This work is supported by a Baylor University Research Council grant and by a research grant from the Epilepsy Foundation.

다음 실험에 사용 된 성인 남성 쥐가 생성되어 어두운 14 시간 조명 및 10 시간 (20시부터 6시까지 시간) 낮의주기, 22 ° C의 주변 온도에서 베일러 대학에서 보관 하였다. 마우스는 음식과 물에 대한 광고 무제한 액세스 권한을 부여했다. 마우스에 대한 모든 절차는 베일러 대학 동물 관리 및 사용위원회에 의해 승인 된 실험실 동물의 관리 및 사용과 동물의 프로토콜에 대한 건강 가이드의 국립 연구소에 부합했다. 마우스는 늦은 아침 / 오후 일찍 시험 하였다. 연구자 아래의 모든 절차는 냄새를 제거하고 오염을 방지하기 위해 장갑을 착용해야합니다. 비 사회적 냄새 1. 준비 <ol><li> 신선한 비 사회적 냄새를 테스트의 매일을 준비합니다. 주 : 조사는 냄새를 준비하기 위해 장갑을 사용해야합니다. <ol><li> 물 각각 10 ㎖로 3 원심 분리기 튜브를 입력합니다. </li><li> 15 ml의 &amp; #에 바나나 추출물의 피펫 100 μL(160), 원뿔 튜브와 1 초 15 ML 원뿔 튜브에 아몬드 추출물 100 ㎕ : 100 희석. 참고 : 제 15 ML 튜브는 물을 포함 할 것이다. </li></ol></li></ol> 사회 냄새 2. 준비 <ol><li> 발생합니다 아침 시험에 신선한 사회적 냄새를 준비합니다. 적어도 3 일에 대한 청소와 마우스의 동일한 번호가 포함되지 않은 두 개의 케이지에서 사회 냄새를 얻습니다. 테스트 피사체와 같은 성별의 생쥐에서 사회적 냄새를 얻습니다. 주 :이 RT에 저장되는 강한 냄새 일관성을 유지하기 위해 4-6 시간 이내에 사용하여야한다. <ol><li> 면봉이 필요로하는 사회적 냄새가 생성하는 방법에 대해 많은 결정 : 테스트중인 각 마우스는 사회 냄새 2에서 사회 냄새 1, 3의 세 면봉으로 표시됩니다. </li><li> 더러운 케이지의 하단에 지그재그 방식으로 면봉을 닦아 사회 냄새를 준비합니다. 팁에 집착 초과 침구를 흔들어. </li><li> 뚜껑 또는 파라 필름으로 덮여 비커에 큰 유리 항아리에 보관 면봉. 한 사회 냄새 1 컨테이너 및 사회 냄새 2 번째를 지정합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 실험 테스트 룸의 외부 냄새 소스 새장을 유지한다. </li></ol> 테스트 마우스 3. 적응도 <ol><li> 장갑을 착용하고 테스트 할 마우스의 무게 위에 와이어 뚜껑 제거 물 병 깨끗한 케이지에 개별적으로 배치합니다. </li><li> 마우스가 테스트 룸이 아닌 다른 방에서 45 분 동안 새 케이지에 적응하도록 허용합니다. 방에는 이상한 냄새 나 소음이 없는지 확인합니다. </li><li> 테스트는 약 45 분 소요로, 현재의 마우스를 테스트하기 전에 권리를 적응 깨끗한 케이지에 테스트 할 다음 마우스를 바꾸어 적응 시간을 비틀. </li></ol> 테스트 룸 4. 준비 <ol><li> 신선한 면봉, 실험실 테이프, 사회 냄새 면봉이 들어있는 병, N의 튜브를 배치온 사회 냄새, 마이크로 피펫, 두 타이머 및 시험 방에 뚜껑이있는 폐기물 병. </li><li> 테스트 룸 냄새, 시끄러운 소리, 밝은 빛의 합리적 없는지 확인합니다. 향수 오드 콜로 뉴 또는 로션을 착용하지 마십시오. 참고 : 관찰자는 테스트 기간 동안 껌이나 사탕을 씹는 안 강한 냄새 식품에 노출을 제한하는 시도해야합니다. </li></ol> 5. 시험 절차 <ol><li> 시험 방으로 새장에 적응 마우스를 가져오고 앉아있는 동안 볼 편안한 높이에 카운터에 새장을 배치합니다. </li><li> 2 분 동안 각 행의 각 냄새 3 회 제시. 표 1에서 발견 될 수있는 프리젠 테이션을 위해 사용한다. <ol><li> 피펫 향기에 부 취제의 50 μL은 면봉의 끝 부분에 테스트 냄새 소스를 캡 다시합니다. 뱃짱, 새장 와이어 상단을 들어 올려 물 병 구멍에 면봉의 무향, 나무 끝​​을 삽입G 가기 와이어의 아래쪽에서를 통해 길이. 그 냄새의 오염이 방지되도록, 손가락을 포함하여 아무것도에면의 끝 부분을 만지지 마십시오. </li><li> 면 끝의 약 1 인치 케이지로 아래로 중단 될 때까지 물 병 구멍에 면봉을 끌기 위해 계속합니다. 실험실 테이프를 사용하여 케이지의 측면에 면봉의 나무 끝​​을 붙입니다. 참고 : 뚜껑을 다시 케이지 위에 떨어지지 않도록주의, 테스트 마우스를 방해 할 큰 소음을 유발. </li><li> 즉시 2 분 동안 타이밍을 시작합니다. 2 분의 프리젠 테이션 시간이 하나의 타이머를 사용합니다. 2 분 재판 중에 냄새를 킁킁 소요 된 누적 시간을 기록한다. 별도 스톱워치를 사용하여 동물의 행동을 스니핑 개수. 동물의 코는 코 ~ 2cm 또는 팁에 가까운과면 팁을 지향 할 때 활성 스니핑가 정의됩니다. </li><li> 각각의 시험의 종료 후, 와이어 리드를 올리고 UN 통해 아래쪽으로 당겨 면봉 삭제뚜껑 derside (이 와이어를 접촉하는면 팁을 방지하여 악취 오염을 피한다). 500 ml의 폐기물 병에 사용 된 면봉을 밀봉. </li><li> 준비하고 다음 면봉을 삽입하고 타이밍을 시작합니다. 각 간 시험 간격 사이에 약 1 분을 허용합니다. 각각의 향기가 2 분마다 시간, 3 회 연속으로 제공되었다까지 계속한다. </li></ol></li><li> 마우스가 모든 시험을 완료하면, 할 수있는 외부 시험의 객실에 쓰레기통에 사용 된 면봉을 포함하는 폐기물 병을 비 웁니다. 홈 케이지에 마우스를 돌려줍니다. </li></ol> 6. 분석 <ol><li> 분산 분석은 뉴먼 - Keuls 다음 양방향 또는 중요한 습관화를 결정하는 유사한 포스트 특별 시험 (연속 같은 냄새 스니핑 적은 시간), 및 dishabitutation (더 많은 시간 새로운 냄새를 킁킁)를 사용하여 냄새의 조건에 따라 각 그룹에 대한 데이터를 분석 할 수 있습니다. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

이 문서에서 제공되는 결과는 마우스에 최적입니다. 마우스는 새로운 냄새에 강한 반응을 보여, 신속하게 길들. 이 방법의 주요 단계 중 하나는 악취의 제조이다. 조사는 오염을 방지하기 위해 서로 냄새를 분리하기 위해 상당한주의를 기울 필요가있다. 또 다른 중요한 측면은 면봉의 표현이다. 마우스가 팁을 조사 할 수 있지만, 끝에 찢어지지 않도록 조사는면 팁의 최적의 위치 문제를 해결해야...

마우스는 다른 개인을 인식하는, 음식을 찾는 새로운 환경을 탐색하기위한 후각에 의존하고, 성적 행동 1-3. 그것은 연구자가 실험 동물 음식, 사회적 상호 작용, 또는 마우스의 응답을 유도하기위한 어떤 냄새를 포함하는 행동 테스트를 투여하기 전에 냄새가 작동하는 감각을 가지고 있는지 여부를 설정하는 것이 중요하다. 후각 상실증 또는 무능력 행동 패러다임 다양한 가양 음화 초래할 수있는 다른 냄새 구별하기 때문에 행동 검사의 다른 유형이 수행되기 전에 검출하고 악취를 구별하는 마우스의 능력은 확립되어야한다. 후각 습관화 / dishabituation 시험 제 1980 4에 기재 하였다. 시험은 박사에 의해 마우스에서 사용되도록되어왔다. 뮤 양 및 재클린 크롤리 5. 이 조사는 ESTA 할 수있는 간단하고 저렴한 검사입니다마우스를 감지하고 냄새를 구별 할 수 blish. 후각 테스트뿐만 아니라,이 테스트는 조사자 마우스의 일반적인 동작을 관찰하고 초기 테스트 요법으로 수행 할 수있게한다. 질적 마우스의 운동에 대한 관찰, 불안의 징후, 활동 수준, 음식 냄새 대 사회 냄새에 반응 테스트를 수행 할 수있는 새로운 영역을 신호 수 있습니다. 이 시험에서, 다양한 냄새에 침지 면봉 행 마우스에 세 번 제공된다. 냄새의 각 반복 프레 젠 테이션으로, 마우스는 각 후속 프리젠 테이션을 조사 적은 시간을 보내고, 면봉에 길들 것이다. 새로운 냄새가 제공되면 dishabituation가 발생하고, 전형적인 마우스는 현재 및 이전 (5) 냄새를 구별 할 수 있음을 나타내는, 면봉을 조사 시간을 보낼 것이다. 이 시험은 한번에 하나의 마우스에 투여하고 45 분 ACC를 포함limation 기간은 시험을 45 분으로 하였다. 이 테스트를 수행하기 쉽지만 그것은 마우스 후각 시스템에 대한 정교한 질문을 조사하는데 사용될 수있다. 이러한 매립 식품 시험 후각 등의 다른 대중적인 테스트는 단순히 후각 상실증의 유무를 확립한다. 그러나 후각 차별과 습관화 검사는 수사관이 마우스는 냄새를 감지 할 수 있지만, 다른 냄새를 구별 할 수있는 능력을 가지고뿐만 아니라 것을 확인할 수 있습니다. 습관화 및 dishabituation의 패턴은 새로운 돌연변이 -6,7- 냄새를 구별 할 수 있음을 확립하는데 사용되어왔다. 놀라운 연구에서, Fadool 연구진은 정상 마우스 (8)보다 매우 유사한 냄새를 구별 할 수 있습니다 &quot;슈퍼 smellers을&quot;Kv1.3 채널의 유전자 타겟 삭제와 그 쥐를하고 있습니다 보여 냄새의 복잡한 혼합물을 사용했다. 새로운 녹아웃 마우스 모델을 검토 할 때 그것은 establis하는 데 유용합니다시간 기본 감각 작업에 대한 정상적인 동작의 존재. 테스트식이 요법 초기에 완료되면, 냄새 차별과 습관화 검사는 수사관에게 이상한 행동을 관찰 할 수있는 기회를 제공합니다. 이러한 관찰은 돌연변이의 특성을 교란하기 때문입니다 이후 테스트에서 거짓 긍정적이거나 부정적인 결과를 방지 할 수있다. 연구자들은 사회적 행동을 기본 후각 기능을 검증 할 필요성을 조사하기 위해 지속적으로 점점 더 중요 해지고있다. 돌연변이 라인 후각 검사 이외에도,이 시험은 모든 냄새 자극에 대한 약리학 적 치료가 특히 사회적 냄새 자극에 대한 동물의 반응을 증가 여부 등 또는 그들의 응답이 향상되는지 구체적인 질문을 해결하기 위해 사용될 수있다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse cage</td>
			<td>Allentown</td>
			<td>Standard mouse cage</td>
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			<td rowspan="2">Wire lid</td>
			<td rowspan="2">Allentown</td>
			<td>BCU Mouse WBL 2500</td>
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			<td></td>
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			<td>Bedding</td>
			<td>Harlan</td>
			<td>7090 Sani-Chips</td>
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			<td>Cotton swabs</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>89031-270</td>
			<td>6&#8221; wooden handle</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Banana extract</td>
			<td>McCormick</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Almond extract</td>
			<td>McCormick</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Laboratory tape</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>89098-062</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Stop watch</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>62374-000</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Nitrile gloves</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>82026</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Timing device</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>61161-350</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 mL conical tubes</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>89003-294</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 L beakers&#160;</td>
			<td>Pyrex</td>
			<td align="right">1003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Parafilm</td>
			<td>Parafilm</td>
			<td>PM-992</td>
			<td>4&#8221; x 250&#8217;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 L bottle with cap</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>89000-240</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

testing for odor discrimination and habituation in mice

This video demonstrates a technique to establish the presence of a normally functioning olfactory system in a mouse. The test helps determine whether the mouse can discriminate between non-social odors and social odors, whether the mouse habituates to a repeatedly presented odor, and whether the mouse demonstrates dishabituation when presented with a novel odor. Since many social behavior tests measure the experimental animal&#8217;s response to a familiar or novel mouse, false positives can be avoided by establishing that the animals can detect and discriminate between social odors. There are similar considerations in learning tests such as fear conditioning that use odor to create a novel environment or olfactory cues as an associative stimulus. Deficits in the olfactory system would impair the ability to distinguish between contexts and to form an association with an olfactory cue during fear conditioning. 
In the odor habitation/dishabituation test, the mouse is repeatedly presented with several odors. Each odor is presented three times for two minutes. The investigator records the sniffing time directed towards the odor as the measurement of olfactory responsiveness. A typical mouse shows a decrease in response to the odor over repeated presentations (habituation). The experimenter then presents a novel odor that elicits increased sniffing towards the new odor (dishabituation). After repeated presentation of the novel odor the animal again shows habituation. This protocol involves the presentation of water, two or more non-social odors, and two social odors. In addition to reducing experimental confounds, this test can provide information on the function of the olfactory systems of new knockout, knock-in, and conditional knockout mouse lines.

기술 된 프로토콜에 따라, 결과는 열 성인 (출생 후 하루 90-120) 남성 C57BL / 6J 마우스와 팔 남성 FVB 혼합 배경 변형 (출생 후 하루 50 ~ 70)를 사용하여 기록 하였다. 테스트는 여러 날에 걸쳐 하나의 연구자에 의해 수행되었다. 그래프의 각 점은 냄새를 조사 소요되는 평균 시간을 나타냅니다. 물에 침지 면봉이 처음에 도입되는 경우에는,이 마우스는 새로운 물체 (: 처음 세 데이?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Testing for Odor Discrimination and Habituation in Mice at JoVE.com

Testing for Odor Discrimination and Habituation in Mice

This manuscript describes a protocol to examine the olfactory system of rodents. The olfactory habituation/dishabituation test will allow investigators to determine whether a mouse habituates to a repeatedly presented odor and whether the mouse demonstrates dishabituation when presented a novel odor.

마우스에서 냄새 차별과 요법 이니에 대한 테스트

This video demonstrates a technique to establish the presence of a normally functioning olfactory system in a mouse. The test helps determine whether the ...

testing-for-odor-discrimination-and-habituation-in-mice

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

17.5K 조회수.  Baylor University. This manuscript describes a protocol to examine the olfactory system of rodents. The olfactory habituation/dishabituation test will allow investigators to determine whether a mouse habituates to a repeatedly presented odor and whether the mouse demonstrates dishabituation when presented a novel odor. 

비디오: Testing for Odor Discrimination and Habituation in Mice

Contextual and Cued Fear Conditioning Test Using a Video Analyzing System in Mice

The contextual and cued fear conditioning test is one of the behavioral tests that assesses the ability of mice to learn and remember an association between environmental cues and aversive experiences. In this test, mice are placed into a conditioning chamber and are given parings of a conditioned stimulus (an auditory cue) and an aversive unconditioned stimulus (an electric footshock). After a delay time, the mice are exposed to the same conditioning chamber and a differently shaped chamber with presentation of the auditory cue. Freezing behavior during the test is measured as an index of fear memory. To analyze the behavior automatically, we have developed a video analyzing system using the ImageFZ application software program, which is available as a free download at http://www.mouse-phenotype.org/. Here, to show the details of our protocol, we demonstrate our procedure for the contextual and cued fear conditioning test in C57BL/6J mice using the ImageFZ system. In addition, we validated our protocol and the video analyzing system performance by comparing freezing time measured by the ImageFZ system or a photobeam-based computer measurement system with that scored by a human observer. As shown in our representative results, the data obtained by ImageFZ were similar to those analyzed by a human observer, indicating that the behavioral analysis using the ImageFZ system is highly reliable. The present movie article provides detailed information regarding the test procedures and will promote understanding of the experimental situation.

This article presents a protocol for a contextual and cued fear conditioning test using a video analyzing system to assess fear learning and memory in mice.

마우스에서 비디오 분석 시스템을 사용하여 콘텐츠 및 시작됨 공포 컨디셔닝 테스트

The contextual and cued fear conditioning test is one of the behavioral tests that assesses the ability of mice to learn and remember an association ...

연구

행동분석학

Barnes Maze Testing Strategies with Small and Large Rodent Models

Spatial learning and memory of laboratory rodents is often assessed via navigational ability in mazes, most popular of which are the water and dry-land (Barnes) mazes. Improved performance over sessions or trials is thought to reflect learning and memory of the escape cage/platform location. Considered less stressful than water mazes, the Barnes maze is a relatively simple design of a circular platform top with several holes equally spaced around the perimeter edge. All but one of the holes are false-bottomed or blind-ending, while one leads to an escape cage. Mildly aversive stimuli (e.g.&#160;bright overhead lights) provide motivation to locate the escape cage. Latency to locate the escape cage can be measured during the session; however, additional endpoints typically require video recording. From those video recordings, use of automated tracking software can generate a variety of endpoints that are similar to those produced in water mazes (e.g.&#160;distance traveled, velocity/speed, time spent in the correct quadrant, time spent moving/resting, and confirmation of latency). Type of search strategy (i.e.&#160;random, serial, or direct) can be categorized as well. Barnes maze construction and testing methodologies can differ for small rodents, such as mice, and large rodents, such as rats. For example, while extra-maze cues are effective for rats, smaller wild rodents may require intra-maze cues with a visual barrier around the maze. Appropriate stimuli must be identified which motivate the rodent to locate the escape cage. Both Barnes and water mazes can be time consuming as 4-7 test trials are typically required to detect improved learning and memory performance (e.g.&#160;shorter latencies or path lengths to locate the escape platform or cage) and/or differences between experimental groups. Even so, the Barnes maze is a widely employed behavioral assessment measuring spatial navigational abilities and their potential disruption by genetic, neurobehavioral manipulations, or drug/ toxicant exposure.

The dry-land Barnes maze is widely used to measure spatial navigation ability in response to mildly aversive stimuli. Over consecutive days, performance (e.g.&#160;latency to locate escape cage) of control subjects improves, indicative of normal learning and memory. Differences between rats and mice necessitate apparatus and methodology changes that are detailed here.

크고 작은 설치류 모델 바네스 미로 테스트 전략

Spatial learning and memory of laboratory rodents is often assessed via navigational ability in mazes, most popular of which are the water and dry-land ...

The Modified Hole Board - Measuring Behavior, Cognition and Social Interaction in Mice and Rats

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure multiple dimensions of unconditioned behavior in small laboratory mammals (e.g., mice, rats, tree shrews and small primates). This paradigm is a valuable alternative for the use of a behavioral test battery, since a broad behavioral spectrum of an animal&#8217;s behavioral profile can be investigated in one single test.
The apparatus consists of a box, representing the &#8216;protected&#8217; area, separated from a group compartment. A board, on which small cylinders are staggered in three lines, is placed in the center of the box, representing the &#8216;unprotected&#8217; area of the set-up. The cognitive abilities of the animals can be measured by baiting some cylinders on the board and measuring the working and reference memory. Other unconditioned behavior, such as activity-related-, anxiety-related- and social behavior, can be observed using this paradigm. Behavioral flexibility and the ability to habituate to a novel environment can additionally be observed by subjecting the animals to multiple trials in the mHB, revealing insight into the animals&#8217; adaptive capacities.
Due to testing order effects in a behavioral test battery, na&#239;ve animals should be used for each individual experiment. By testing multiple behavioral dimensions in a single paradigm and thereby circumventing this issue, the number of experimental animals used is reduced. Furthermore, by avoiding social isolation during testing and without the need to food deprive the animals, the mHB represents a behavioral test system, inducing if any, very low amount of stress.

This protocol describes the modified hole board, which is a behavioral test set-up that comprises the characteristics of an open field and a traditional hole board. This set-up enables the differential analysis of unconditioned behavior of small laboratory mammals as well as the analysis of cognitive abilities.

수정 된 구멍 보드 - 마우스 및 쥐의 행동,인지 및 사회적 상호 작용을 측정

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure ...

Morris Water Maze Test: Optimization for Mouse Strain and Testing Environment

The Morris water maze (MWM) is a commonly used task to assess hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory in transgenic mouse models of disease, including neurocognitive disorders such as Alzheimer&#8217;s disease. However, the background strain of the mouse model used can have a substantial effect on the observed behavioral phenotype, with some strains exhibiting superior learning ability relative to others. To ensure differences between transgene negative and transgene positive mice can be detected, identification of a training procedure sensitive to the background strain is essential. Failure to tailor the MWM protocol to the background strain of the mouse model may lead to under- or over- training, thereby masking group differences in probe trials. Here, a MWM protocol tailored for use with the F1 FVB/N x 129S6 background is described. This is a frequently used background strain to study the age-dependent effects of mutant P301L tau (rTg(TauP301L)4510 mice) on the memory deficits associated with Alzheimer&#8217;s disease. Also described is a strategy to re-optimize, as dictated by the particular testing environment utilized.

This manuscript describes a Morris water maze (MWM) protocol tailored for use with a commonly used mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. The MWM is widely used in transgenic mouse models. Implementation of a procedure sensitive to the background strain of the mouse model is essential for detecting group differences.

모리스 물 미로 테스트 : 마우스 스트레인 및 테스트 환경을위한 최적화

 The Morris water maze (MWM) is a commonly used task to assess hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory in transgenic mouse models of disease, ...

A Protocol for Housing Mice in an Enriched Environment

Environmental enrichment (EE) is a housing environment for mice that boosts mental and physical health compared to standard laboratory housing. Our recent studies demonstrate that environmental enrichment decreases adiposity, increases energy expenditure, resists diet induced obesity, and causes cancer remission and inhibition in mice. EE typically consists of larger living space, a variety of &#8216;toys&#8217; to interact with, running wheels, and can include a number of other novel environmental changes. All of this fosters a more complex social engagement, cognitive and physical stimulations. Importantly, the toy location and type of toy is changed regularly, which encourages the mice to adapt to a frequently changing and novel environment. Many variables can be manipulated in EE to promote health effects in mice. Thus these approaches are difficult to control and must be properly managed to successfully replicate the associated phenotypes. Therefore, the goal of this video is to demonstrate how EE is properly set up and maintained to assure a complex, challenging, and controlled environment so that other researchers can easily reproduce the protective effects of EE against obesity and cancer.

Environmental enrichment for mice requires a complex and challenging setup, as well as comprehensive husbandry and handling techniques to assure robust metabolic and anti-cancer effects in the mice. This protocol provides detailed procedures to reproduce the above mentioned effects in mice.

풍부한 환경에서의 주택 마우스를위한 프로토콜

Environmental enrichment (EE) is a housing environment for mice that boosts mental and physical health compared to standard laboratory housing. Our recent ...

Simple and Computer-assisted Olfactory Testing for Mice

Olfaction is highly conserved among species and is required for reproduction and survival.
In humans, olfaction is also one of the senses that is affected with aging and is a strong predictor of neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, olfaction testing is used as a non-invasive diagnostic method to detect neurological deficits early on. In order to understand the mechanisms underlying olfactory network susceptibility, olfactory research in rodents has gained momentum in the past decade.
Here, we present a very simple, time efficient and reproducible olfactory testing method of innate odor perception and sensitivity in mice without the need of any prior food or water restriction. The tests are performed in a familiar environment to the mice, require only the scents and a 2 min session of odorant exposure. The analysis is performed, post-hoc, using computer-assisted commands on ImageJ and can be, therefore, carried out from start to end by one researcher.
This protocol does not require any special hardware or setup and is indicated for any laboratory interested in testing olfactory perception and sensitivity.

We present a simple and unbiased olfactory test in mice. With this protocol olfactory discrimination, preference, avoidance and sensitivity to a novel odor as compared to water can be assessed in single behavioral sessions. This method is indicated for a single experimenter and analysis is based on computer-assisted video processing.

간단하고 컴퓨터 지원 마우스에 대한 후각 테스트를

Olfaction is highly conserved among species and is required for reproduction and survival.
In humans, olfaction is also one of the senses that is affected ...

Testing for Metacognitive Responding Using an Odor-based Delayed Match-to-Sample Test in Rats

Metamemory involves the cognitive ability to assess the strength of one&#39;s memories. To explore the possibility of metamemory in non-human animals, numerous behavioral tasks have been created, many of which utilize an option to decline memory tests. To assess metamemory in rats, we utilized this decline-test option paradigm by adapting previous visual delayed-match-to-sample tests (DMTS)1,2 developed for primate species to an odor-based test suitable for rodents. First,&#160;rats are given a sample to remember by digging in a cup of scented sand. After a delay, the rat is presented with four distinctly scented cups, one of which contains the identical scent experienced during the sample; if this matching cup is selected, then the rat obtains a preferred, larger reward. Selection of any of the other three non-matching sand-filled scented cups results in no reward. Retention intervals are individually titrated such that subjects perform between 40 and 70% correct, therefore ensuring rats sometimes remember and sometimes forget the sample. Here, the operational definition of metamemory is the ability to distinguish between the presence and absence of memory through behavioral responding. Towards this end, on two-thirds of trials, a decline option is presented in addition to the four choice cups (choice trials). If the decline-test option- an unscented colored sand cup, is selected, the subject receives a smaller less-preferred reward and avoids the memory test. On the remaining third of trials, the decline-test option is not available (forced trials), causing subjects to guess the correct cup when the sample is forgotten. On choice tests, subjects that know when they remember should select the decline option when memory is weak rather than take the test and choose incorrectly. Therefore, significantly higher performance on chosen tests as compared to forced memory tests is indicative of the adaptive use of the decline-test response and metacognitive responding.

This protocol describes a method for investigating the possibility of metamemory, or memory awareness, in rodents. The odor-based delayed-matching-to-sample paradigm is a novel, ecologically-relevant behavioral test useful for determining the extent to which rodents can adaptively respond based on cognitively monitoring the strength of their memory states.

쥐에 일치 샘플 테스트 지연 Metacognitive 냄새 기반을 사용 하 여 응답에 대 한 테스트

Metamemory involves the cognitive ability to assess the strength of one&#39;s memories. To explore the possibility of metamemory in non-human animals, ...

Measuring Active and Passive Tameness Separately in Mice

Domesticated animals such as dogs and laboratory mice show a high level of tameness, which is important for humans to handle them easily. Tameness has two behavioral components: a reluctance to avoid humans (passive tameness) and a motivation to approach humans (active tameness). To quantify these components in mice, we previously developed behavioral tests for active tameness, passive tameness, and the willingness to stay on a human hand, each designed to be completed within 3 min. The data obtained were used for selective breeding, with a large number of mice analyzed per generation. The active tameness test measures the movement of the mouse toward a human hand and the contact it engages in. The passive tameness test measures the duration of time that a mouse tolerates human touch. In the stay-on-hand test, a mouse is placed on a human hand and touched slowly using the thumb of that hand; the duration of time that the animal remains on the hand is measured. Here, we describe the test set-up and apparatus, explain the procedures, and discuss the appropriate data analysis. Finally, we explain how to interpret the results.

Tameness in animals includes a reduction of avoidance responses to humans (passive tameness) and an increase in active approaches to humans (active tameness). Here, we describe detailed protocols for three behavioral tests (active tameness, passive tameness, and stay-on-hand tests) to separately measure the active and passive tameness of mice.

마우스에서 별도로 측정 능동 및 수동 Tameness

Domesticated animals such as dogs and laboratory mice show a high level of tameness, which is important for humans to handle them easily. Tameness has two ...

A Wind Tunnel for Odor Mediated Insect Behavioural Assays

Olfaction is the most important sensory mechanism by which many insects interact with their environment and a wind tunnel is an excellent tool to study insect chemical ecology. Insects can locate point sources in a three-dimensional environment through the sensory interaction and sophisticated behavior. The quantification of this behavior is a key element in the development of new tools for pest control and decision support. A wind tunnel with a suitable flight section with laminar air flow, visual cues for in-flight feedback and a variety of options for the application of odors can be used to measure complex behaviour which subsequently may allow the identification of attractive or repellent odors, insect flight characteristics, visual-odor interactions and interactions between attractants and odors lingering as background odors in the environment. A wind tunnel holds the advantage of studying the odor mediated behavioural repertoire of an insect in a laboratory setting. Behavioural measures in a controlled setting provide the link between the insect physiology and field application. A wind tunnel must be a flexible tool and should easily support the changes to setup and hardware to fit different research questions. The major disadvantage to the wind tunnel setup described here, is the clean odor background which necessitates special attention when developing a synthetic volatile blend for field application.

Here, we describe the construction and use of a wind tunnel for odor mediated behavioural assays with insects. The wind tunnel design facilitates the release of odor sources by several methods, with and without visual stimuli. Wind tunnel experiments are important methods to identify behaviorally active volatile chemicals.

냄새에 대 한 바람 터널 중재 곤충 행동 분석 실험

Olfaction is the most important sensory mechanism by which many insects interact with their environment and a wind tunnel is an excellent tool to study ...

Novel Object Recognition and Object Location Behavioral Testing in Mice on a Budget

Ethologically relevant behavioral testing is a critical component of any study that uses mouse models to study the cognitive effects of various physiological or pathological changes. The object location task (OLT) and the novel object recognition task (NORT) are two effective behavioral tasks commonly used to reveal the function and relative health of specific brain regions involved in memory. While both of these tests exploit the inherent preference of mice for the novelty to reveal memory for previously encountered objects, the OLT primarily evaluates spatial learning, which relies heavily on hippocampal activity. The NORT, in contrast, evaluates non-spatial learning of object identity, which relies on multiple brain regions. Both tasks require an open-field-testing arena, objects with equivalent intrinsic value to mice, appropriate environmental cues, and video recording equipment and the software. Commercially available systems, while convenient, can be costly. This manuscript details a simple, cost-effective method for building the arenas and setting up the equipment necessary to perform the OLT and NORT. Furthermore, the manuscript describes an efficient testing protocol that incorporates both OLT and NORT and provides typical methods for data acquisition and analysis, as well as representative results. Successful completion of these tests can provide valuable insight into the memory function of various mouse model systems and appraise the underlying neural regions that support these functions.

Here we provide a protocol which includes comprehensive instructions for the economical establishment of murine object location and novel object recognition behavioral testing, including the design, cost, and construction of required equipment as well as execution of behavioral testing, data collection, and analysis.

Methods Article

마우스에서 냄새 차별과 요법 이니에 대한 테스트