured as an index of fear memory. To analyze the behavior automatically, we have developed a video analyzing system using the ImageFZ application software program, which is available as a free download at http://www.mouse-phenotype.org/. Here, to show the details of our protocol, we demonstrate our procedure for the contextual and cued fear conditioning test in C57BL/6J mice using the ImageFZ system. In addition, we validated our protocol and the video analyzing system performance by comparing freezing time measured by the ImageFZ system or a photobeam-based computer measurement system with that scored by a human observer. As shown in our representative results, the data obtained by ImageFZ were similar to those analyzed by a human observer, indicating that the behavioral analysis using the ImageFZ system is highly reliable. The present movie article provides detailed information regarding the test procedures and will promote understanding of the experimental situation.

This article presents a protocol for a contextual and cued fear conditioning test using a video analyzing system to assess fear learning and memory in mice.

السياقية وملقن الخوف تكييف اختبار باستخدام نظام تحليل الفيديو في الفئران

The contextual and cued fear conditioning test is one of the behavioral tests that assesses the ability of mice to learn and remember an association ...

Barnes Maze Testing Strategies with Small and Large Rodent Models

Spatial learning and memory of laboratory rodents is often assessed via navigational ability in mazes, most popular of which are the water and dry-land (Barnes) mazes. Improved performance over sessions or trials is thought to reflect learning and memory of the escape cage/platform location. Considered less stressful than water mazes, the Barnes maze is a relatively simple design of a circular platform top with several holes equally spaced around the perimeter edge. All but one of the holes are false-bottomed or blind-ending, while one leads to an escape cage. Mildly aversive stimuli (e.g.&#160;bright overhead lights) provide motivation to locate the escape cage. Latency to locate the escape cage can be measured during the session; however, additional endpoints typically require video recording. From those video recordings, use of automated tracking software can generate a variety of endpoints that are similar to those produced in water mazes (e.g.&#160;distance traveled, velocity/speed, time spent in the correct quadrant, time spent moving/resting, and confirmation of latency). Type of search strategy (i.e.&#160;random, serial, or direct) can be categorized as well. Barnes maze construction and testing methodologies can differ for small rodents, such as mice, and large rodents, such as rats. For example, while extra-maze cues are effective for rats, smaller wild rodents may require intra-maze cues with a visual barrier around the maze. Appropriate stimuli must be identified which motivate the rodent to locate the escape cage. Both Barnes and water mazes can be time consuming as 4-7 test trials are typically required to detect improved learning and memory performance (e.g.&#160;shorter latencies or path lengths to locate the escape platform or cage) and/or differences between experimental groups. Even so, the Barnes maze is a widely employed behavioral assessment measuring spatial navigational abilities and their potential disruption by genetic, neurobehavioral manipulations, or drug/ toxicant exposure.

The dry-land Barnes maze is widely used to measure spatial navigation ability in response to mildly aversive stimuli. Over consecutive days, performance (e.g.&#160;latency to locate escape cage) of control subjects improves, indicative of normal learning and memory. Differences between rats and mice necessitate apparatus and methodology changes that are detailed here.

بارنز استراتيجيات اختبار المتاهة مع نماذج القوارض الصغيرة والكبيرة

Spatial learning and memory of laboratory rodents is often assessed via navigational ability in mazes, most popular of which are the water and dry-land ...

The Modified Hole Board - Measuring Behavior, Cognition and Social Interaction in Mice and Rats

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure multiple dimensions of unconditioned behavior in small laboratory mammals (e.g., mice, rats, tree shrews and small primates). This paradigm is a valuable alternative for the use of a behavioral test battery, since a broad behavioral spectrum of an animal&#8217;s behavioral profile can be investigated in one single test.
The apparatus consists of a box, representing the &#8216;protected&#8217; area, separated from a group compartment. A board, on which small cylinders are staggered in three lines, is placed in the center of the box, representing the &#8216;unprotected&#8217; area of the set-up. The cognitive abilities of the animals can be measured by baiting some cylinders on the board and measuring the working and reference memory. Other unconditioned behavior, such as activity-related-, anxiety-related- and social behavior, can be observed using this paradigm. Behavioral flexibility and the ability to habituate to a novel environment can additionally be observed by subjecting the animals to multiple trials in the mHB, revealing insight into the animals&#8217; adaptive capacities.
Due to testing order effects in a behavioral test battery, na&#239;ve animals should be used for each individual experiment. By testing multiple behavioral dimensions in a single paradigm and thereby circumventing this issue, the number of experimental animals used is reduced. Furthermore, by avoiding social isolation during testing and without the need to food deprive the animals, the mHB represents a behavioral test system, inducing if any, very low amount of stress.

This protocol describes the modified hole board, which is a behavioral test set-up that comprises the characteristics of an open field and a traditional hole board. This set-up enables the differential analysis of unconditioned behavior of small laboratory mammals as well as the analysis of cognitive abilities.

مجلس هول التعديل - قياس السلوك، الإدراك والتفاعل الاجتماعي في الفئران والجرذان

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure ...

Morris Water Maze Test: Optimization for Mouse Strain and Testing Environment

The Morris water maze (MWM) is a commonly used task to assess hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory in transgenic mouse models of disease, including neurocognitive disorders such as Alzheimer&#8217;s disease. However, the background strain of the mouse model used can have a substantial effect on the observed behavioral phenotype, with some strains exhibiting superior learning ability relative to others. To ensure differences between transgene negative and transgene positive mice can be detected, identification of a training procedure sensitive to the background strain is essential. Failure to tailor the MWM protocol to the background strain of the mouse model may lead to under- or over- training, thereby masking group differences in probe trials. Here, a MWM protocol tailored for use with the F1 FVB/N x 129S6 background is described. This is a frequently used background strain to study the age-dependent effects of mutant P301L tau (rTg(TauP301L)4510 mice) on the memory deficits associated with Alzheimer&#8217;s disease. Also described is a strategy to re-optimize, as dictated by the particular testing environment utilized.

This manuscript describes a Morris water maze (MWM) protocol tailored for use with a commonly used mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. The MWM is widely used in transgenic mouse models. Implementation of a procedure sensitive to the background strain of the mouse model is essential for detecting group differences.

موريس المياه متاهة الاختبار: الأمثل للماوس الانفعال والبيئة اختبار

 The Morris water maze (MWM) is a commonly used task to assess hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory in transgenic mouse models of disease, ...

A Protocol for Housing Mice in an Enriched Environment

Environmental enrichment (EE) is a housing environment for mice that boosts mental and physical health compared to standard laboratory housing. Our recent studies demonstrate that environmental enrichment decreases adiposity, increases energy expenditure, resists diet induced obesity, and causes cancer remission and inhibition in mice. EE typically consists of larger living space, a variety of &#8216;toys&#8217; to interact with, running wheels, and can include a number of other novel environmental changes. All of this fosters a more complex social engagement, cognitive and physical stimulations. Importantly, the toy location and type of toy is changed regularly, which encourages the mice to adapt to a frequently changing and novel environment. Many variables can be manipulated in EE to promote health effects in mice. Thus these approaches are difficult to control and must be properly managed to successfully replicate the associated phenotypes. Therefore, the goal of this video is to demonstrate how EE is properly set up and maintained to assure a complex, challenging, and controlled environment so that other researchers can easily reproduce the protective effects of EE against obesity and cancer.

Environmental enrichment for mice requires a complex and challenging setup, as well as comprehensive husbandry and handling techniques to assure robust metabolic and anti-cancer effects in the mice. This protocol provides detailed procedures to reproduce the above mentioned effects in mice.

بروتوكول لالفئران الإسكان في بيئة المخصب

Environmental enrichment (EE) is a housing environment for mice that boosts mental and physical health compared to standard laboratory housing. Our recent ...

Simple and Computer-assisted Olfactory Testing for Mice

Olfaction is highly conserved among species and is required for reproduction and survival.
In humans, olfaction is also one of the senses that is affected with aging and is a strong predictor of neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, olfaction testing is used as a non-invasive diagnostic method to detect neurological deficits early on. In order to understand the mechanisms underlying olfactory network susceptibility, olfactory research in rodents has gained momentum in the past decade.
Here, we present a very simple, time efficient and reproducible olfactory testing method of innate odor perception and sensitivity in mice without the need of any prior food or water restriction. The tests are performed in a familiar environment to the mice, require only the scents and a 2 min session of odorant exposure. The analysis is performed, post-hoc, using computer-assisted commands on ImageJ and can be, therefore, carried out from start to end by one researcher.
This protocol does not require any special hardware or setup and is indicated for any laboratory interested in testing olfactory perception and sensitivity.

We present a simple and unbiased olfactory test in mice. With this protocol olfactory discrimination, preference, avoidance and sensitivity to a novel odor as compared to water can be assessed in single behavioral sessions. This method is indicated for a single experimenter and analysis is based on computer-assisted video processing.

بسيطة والشم اختبار لالفئران بمساعدة الحاسوب

Olfaction is highly conserved among species and is required for reproduction and survival.
In humans, olfaction is also one of the senses that is affected ...

Testing for Metacognitive Responding Using an Odor-based Delayed Match-to-Sample Test in Rats

Metamemory involves the cognitive ability to assess the strength of one&#39;s memories. To explore the possibility of metamemory in non-human animals, numerous behavioral tasks have been created, many of which utilize an option to decline memory tests. To assess metamemory in rats, we utilized this decline-test option paradigm by adapting previous visual delayed-match-to-sample tests (DMTS)1,2 developed for primate species to an odor-based test suitable for rodents. First,&#160;rats are given a sample to remember by digging in a cup of scented sand. After a delay, the rat is presented with four distinctly scented cups, one of which contains the identical scent experienced during the sample; if this matching cup is selected, then the rat obtains a preferred, larger reward. Selection of any of the other three non-matching sand-filled scented cups results in no reward. Retention intervals are individually titrated such that subjects perform between 40 and 70% correct, therefore ensuring rats sometimes remember and sometimes forget the sample. Here, the operational definition of metamemory is the ability to distinguish between the presence and absence of memory through behavioral responding. Towards this end, on two-thirds of trials, a decline option is presented in addition to the four choice cups (choice trials). If the decline-test option- an unscented colored sand cup, is selected, the subject receives a smaller less-preferred reward and avoids the memory test. On the remaining third of trials, the decline-test option is not available (forced trials), causing subjects to guess the correct cup when the sample is forgotten. On choice tests, subjects that know when they remember should select the decline option when memory is weak rather than take the test and choose incorrectly. Therefore, significantly higher performance on chosen tests as compared to forced memory tests is indicative of the adaptive use of the decline-test response and metacognitive responding.

This protocol describes a method for investigating the possibility of metamemory, or memory awareness, in rodents. The odor-based delayed-matching-to-sample paradigm is a novel, ecologically-relevant behavioral test useful for determining the extent to which rodents can adaptively respond based on cognitively monitoring the strength of their memory states.

اختبار للاستجابة ادراكية استخدام المستندة رائحة تأخر اختبار مطابقة للعينة في الفئران

Metamemory involves the cognitive ability to assess the strength of one&#39;s memories. To explore the possibility of metamemory in non-human animals, ...

Measuring Active and Passive Tameness Separately in Mice

Domesticated animals such as dogs and laboratory mice show a high level of tameness, which is important for humans to handle them easily. Tameness has two behavioral components: a reluctance to avoid humans (passive tameness) and a motivation to approach humans (active tameness). To quantify these components in mice, we previously developed behavioral tests for active tameness, passive tameness, and the willingness to stay on a human hand, each designed to be completed within 3 min. The data obtained were used for selective breeding, with a large number of mice analyzed per generation. The active tameness test measures the movement of the mouse toward a human hand and the contact it engages in. The passive tameness test measures the duration of time that a mouse tolerates human touch. In the stay-on-hand test, a mouse is placed on a human hand and touched slowly using the thumb of that hand; the duration of time that the animal remains on the hand is measured. Here, we describe the test set-up and apparatus, explain the procedures, and discuss the appropriate data analysis. Finally, we explain how to interpret the results.

Tameness in animals includes a reduction of avoidance responses to humans (passive tameness) and an increase in active approaches to humans (active tameness). Here, we describe detailed protocols for three behavioral tests (active tameness, passive tameness, and stay-on-hand tests) to separately measure the active and passive tameness of mice.

قياس تامينيس الإيجابي والسلبي بشكل منفصل في الفئران

Domesticated animals such as dogs and laboratory mice show a high level of tameness, which is important for humans to handle them easily. Tameness has two ...

The Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress Protocol for Inducing Anhedonia in Mice

Depression is a highly prevalent and debilitating condition, only partially addressed by current pharmacotherapies. The lack of response to treatment by many patients prompts the need to develop new therapeutic alternatives and to better understand the etiology of the disorder. Pre-clinical models with translational merits are rudimentary for this task. Here we present a protocol for the unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) method in mice. In this protocol, adolescent mice are chronically exposed to interchanging unpredictable mild stressors. Resembling the pathogenesis of depression in humans, stress exposure during the sensitive period of mice adolescence instigates a depressive-like phenotype evident in adulthood. UCMS can be used for screenings of antidepressants on the variety of depressive-like behaviors and neuromolecular indices. Among the more prominent tests to assess depressive-like behavior in rodents is the sucrose preference test (SPT), which reflects anhedonia (core symptom of depression). The SPT will also be presented in this protocol. The ability of UCMS to induce anhedonia, instigate long-term behavioral deficits and enable reversal of these deficits via chronic (but not acute) treatment with antidepressants strengthens the protocol&#39;s validity compared to other animal protocols for inducing depressive-like behaviors.

Here we present the unpredictable chronic mild stress protocol in mice. This protocol induces a long-term depressive-like phenotype and enables to assess the efficacy of putative antidepressants in reversing the behavioral and neuromolecular depressive-like deficits.

البروتوكول لا يمكن التنبؤ بها من الإجهاد المزمن المعتدل لحمل أنهيدونيا في الفئران

Depression is a highly prevalent and debilitating condition, only partially addressed by current pharmacotherapies. The lack of response to treatment by ...

A Wind Tunnel for Odor Mediated Insect Behavioural Assays

Olfaction is the most important sensory mechanism by which many insects interact with their environment and a wind tunnel is an excellent tool to study insect chemical ecology. Insects can locate point sources in a three-dimensional environment through the sensory interaction and sophisticated behavior. The quantification of this behavior is a key element in the development of new tools for pest control and decision support. A wind tunnel with a suitable flight section with laminar air flow, visual cues for in-flight feedback and a variety of options for the application of odors can be used to measure complex behaviour which subsequently may allow the identification of attractive or repellent odors, insect flight characteristics, visual-odor interactions and interactions between attractants and odors lingering as background odors in the environment. A wind tunnel holds the advantage of studying the odor mediated behavioural repertoire of an insect in a laboratory setting. Behavioural measures in a controlled setting provide the link between the insect physiology and field application. A wind tunnel must be a flexible tool and should easily support the changes to setup and hardware to fit different research questions. The major disadvantage to the wind tunnel setup described here, is the clean odor background which necessitates special attention when developing a synthetic volatile blend for field application.

Here, we describe the construction and use of a wind tunnel for odor mediated behavioural assays with insects. The wind tunnel design facilitates the release of odor sources by several methods, with and without visual stimuli. Wind tunnel experiments are important methods to identify behaviorally active volatile chemicals.

نفق الرياح لرائحة بوساطة الحشرات فحوصات السلوكية

Olfaction is the most important sensory mechanism by which many insects interact with their environment and a wind tunnel is an excellent tool to study ...