This work is supported by a Baylor University Research Council grant and by a research grant from the Epilepsy Foundation.

Os ratos machos adultos utilizados na experiência seguinte foram gerados e alojado na Universidade de Baylor a uma temperatura ambiente de 22 ° C, com uma luz de 14 h e 10 h escuro (20:00-06:00 h) ciclo diurno. Os ratos tiveram acesso ad libitum a comida e água. Todos os procedimentos para os ratos estavam em conformidade com os Institutos Nacionais de Saúde Diretrizes para o Cuidado e Uso de Animais de Laboratório eo protocolo animal foi aprovado pela Universidade de Baylor Animal Care e do Comitê Use. Os ratinhos foram testados no final da manhã / tarde. Para todos os procedimentos abaixo o pesquisador deve usar luvas para eliminar odores e evitar a contaminação. 1. Preparação de Odores não-sociais <ol><li> Prepare odores não sociais frescos cada dia de testes. Nota: O investigador deve usar luvas para preparar os odores. <ol><li> Encha três tubos de centrífuga com 10 ml de água cada. </li><li> Pipetar 100 mL de extrato de banana em um 15 ml &amp; #160; tubo cónico e 100 ul de extracto de amêndoa para um segundo tubo de 15 ml de uma diluição de 1: 100. Nota: O terceiro tubo de 15 ml conterá somente água. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Preparação de Odores Sociais <ol><li> Prepare odores sociais frescos na manhã de testes irá ocorrer. Obter odores sociais de duas gaiolas que não tenham sido limpos durante pelo menos três dias, e contêm um número igual de ratinhos. Obter odores sociais de ratos do mesmo sexo como o sujeito de teste. Nota: Estes estão a ser armazenados a temperatura ambiente e deve ser usada dentro de 4-6 horas para manter o odor forte e consistente. <ol><li> Determine quantas odor sociais cotonetes precisam ser criados: cada rato que está sendo testado será apresentado com três swabs de odor Social 1, e três de odor sociais 2. </li><li> Prepare odores sociais limpando um cotonete de uma forma em zigue-zague através da parte inferior de uma gaiola suja. Sacudir qualquer excesso cama agarrado à ponta. </li><li> Loja swabs em grandes frascos de vidro com tampas ou em copos cobertos com parafilme. Designar um recipiente para um odor sociais e um segundo para o odor sociais 2. </li></ol></li><li> Manter gaiolas de origem odor fora da sala de ensaio experimental. </li></ol> 3. A aclimatação do mouse Teste <ol><li> Calçar luvas e pesar o mouse para ser testado e coloque individualmente em uma gaiola limpa com uma tampa de arame em cima e garrafa de água removida. </li><li> Permitir que o mouse para se aclimatar à nova gaiola por 45 min em uma sala diferente de sala de ensaios. Certifique-se de que não existem odores ou ruídos no quarto. </li><li> Como teste leva cerca de 45 min, escalonar os tempos de aclimatação, colocando a próxima mouse para ser testado em uma gaiola limpa para se aclimatar à direita antes de testar o mouse atual. </li></ol> 4. Preparação da sala de teste <ol><li> Coloque compressas de algodão frescos, fita de laboratório, os frascos contendo swabs odor sociais, os tubos de nsobre-sociais odores, uma micropipeta, dois temporizadores, e um frasco de resíduos com uma tampa na sala de testes. </li><li> Certifique-se de que a sala de ensaios é razoavelmente livre de odores, ruídos altos e luz brilhante. Não use perfumes ou loções perfumadas. Nota: O observador não deve ser mascar chicletes ou balas durante o período de testes e deve tentar limitar a sua exposição a fortes alimentos de odor. </li></ol> 5. Procedimento de Teste <ol><li> Traga o mouse aclimatados em sua gaiola na sala de ensaio e colocar a gaiola em cima do balcão, a uma altura que seja confortável para visualização enquanto estiver sentado. </li><li> Apresente cada odor 3 vezes em uma fila para 2 min cada vez. Utilizar a ordem de apresentação que pode ser encontrada na Tabela 1. <ol><li> Pipetar 50 ul de odorante no perfume a ser testado para a ponta da mecha de algodão e volte a fechar a fonte de odor. Levante a parte superior da gaiola de arame e insira a extremidade sem cheiro, de madeira do swab na abertura da garrafa de água, empurrandog o comprimento através do lado de baixo do fio para o topo. Evite tocar a ponta de algodão para nada, incluindo dedos, de modo que a contaminação odor é evitado. </li><li> Continue a puxar o cotonete com a abertura da garrafa de água até cerca de 1 polegada do fim algodão trava para baixo na gaiola. Apor o fim da haste de madeira para o lado da gaiola usando fita laboratório. Nota: Tenha cuidado para não deixar a tampa cair de volta para a jaula, fazendo um ruído alto que iria perturbar o mouse teste. </li><li> Começar imediatamente temporização para 2 min. Use um temporizador para cronometrar o 2 min de apresentação. Grave o tempo acumulado gasto cheirando o odor durante 2 min julgamento. Contagem comportamento sniffing do animal usando um cronômetro separado. Sniffing ativo é definido quando o nariz do animal é orientada para a ponta de algodão com seu nariz ~ 2 centímetros ou mais perto da ponta. </li><li> Após a conclusão de cada julgamento, levantar a tampa do fio e retire o cotonete, puxando-a para baixo através da ONUderside da tampa (o que evita a contaminação de odores, impedindo que a ponta de algodão de tocar o fio). Selar o swab usado em uma garrafa de 500 ml de resíduos. </li><li> Preparar e inserir o próximo swab e começar a cronometragem. Permitir que cerca de 1 min entre cada intervalo inter-julgamento. Continue até que cada perfume tem sido apresentado três vezes seguidas, durante 2 minutos de cada vez. </li></ol></li><li> Uma vez que o rato tenha completado todos os ensaios, esvaziar o frasco de resíduos contendo as cotonetes utilizadas em uma lata de lixo do lado de fora da sala de teste. Devolver o mouse para sua gaiola. </li></ol> 6. 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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Os resultados apresentados neste artigo são ideais para camundongos. Os ratinhos demonstram uma forte resposta a um odor de novo, em seguida, rapidamente habituar. Um dos passos chave no presente método é a preparação dos odores. O investigador deve tomar muito cuidado para isolar os odores um do outro para evitar a contaminação. Outro aspecto importante é a apresentação do cotonete. O investigador precisa solucionar a melhor localização da ponta de algodão para que o rato pode investigar a ponta, mas não ...

Ratos são dependentes olfato para navegar novos ambientes, encontrar comida, para o reconhecimento de outras pessoas, e comportamento sexual 1-3. É essencial que os investigadores determinar se ou não os animais experimentais têm um sentido de cheiro funcionamento antes de administrar testes comportamentais que envolvem a comida, a interacção social, ou quaisquer odores destinados a induzir uma resposta a partir do ratinho. A anosmia ou a incapacidade de distinguir entre diferentes odores, poderia resultar em falsos positivos ou negativos em uma ampla variedade de paradigmas de comportamento, de modo a capacidade de um rato para detectar e distinguir os odores deve ser estabelecida antes de outros tipos de testes comportamentais são efectuadas. O teste de habituação / dishabituation olfativo foi descrita pela primeira vez na década de 1980 4. O ensaio foi adaptado para utilização em ratinhos pelos Drs. Mu Yang e Jacqueline Crawley 5. Este é um teste simples e barato, que permite ao investigador ESTABlish que um rato pode detectar e diferenciar entre odores. Além de testar olfacto, este teste permite ao investigador observar o comportamento geral do rato e deve ser feita no início de um regime de testes. Observações qualitativas sobre a locomoção do rato, sinais de ansiedade, nível de atividade, e resposta a odores sociais contra os odores dos alimentos pode sinalizar novas áreas em que os testes poderiam ser realizados. Neste teste, compressas de algodão embebido em vários odores são apresentados a um mouse três vezes em uma fileira. Com cada apresentação repetida de um odor, o rato vai habituar ao cotonete, gastando menos tempo investigando-o com cada apresentação subsequente. Quando um novo odor é apresentado, dishabituation ocorre, e um mouse típico vai gastar mais tempo a investigar o cotonete, indicando que ele pode discriminar entre os actuais e anteriores odores 5. Este teste é administrado a um rato de cada vez e inclui um 45 min acclimation período seguido de 45 minutos de teste. Embora este teste é fácil de transportar para fora, pode ser utilizado para investigar perguntas sofisticadas sobre o sistema olfactivo do rato. Outros testes populares de olfacto, tais como o teste de alimentos enterrado, simplesmente determinar a presença ou ausência de anosmia. No entanto, o teste de discriminação e habituação olfactiva permite ao investigador para determinar que um mouse não só tem a capacidade de detectar odores, mas pode discriminar entre diferentes odores. O padrão de habituação e dishabituation foi usado para estabelecer novos mutantes que podem discriminar entre os odores 6,7. Em um estudo surpreendente, Fadool e seus colegas usaram misturas complexas de odores para mostrar que os ratos com supressão segmentadas gene do canal Kv1.3 são &quot;super smellers&quot; que podem discriminar odores muito similares melhor do que ratos normais 8. Ao examinar um novo modelo de nocaute do mouse é útil Establish na presença de um comportamento normal para tarefas sensoriais básicos. Quando feito no início de um regime de testes, a discriminação odor e teste de habituação dá um investigador a oportunidade de observar quaisquer comportamentos incomuns. Estas observações podem evitar resultados falsos positivos ou negativos em testes posteriores que são atribuíveis ao confundindo características do mutante. Como os investigadores continuam a investigar o comportamento social a necessidade de verificar a função olfativa básico torna-se cada vez mais importante. Além de examinar o olfato em linhas mutantes, este teste pode ser usado para tratar de questões específicas, como se um tratamento farmacológico aumenta especificamente a resposta de um animal a estímulos odor sociais ou se os seus aumentos de resposta a todos os estímulos odor.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Mouse cage</td><td>Allentown</td><td>Standard mouse cage</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Wire lid</td><td>Allentown</td><td>BCU Mouse WBL 2500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bedding</td><td>Harlan</td><td>7090 Sani-Chips</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cotton swabs</td><td>VWR</td><td>89031-270</td><td>6&amp;rdquo; wooden handle</td></tr><tr><td>Banana extract</td><td>McCormick</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Almond extract</td><td>McCormick</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Laboratory tape</td><td>VWR</td><td>89098-062</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stop watch</td><td>VWR</td><td>62374-000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nitrile gloves</td><td>VWR</td><td>82026</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Timing device</td><td>VWR</td><td>61161-350</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>15 ml conical tubes</td><td>VWR</td><td>89003-294</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2 L beakers&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Pyrex</td><td>1003</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Parafilm</td><td>Parafilm</td><td>PM-992</td><td>4&amp;rdquo; x 250&amp;rsquo;</td></tr><tr><td>1 L bottle with cap</td><td>VWR</td><td>89000-240</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

testing for odor discrimination and habituation in mice

This video demonstrates a technique to establish the presence of a normally functioning olfactory system in a mouse. The test helps determine whether the mouse can discriminate between non-social odors and social odors, whether the mouse habituates to a repeatedly presented odor, and whether the mouse demonstrates dishabituation when presented with a novel odor. Since many social behavior tests measure the experimental animal&#8217;s response to a familiar or novel mouse, false positives can be avoided by establishing that the animals can detect and discriminate between social odors. There are similar considerations in learning tests such as fear conditioning that use odor to create a novel environment or olfactory cues as an associative stimulus. Deficits in the olfactory system would impair the ability to distinguish between contexts and to form an association with an olfactory cue during fear conditioning. 
In the odor habitation/dishabituation test, the mouse is repeatedly presented with several odors. Each odor is presented three times for two minutes. The investigator records the sniffing time directed towards the odor as the measurement of olfactory responsiveness. A typical mouse shows a decrease in response to the odor over repeated presentations (habituation). The experimenter then presents a novel odor that elicits increased sniffing towards the new odor (dishabituation). After repeated presentation of the novel odor the animal again shows habituation. This protocol involves the presentation of water, two or more non-social odors, and two social odors. In addition to reducing experimental confounds, this test can provide information on the function of the olfactory systems of new knockout, knock-in, and conditional knockout mouse lines.

Seguindo o protocolo descrito, os resultados foram registados utilizando dez adultos (dia pós-natal 90-120) ratos machos C57BL / 6J e oito macho estirpe FVB mista-fundo (dia pós-natal 50-70). O teste foi realizado por um único investigador ao longo de vários dias. Cada ponto nos gráficos representa a média de tempo gasto a investigar um odor. Quando o cotonete embebido em água é introduzido pela primeira vez, os ratos gastar uma grande quantidade de tempo a investigar este romance ob...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Testing for Odor Discrimination and Habituation in Mice at JoVE.com

Testing for Odor Discrimination and Habituation in Mice

This manuscript describes a protocol to examine the olfactory system of rodents. The olfactory habituation/dishabituation test will allow investigators to determine whether a mouse habituates to a repeatedly presented odor and whether the mouse demonstrates dishabituation when presented a novel odor.

Testes para Odor Discriminação e habituação em ratos

This video demonstrates a technique to establish the presence of a normally functioning olfactory system in a mouse. The test helps determine whether the ...

testing-for-odor-discrimination-and-habituation-in-mice

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

17.6K visualizações.  Baylor University. This manuscript describes a protocol to examine the olfactory system of rodents. The olfactory habituation/dishabituation test will allow investigators to determine whether a mouse habituates to a repeatedly presented odor and whether the mouse demonstrates dishabituation when presented a novel odor. 

Vídeo: Testing for Odor Discrimination and Habituation in Mice

The Attentional Set Shifting Task: A Measure of Cognitive Flexibility in Mice

Cognitive impairment, particularly involving dysfunction of circuitry within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), represents a core feature of many neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, including depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder. Deficits in cognitive function also represent the most difficult symptom domain&#160;to successfully treat, as serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants have only modest effects. Functional neuroimaging studies and postmortem analysis of human brain tissue implicate the PFC as being a primary region of dysregulation in patients with these disorders. However, preclinical behavioral assays used to assess these deficits in mouse models which can be readily manipulated genetically and could provide the basis for studies of new treatment avenues have been underutilized. Here we describe the adaptation of a behavioral assay, the attentional set shifting task (AST), to be performed in mice to assess prefrontal cortex mediated cognitive deficits. The neural circuits underlying behavior during the AST are highly conserved across humans, nonhuman primates and rodents, providing excellent face, construct and predictive validity.

The goal of this protocol is to perform a behavioral assay such as the attentional set shifting task (AST) to assess prefrontal cortex-mediated cognitive flexibility in mice.

A Task Attentional Set Shifting: uma certa flexibilidade cognitiva em ratos

Cognitive impairment, particularly involving dysfunction of circuitry within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), represents a core feature of many ...

Comportamento

Simple and Computer-assisted Olfactory Testing for Mice

Olfaction is highly conserved among species and is required for reproduction and survival.
In humans, olfaction is also one of the senses that is affected with aging and is a strong predictor of neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, olfaction testing is used as a non-invasive diagnostic method to detect neurological deficits early on. In order to understand the mechanisms underlying olfactory network susceptibility, olfactory research in rodents has gained momentum in the past decade.
Here, we present a very simple, time efficient and reproducible olfactory testing method of innate odor perception and sensitivity in mice without the need of any prior food or water restriction. The tests are performed in a familiar environment to the mice, require only the scents and a 2 min session of odorant exposure. The analysis is performed, post-hoc, using computer-assisted commands on ImageJ and can be, therefore, carried out from start to end by one researcher.
This protocol does not require any special hardware or setup and is indicated for any laboratory interested in testing olfactory perception and sensitivity.

We present a simple and unbiased olfactory test in mice. With this protocol olfactory discrimination, preference, avoidance and sensitivity to a novel odor as compared to water can be assessed in single behavioral sessions. This method is indicated for a single experimenter and analysis is based on computer-assisted video processing.

Simples e Testes Olfativo para Ratos assistido por computador

Olfaction is highly conserved among species and is required for reproduction and survival.
In humans, olfaction is also one of the senses that is affected ...

An Operant Intra-/Extra-dimensional Set-shift Task for Mice

Alterations in executive control and cognitive flexibility, such as attentional set-shifting abilities, are core features of several neuropsychiatric diseases. The most widely used neuropsychological tests for the evaluation of attentional set-shifting in human subjects are the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and the CANTAB Intra-/Extra-dimensional set shift task (ID/ED). These tasks have proven clinical relevance and have been modified and successfully adapted for research in animal models. However, currently available tasks for rodents present several limitations, mainly due to their manual-based testing procedures, which are hampering translational advances in psychiatric medicine. To overcome these limitations and to better mimic the original version in primates, we present the development of a novel operant-based two-chamber ID/ED "Operon" task for rodents. We demonstrated the effectiveness of this novel task to measure different facets of cognitive flexibility in mice including attentional set formation and shifting, and reversal learning. Moreover, we show the high flexibility of this task in which three different perceptual dimensions can be manipulated with a high number of stimuli cues for each dimension. This novel ID/ED Operon task can be an effective preclinical tool for drug testing and/or large genetic screening relevant to the study of executive dysfunction and cognitive symptoms found in psychiatric disorders.

Attentional set-shifting cognitive abnormalities are a core feature of many psychiatric diseases. Here, we present the development of a novel automatic system for the effective study of attentional set-shifting abilities, executive functions and other cognitive abilities in mice with high translational validity to human studies.

Um operante intra / extra-dimensional Set-shift-Tarefa para ratos

Alterations in executive control and cognitive flexibility, such as attentional set-shifting abilities, are core features of several neuropsychiatric ...

Olfactory Behavioral Testing in the Adult Mouse

The rodent olfactory system is of increasing interest to scientists, studied, in part, in systems biology because of its stereotyped, yet accessible circuitry. In addition, this area's unique ability to generate new neurons throughout an organism's lifetime makes it an attractive system for developmental and regenerative biologists alike. Such interest necessitates a means for a quick, yet reliable assessment of olfactory function. Many tests of olfactory ability are complex, variable or not specifically designed for mice. Also, some tests are sensitive to memory deficits as well as defects in olfactory abilities, confounding obtained results.
Here, we describe a simple battery of tests designed to identify defects in olfactory sensitivity and preference. First, an initial general health assessment allows for the identification of animals suitable for further testing. Second, mice are exposed to various dilutions of scents to ascertain whether there is a threshold difference. Third, mice are presented with various scents, both attractive and aversive, that allow for the assessment of olfactory preference. These simple studies should make the initial characterization of olfactory behavior accessible for labs of varied resources and expertise.

Fundamental, yet unique properties of the rodent olfactory system have led to its increasing study among biologists. A relatively simple assessment of its function is then also needed. Here we describe sensitive tests for the characterization of mouse olfactory sensitivity and preference.

Teste Comportamental olfativo no rato adulto

The rodent olfactory system is of increasing interest to scientists, studied, in part, in systems biology because of its stereotyped, yet accessible ...

Biologia

A Low-Cost, Odor-Reward Association Task for Tests of Learning and Memory

Robust and simple behavioral paradigms of appetitive, associative memory are crucial for researchers interested in cellular and molecular mechanisms of memory. In this paper, an effective and low-cost mouse behavioral protocol is described for examining the effects of physiological manipulation (such as the infusion of pharmacological agents) on the learning rate and duration of odor-reward memory. Representative results are provided from a study examining the differential role of tyrosine kinase receptor activity in short-term (STM) and long-term memory (LTM). Male mice were conditioned to associate a reward (sugar pellet) with one of the two odors, and their memory for the association was tested 2 or 48 h later. Immediately prior to the training, a tyrosine kinase (Trk) receptor inhibitor or vehicle infusions were delivered into the olfactory bulb (OB). Although there was no effect of the infusion on the learning rate, blockade of the Trk receptors in the OB selectively impaired LTM (48 h), and not short-term memory (STM; 2 h). The LTM impairment was attributed to the diminished odor selectivity as measured by the length of the digging time. The culmination of the results of this experiment showed that Trk receptor activation in the OB is the key in olfactory memory consolidation.

An odor-reward, associative learning task was used to investigate the differential effects of physiological manipulation on long-term and short-term memory.

Robust and simple behavioral paradigms of appetitive, associative memory are crucial for researchers interested in cellular and molecular mechanisms of ...

Avaliação do comprometimento olfativo em camundongos devido a poluentes ambientais inalados

Studying the Effects of Inhaled Environmental Pollutants on Olfactory Function in Mice

Olfactory impairment is a significant public health problem and independently predicts the risk of neurodegenerative diseases. Inhaled environmental pollutants exposure may impair olfaction; thereby, there is an urgent need for methods to evaluate the effects of inhaled environmental pollutants exposure on olfaction. Mice are ideal models for olfactory experiments because of their highly developed olfactory system and behavioral characteristics. To assess the effects of inhaled environmental pollutants exposure on olfactory function in mice, a detailed buried food test and social odor discrimination experiment is provided, including the experiment preparation, the selection and construction of experimental facilities, the testing process, and indexes of time. Meanwhile, timekeeping equipment, operational details, and the experimental environment are discussed to ensure the success of the assay. Zinc sulfate is used as the treatment to demonstrate the feasibility of the experimental approach. The protocol provides a simple and clear operational process for assessing the effects of inhaled environmental pollutants on olfactory function in mice.

Autor em destaque: Avaliando os efeitos olfativos de poluentes transportados pelo ar - alimentos enterrados e testes de odor social

This paper provides a detailed description of the buried food test and social odor discrimination experiment to assess the effects of inhaled environmental pollutants exposure on olfactory function in mice.

Estudando os efeitos de poluentes ambientais inalados na função olfativa em camundongos

Olfactory impairment is a significant public health problem and independently predicts the risk of neurodegenerative diseases. Inhaled environmental ...

Ambiente

Assessment of Mouse Judgment Bias through an Olfactory Digging Task

Judgment biases (JB) are differences in the way that individuals in positive and negative affective/emotional states interpret ambiguous information. This phenomenon has long been observed in humans, with individuals in positive states responding to ambiguity 'optimistically' and those in negative states instead showing 'pessimism'. Researchers aiming to assess animal affect have taken advantage of these differential responses, developing tasks to assess judgment bias as an indicator of affective state. These tasks are becoming increasingly popular across diverse species and fields of research. However, for laboratory mice, the most widely used vertebrates in research and a species heavily relied upon to model affective disorders, only one JB task has been successfully validated as sensitive to changes in affective state. Here, we provide a detailed description of this novel murine JB task, and evidence of its sensitivity to mouse affect. Though refinements are still necessary, assessment of mouse JB opens the door for answering both practical questions regarding mouse welfare, and fundamental questions about the impact of affective state in translational research.

This article provides a detailed description of a novel mouse judgment bias protocol. Evidence of this olfactory digging task's sensitivity to affective state is also demonstrated and its utility across diverse research fields is discussed.

Avaliação do viés de julgamento do rato através de uma tarefa de escavação olfativa

Judgment biases (JB) are differences in the way that individuals in positive and negative affective/emotional states interpret ambiguous information. This ...

Olfactory Assays for Mouse Models of Neurodegenerative Disease

In many neurodegenerative diseases and particularly in Parkinson&#8217;s disease, deficits in olfaction are reported to occur early in the disease process and may be a useful behavioral marker for early detection. Earlier detection in neurodegenerative disease is a major goal in the field because this is when neuroprotective therapies have the best potential to be effective. Therefore, in preclinical studies testing novel neuroprotective strategies in rodent models of neurodegenerative disease, olfactory assessment could be highly useful in determining therapeutic potential of compounds and translation to the clinic. In the present study we describe a battery of olfactory assays that are useful in measuring olfactory function in mice. The tests presented in this study were chosen because they measure olfaction abilities in mice related to food odors, social odors, and non-social odors. These tests have proven useful in characterizing novel genetic mouse models of Parkinson&#8217;s disease as well as in testing potential disease-modifying therapies.

Impairment in olfactory function is a common feature in many neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson, Alzheimer, and Huntington diseases. In the present article, we describe a set of tests for assessing olfaction discrimination and detection in mice that can be used to measure olfactory abilities in mouse models of neurodegenerative diseases.

Ensaios olfativas para o Rato modelos de doenças neurodegenerativas

In many neurodegenerative diseases and particularly in Parkinson&#8217;s disease, deficits in olfaction are reported to occur early in the disease process ...

Testes para Odor Discriminação e habituação em ratos

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A Low-Cost, Odor-Reward Association Task for Tests of Learning and Memory

Estudando os efeitos de poluentes ambientais inalados na função olfativa em camundongos

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Estudando os efeitos de poluentes ambientais inalados na função olfativa em camundongos

Avaliação do viés de julgamento do rato através de uma tarefa de escavação olfativa

Ensaios olfativas para o Rato modelos de doenças neurodegenerativas