This work is supported by a Baylor University Research Council grant and by a research grant from the Epilepsy Foundation.

Aşağıdaki deneyde kullanılan yetişkin erkek fareler, yeniden oluşturulmuştur ve koyu bir 14 saat ışık ve 10 saat (20:00-6:00 saat) gündüz döngüsü, 22 ° C&#39;lik bir çevre sıcaklığında Baylor Üniversitesi&#39;nde barındırıldı. farenin yemek ve su ad libitum verildi. Farelere tüm işlemler Baylor Üniversitesi Hayvan Bakımı ve Kullanımı Komitesi tarafından onaylandı Laboratuvar Hayvanları Bakım ve Kullanımı ve hayvansal protokolü için Sağlık Rehberi National Institutes uygun idi. Fareler geç sabah / öğleden sonra test edilmiştir. Araştırmacı altındaki tüm prosedürler için kokuları ortadan kaldırmak ve kirlenmeyi önlemek için eldiven giymeli. Sigara sosyal Kokular 1. Hazırlanması <ol><li> Taze olmayan sosyal edici kokuları test her gün hazırlayın. Not: Araştırmacı kokuları hazırlamak için eldiven kullanmalıdır. <ol><li> Su, her biri 10 ml 3 santrifüj tüplerini doldurun. </li><li> 15 ml &amp; # içine muz ekstresinin Pipet 100 ul160; konik tüp ve 1 için bir ikinci 15 ml konik bir tüp içine badem özü 100 ul: 100 seyreltide kullanıldı. Not: Üçüncü 15 ml tüp sadece su ihtiva edecektir. </li></ol></li></ol> Sosyal kokuların 2. Hazırlık <ol><li> Meydana gelecektir sabah testi taze sosyal kokuları hazırlayın. En az üç gün süreyle temizlenmiş ve farelerin eşit sayı içeren henüz iki kafesleri sosyal kokuları edinin. Denek olarak aynı cinsten farelerin sosyal kokuları edinin. Not: Bu, oda sıcaklığında saklanabilir ve güçlü ve sürekli bir koku sağlamak için 4-6 saat içinde kullanılmalıdır. <ol><li> Pamuklu çubuk ihtiyacımız sosyal koku oluşturulacak kaç belirleyin: test edilen her bir fare sosyal koku 2 sosyal koku 1 ve üç üç bezlerden ile sunulacak. </li><li> Kirli bir kafes alt kısmında bir zikzak biçimde bir pamuklu çubukla silerek sosyal kokuları hazırlayın. Ucuna tutunarak herhangi bir aşırı yatak silkeleyin. </li><li> Kapaklı veya parafilm kaplı bardak büyük cam kavanozlarda saklayın bezlerden. Tek sosyal koku 1 konteyner ve sosyal koku 2 için ikinci belirleyin. </li></ol></li><li> Deneysel test odası dışında koku kaynağı kafesleri koruyun. </li></ol> Deney Mouse 3. Acclimation <ol><li> Eldiven giyin ve test edilecek fare tartmak ve üstüne bir tel kapak ve kaldırıldı su şişesi ile temiz bir kafese ayrı ayrı yerleştirin. </li><li> Fare test odasına başka bir odada 45 dakika yeni kafes gelmesini bekleyin. Odaya hiçbir olağandışı koku veya gürültü olmadığından emin olun. </li><li> Test yaklaşık 45 dakika sürer gibi, mevcut fare test etmeden önce hakkını gelmesini temiz bir kafes içine test edilecek bir sonraki fare koyarak aklimasyonundan kez sendeleyip. </li></ol> Test Odası 4. hazırlanması <ol><li> Taze pamuk bezlerden, laboratuvar bant, sosyal koku bezlerden içeren şişeleri, n tüpleri yerleştirinon-sosyal kokuları, bir mikropipet, iki zamanlayıcı ve test odasında kapaklı bir çöp şişe. </li><li> Test odası kokuları, yüksek sesler ve parlak ışık oldukça serbest olduğundan emin olun. Kokulu kolonya ya da losyon giymeyin. Not: Gözlemci test süresince sakız veya şeker çiğneme olmamalı ve güçlü bir koku gıdalara maruz kaldıkları sınırlamak için çalışmalısınız. </li></ol> 5. Test Prosedürü <ol><li> Test odasına kendi kafesine alıştırıldı fareyi getirin ve otururken görüntülemek için rahat bir yükseklikte tezgahın üzerine kafes yerleştirin. </li><li> 2 dakika her zaman için bir satır, her, koku 3 kez sunun. Tablo 1&#39;de bulunabilir sunum sırasını kullanın. <ol><li> Pipet kokusu odorant 50 ul pamuklu çubukla ucuna test ve koku kaynağı-keper yeniden edilecek. Pushin, kafesin tel üst kaldırın ve su şişesi ağzına çubukla kokusuz, ahşap ucunug üstüne tel altından aracılığıyla uzunluğu. O koku kirlenmesi önlenmiş olur, böylece parmaklar dahil her şey, pamuk ucuna dokunmaktan kaçının. </li><li> Pamuk sonu yaklaşık 1 inç kafes içine aşağı sarkar kadar su şişesi açıklığından çubukla çizmek devam edin. Laboratuvar bant kullanarak kafesin yanına çubukla ahşap ucunu yapıştırın. Not: Kapak kafesine geri üzerine düşmesine izin vermemek için dikkatli olun, sınav fare rahatsız edecek bir gürültü neden olur. </li><li> Hemen 2 dakika süreyle zamanlama başlar. 2 dk sunum zaman bir zamanlayıcı kullanın. 2 dk deneme sırasında koku koklama harcanan toplam zamanı kaydedin. Ayrı bir kronometre kullanarak hayvanın koklama davranışını güvenin. Hayvanın burnu onun burnu ~ 2 cm veya ipucu yakın pamuk ucuna yönelik olduğunda aktif koklama tanımlanır. </li><li> Her deneme tamamlanmasından sonra, tel kapağı kaldırın ve un aşağı doğru çekerek pamuklu çubukla kaldırmakKapağın derside (bu tel dokunmasını pamuk ucu önleyerek koku kirlenmesini önler). Bir 500 ml atık şişe kullanılan bez kapatın. </li><li> Hazırlayın ve sonraki çubukla takın ve zamanlama başlar. Her arası deneme aralığı arasında yaklaşık 1 dakika bekleyin. Her koku 2 dakika her zaman için, üst üste üç kez sunulmuştur kadar devam edin. </li></ol></li><li> Fare tüm denemeler tamamlandıktan sonra, can dışarıda test odasında bir çöp kullanılan pamuklu çubuklarla içeren atık şişesini boşaltın. Evde kafes fare dönün. </li></ol> 6. Analiz <ol><li> ANOVA Newman-Keuls ardından iki yönlü veya önemli alışkanlık belirlemek için benzer bir post hoc testi (ardışık aynı kokuyor koklama az zaman) ve dishabitutation (daha fazla zaman yeni bir koku koklama) ile koku durumuna başına her bir grup için verileri analiz. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Bu makalede yer alan sonuçlar fareler için en uygun olan. farelere yeni bir koku güçlü bir tepki göstermektedir, daha sonra hızlı bir şekilde alıştırarak. Bu yöntemde önemli safhalardan biri kokuların hazırlanmasıdır. Araştırmacı kirlenmesini önlemek için birbirinden kokuları izole etmek büyük özen gerekiyor. Başka bir önemli yönü pamuklu çubukla sunumudur. Fare ucu araştırabilir ama ucunda gözyaşı değil bu yüzden araştırmacı pamuk ucu en iyi yer giderilir gerekiyor. Testin öne...

Fareler diğer bireylerin tanımak için, yiyecek bulma, yeni ortamlar seyrüsefer olfaction bağlıdır ve cinsel davranış 1-3. Bu araştırmacılar deney hayvanları yiyecek, sosyal etkileşim, ya da fare bir yanıt ortaya çıkarmak amacıyla herhangi bir koku içeren davranışsal testler uygulamadan önce koku işleyen duygusuna sahip olsun ya da olmasın kurmak esastır. Anozmi veya yetersizlik davranışsal paradigmaların çok çeşitli yanlış pozitif veya negatiflerin yol açabilir, farklı kokulara ayırt etmek, yani davranış testleri diğer türleri yapılmadan önce tespit ve kokuları ayırt etmek için bir farenin kabiliyeti kurulmalıdır. koku alışkanlık / dishabituation testi ilk olarak 1980&#39;li yıllarda 4 tarif edilmiştir. Test Dr farelerde kullanılmak üzere adapte edilmiştir. Mu Yang ve Jacqueline Crawley 5. Bu araştırmacı esta sağlayan basit ve ucuz bir testtirFare algılamak ve kokuları ayırt edebilir Blish. Koku alma test ek olarak, bu test araştırmacı fare genel davranışını gözlemlemek ve erken test rejiminde yapılmalıdır sağlar. Nitel farenin lokomosyon ilişkin gözlemleri, anksiyete belirtileri, aktivite düzeyi ve gıda kokuları karşı toplumsal kokulara tepki testi yapılabilir hangi yeni alanlara işaret ediyor olabilir. Bu testte, çeşitli kokular daldırılır pamuklu bir satırda bir fare üç kez sunulmaktadır. Bir koku her tekrarlanan sunumu ile fare sonraki her bir sunum ile araştıran az zaman harcayarak, pamuklu çubukla alışmakta olacaktır. Yeni bir koku sunulduğunda, dishabituation oluşur ve tipik bir fare mevcut ve önceki kokuları 5 arasında ayrım olduğunu belirten çubukla araştıran daha fazla zaman geçireceksiniz. Bu test, her seferinde bir fareye uygulanan ve 45 dakika acc içerirlimation süresi test 45 dakika izledi. Bu testi taşıması kolay olmasına rağmen, fare koku sistemi hakkında sofistike soruları araştırmak için kullanılabilir. Gömülü Gıda testi gibi koku alma diğer popüler testler, sadece anozmi varlığını veya yokluğunu tespit. Ancak, koku ayrımcılık ve alışkanlık testi araştırmacı fare kokuları algılamak için ancak farklı kokular ayırt edebilir yeteneğine sahip değil sadece belirlemenize olanak sağlar. alışkanlık ve dishabituation desen yeni mutantlar kokuları 6,7 arasında ayrım olduğunu belirlemek için kullanılır olmuştur. Şaşırtıcı bir çalışmada, Fadool ve arkadaşları normal farelere 8 daha çok benzer kokuları ayırt edebilir &quot;süper smellers&quot; Kv1.3 kanalının gen hedefli silme ile bu fareler vardır göstermek için kokuların kompleks karışımlarını kullanılır. Yeni bir nakavt fare modelini incelerken o establis yararlıdırh temel duyu görevler için normal davranış varlığı. Bir test rejiminde erken Bittiğinde, koku ayrımcılık ve alışkanlık testi bir araştırmacı herhangi bir olağandışı davranışları gözlemlemek için fırsat verir. Bu gözlemler mutant özelliklerini karıştırıcı atfedilebilecek sonraki test yanlış pozitif veya negatif sonuçları önleyebilir. Araştırmacılar sosyal davranışı, temel koku işlevini doğrulamak için gereğini araştırmak devam ederken giderek daha önemli hale gelir. Mutant hatlarında koku alma duyusunu inceleyen yanı sıra, bu test gibi tüm koku uyaranlara karşı bir farmakolojik tedavi özellikle sosyal koku uyaranlara bir hayvanın tepkisi artar olmadığı gibi ya da tepki artarsa ​​belirli soruları için kullanılabilir.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse cage</td>
			<td>Allentown</td>
			<td>Standard mouse cage</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="2">Wire lid</td>
			<td rowspan="2">Allentown</td>
			<td>BCU Mouse WBL 2500</td>
			<td rowspan="2"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bedding</td>
			<td>Harlan</td>
			<td>7090 Sani-Chips</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cotton swabs</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>89031-270</td>
			<td>6&#8221; wooden handle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Banana extract</td>
			<td>McCormick</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Almond extract</td>
			<td>McCormick</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laboratory tape</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>89098-062</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stop watch</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>62374-000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nitrile gloves</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>82026</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Timing device</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>61161-350</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 mL conical tubes</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>89003-294</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 L beakers&#160;</td>
			<td>Pyrex</td>
			<td align="right">1003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Parafilm</td>
			<td>Parafilm</td>
			<td>PM-992</td>
			<td>4&#8221; x 250&#8217;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 L bottle with cap</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>89000-240</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

testing for odor discrimination and habituation in mice

This video demonstrates a technique to establish the presence of a normally functioning olfactory system in a mouse. The test helps determine whether the mouse can discriminate between non-social odors and social odors, whether the mouse habituates to a repeatedly presented odor, and whether the mouse demonstrates dishabituation when presented with a novel odor. Since many social behavior tests measure the experimental animal&#8217;s response to a familiar or novel mouse, false positives can be avoided by establishing that the animals can detect and discriminate between social odors. There are similar considerations in learning tests such as fear conditioning that use odor to create a novel environment or olfactory cues as an associative stimulus. Deficits in the olfactory system would impair the ability to distinguish between contexts and to form an association with an olfactory cue during fear conditioning. 
In the odor habitation/dishabituation test, the mouse is repeatedly presented with several odors. Each odor is presented three times for two minutes. The investigator records the sniffing time directed towards the odor as the measurement of olfactory responsiveness. A typical mouse shows a decrease in response to the odor over repeated presentations (habituation). The experimenter then presents a novel odor that elicits increased sniffing towards the new odor (dishabituation). After repeated presentation of the novel odor the animal again shows habituation. This protocol involves the presentation of water, two or more non-social odors, and two social odors. In addition to reducing experimental confounds, this test can provide information on the function of the olfactory systems of new knockout, knock-in, and conditional knockout mouse lines.

Tarif edilen protokol izlenerek, sonuçları on yetişkin (doğum sonrası gün 90-120) erkek C57BL / 6J fareler sekiz erkek FVB karma arka suşu (doğum sonrası gün 50-70) kullanılarak kaydedildi. Test birden fazla gün boyunca tek bir araştırmacı tarafından yürütülmüştür. Grafikler her nokta bir koku araştıran harcanan ortalama süreyi temsil eder. Suya batırılmış pamuklu ilk tanıtıldı zaman, fareler bu yeni nesneyi (: İlk üç veri noktaları Şekil 1)</stro...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Testing for Odor Discrimination and Habituation in Mice at JoVE.com

Testing for Odor Discrimination and Habituation in Mice

This manuscript describes a protocol to examine the olfactory system of rodents. The olfactory habituation/dishabituation test will allow investigators to determine whether a mouse habituates to a repeatedly presented odor and whether the mouse demonstrates dishabituation when presented a novel odor.

Fare Koku Ayrımcılık ve alışkanlık için test

This video demonstrates a technique to establish the presence of a normally functioning olfactory system in a mouse. The test helps determine whether the ...

testing-for-odor-discrimination-and-habituation-in-mice

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

17.5K Görüntüleme.  Baylor University. This manuscript describes a protocol to examine the olfactory system of rodents. The olfactory habituation/dishabituation test will allow investigators to determine whether a mouse habituates to a repeatedly presented odor and whether the mouse demonstrates dishabituation when presented a novel odor. 

Video: Testing for Odor Discrimination and Habituation in Mice

Contextual and Cued Fear Conditioning Test Using a Video Analyzing System in Mice

The contextual and cued fear conditioning test is one of the behavioral tests that assesses the ability of mice to learn and remember an association between environmental cues and aversive experiences. In this test, mice are placed into a conditioning chamber and are given parings of a conditioned stimulus (an auditory cue) and an aversive unconditioned stimulus (an electric footshock). After a delay time, the mice are exposed to the same conditioning chamber and a differently shaped chamber with presentation of the auditory cue. Freezing behavior during the test is measured as an index of fear memory. To analyze the behavior automatically, we have developed a video analyzing system using the ImageFZ application software program, which is available as a free download at http://www.mouse-phenotype.org/. Here, to show the details of our protocol, we demonstrate our procedure for the contextual and cued fear conditioning test in C57BL/6J mice using the ImageFZ system. In addition, we validated our protocol and the video analyzing system performance by comparing freezing time measured by the ImageFZ system or a photobeam-based computer measurement system with that scored by a human observer. As shown in our representative results, the data obtained by ImageFZ were similar to those analyzed by a human observer, indicating that the behavioral analysis using the ImageFZ system is highly reliable. The present movie article provides detailed information regarding the test procedures and will promote understanding of the experimental situation.

This article presents a protocol for a contextual and cued fear conditioning test using a video analyzing system to assess fear learning and memory in mice.

Farelerde Video Analiz Sistemi kullanma ve bağlamsal cued Korku Klima Testi

The contextual and cued fear conditioning test is one of the behavioral tests that assesses the ability of mice to learn and remember an association ...

Davranış

Barnes Maze Testing Strategies with Small and Large Rodent Models

Spatial learning and memory of laboratory rodents is often assessed via navigational ability in mazes, most popular of which are the water and dry-land (Barnes) mazes. Improved performance over sessions or trials is thought to reflect learning and memory of the escape cage/platform location. Considered less stressful than water mazes, the Barnes maze is a relatively simple design of a circular platform top with several holes equally spaced around the perimeter edge. All but one of the holes are false-bottomed or blind-ending, while one leads to an escape cage. Mildly aversive stimuli (e.g.&#160;bright overhead lights) provide motivation to locate the escape cage. Latency to locate the escape cage can be measured during the session; however, additional endpoints typically require video recording. From those video recordings, use of automated tracking software can generate a variety of endpoints that are similar to those produced in water mazes (e.g.&#160;distance traveled, velocity/speed, time spent in the correct quadrant, time spent moving/resting, and confirmation of latency). Type of search strategy (i.e.&#160;random, serial, or direct) can be categorized as well. Barnes maze construction and testing methodologies can differ for small rodents, such as mice, and large rodents, such as rats. For example, while extra-maze cues are effective for rats, smaller wild rodents may require intra-maze cues with a visual barrier around the maze. Appropriate stimuli must be identified which motivate the rodent to locate the escape cage. Both Barnes and water mazes can be time consuming as 4-7 test trials are typically required to detect improved learning and memory performance (e.g.&#160;shorter latencies or path lengths to locate the escape platform or cage) and/or differences between experimental groups. Even so, the Barnes maze is a widely employed behavioral assessment measuring spatial navigational abilities and their potential disruption by genetic, neurobehavioral manipulations, or drug/ toxicant exposure.

The dry-land Barnes maze is widely used to measure spatial navigation ability in response to mildly aversive stimuli. Over consecutive days, performance (e.g.&#160;latency to locate escape cage) of control subjects improves, indicative of normal learning and memory. Differences between rats and mice necessitate apparatus and methodology changes that are detailed here.

Küçük ve Büyük Kemirgen Modelleri ile Barnes Labirent Test Stratejileri

Spatial learning and memory of laboratory rodents is often assessed via navigational ability in mazes, most popular of which are the water and dry-land ...

The Modified Hole Board - Measuring Behavior, Cognition and Social Interaction in Mice and Rats

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure multiple dimensions of unconditioned behavior in small laboratory mammals (e.g., mice, rats, tree shrews and small primates). This paradigm is a valuable alternative for the use of a behavioral test battery, since a broad behavioral spectrum of an animal&#8217;s behavioral profile can be investigated in one single test.
The apparatus consists of a box, representing the &#8216;protected&#8217; area, separated from a group compartment. A board, on which small cylinders are staggered in three lines, is placed in the center of the box, representing the &#8216;unprotected&#8217; area of the set-up. The cognitive abilities of the animals can be measured by baiting some cylinders on the board and measuring the working and reference memory. Other unconditioned behavior, such as activity-related-, anxiety-related- and social behavior, can be observed using this paradigm. Behavioral flexibility and the ability to habituate to a novel environment can additionally be observed by subjecting the animals to multiple trials in the mHB, revealing insight into the animals&#8217; adaptive capacities.
Due to testing order effects in a behavioral test battery, na&#239;ve animals should be used for each individual experiment. By testing multiple behavioral dimensions in a single paradigm and thereby circumventing this issue, the number of experimental animals used is reduced. Furthermore, by avoiding social isolation during testing and without the need to food deprive the animals, the mHB represents a behavioral test system, inducing if any, very low amount of stress.

This protocol describes the modified hole board, which is a behavioral test set-up that comprises the characteristics of an open field and a traditional hole board. This set-up enables the differential analysis of unconditioned behavior of small laboratory mammals as well as the analysis of cognitive abilities.

Modifiye Delik Kurulu - Fareler ve Sıçanlarda Davranışı, Biliş ve Sosyal Etkileşim Ölçme

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure ...

Morris Water Maze Test: Optimization for Mouse Strain and Testing Environment

The Morris water maze (MWM) is a commonly used task to assess hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory in transgenic mouse models of disease, including neurocognitive disorders such as Alzheimer&#8217;s disease. However, the background strain of the mouse model used can have a substantial effect on the observed behavioral phenotype, with some strains exhibiting superior learning ability relative to others. To ensure differences between transgene negative and transgene positive mice can be detected, identification of a training procedure sensitive to the background strain is essential. Failure to tailor the MWM protocol to the background strain of the mouse model may lead to under- or over- training, thereby masking group differences in probe trials. Here, a MWM protocol tailored for use with the F1 FVB/N x 129S6 background is described. This is a frequently used background strain to study the age-dependent effects of mutant P301L tau (rTg(TauP301L)4510 mice) on the memory deficits associated with Alzheimer&#8217;s disease. Also described is a strategy to re-optimize, as dictated by the particular testing environment utilized.

This manuscript describes a Morris water maze (MWM) protocol tailored for use with a commonly used mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. The MWM is widely used in transgenic mouse models. Implementation of a procedure sensitive to the background strain of the mouse model is essential for detecting group differences.

Morris Water Maze Testi: Fare Gerilme ve Test Ortamı için Optimizasyon

 The Morris water maze (MWM) is a commonly used task to assess hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory in transgenic mouse models of disease, ...

A Protocol for Housing Mice in an Enriched Environment

Environmental enrichment (EE) is a housing environment for mice that boosts mental and physical health compared to standard laboratory housing. Our recent studies demonstrate that environmental enrichment decreases adiposity, increases energy expenditure, resists diet induced obesity, and causes cancer remission and inhibition in mice. EE typically consists of larger living space, a variety of &#8216;toys&#8217; to interact with, running wheels, and can include a number of other novel environmental changes. All of this fosters a more complex social engagement, cognitive and physical stimulations. Importantly, the toy location and type of toy is changed regularly, which encourages the mice to adapt to a frequently changing and novel environment. Many variables can be manipulated in EE to promote health effects in mice. Thus these approaches are difficult to control and must be properly managed to successfully replicate the associated phenotypes. Therefore, the goal of this video is to demonstrate how EE is properly set up and maintained to assure a complex, challenging, and controlled environment so that other researchers can easily reproduce the protective effects of EE against obesity and cancer.

Environmental enrichment for mice requires a complex and challenging setup, as well as comprehensive husbandry and handling techniques to assure robust metabolic and anti-cancer effects in the mice. This protocol provides detailed procedures to reproduce the above mentioned effects in mice.

Bir Zenginleştirilmiş Ortamında Konut Fareler için Protokol

Environmental enrichment (EE) is a housing environment for mice that boosts mental and physical health compared to standard laboratory housing. Our recent ...

Simple and Computer-assisted Olfactory Testing for Mice

Olfaction is highly conserved among species and is required for reproduction and survival.
In humans, olfaction is also one of the senses that is affected with aging and is a strong predictor of neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, olfaction testing is used as a non-invasive diagnostic method to detect neurological deficits early on. In order to understand the mechanisms underlying olfactory network susceptibility, olfactory research in rodents has gained momentum in the past decade.
Here, we present a very simple, time efficient and reproducible olfactory testing method of innate odor perception and sensitivity in mice without the need of any prior food or water restriction. The tests are performed in a familiar environment to the mice, require only the scents and a 2 min session of odorant exposure. The analysis is performed, post-hoc, using computer-assisted commands on ImageJ and can be, therefore, carried out from start to end by one researcher.
This protocol does not require any special hardware or setup and is indicated for any laboratory interested in testing olfactory perception and sensitivity.

We present a simple and unbiased olfactory test in mice. With this protocol olfactory discrimination, preference, avoidance and sensitivity to a novel odor as compared to water can be assessed in single behavioral sessions. This method is indicated for a single experimenter and analysis is based on computer-assisted video processing.

Basit ve Bilgisayar destekli Fareler için Koku Testi

Olfaction is highly conserved among species and is required for reproduction and survival.
In humans, olfaction is also one of the senses that is affected ...

Testing for Metacognitive Responding Using an Odor-based Delayed Match-to-Sample Test in Rats

Metamemory involves the cognitive ability to assess the strength of one&#39;s memories. To explore the possibility of metamemory in non-human animals, numerous behavioral tasks have been created, many of which utilize an option to decline memory tests. To assess metamemory in rats, we utilized this decline-test option paradigm by adapting previous visual delayed-match-to-sample tests (DMTS)1,2 developed for primate species to an odor-based test suitable for rodents. First,&#160;rats are given a sample to remember by digging in a cup of scented sand. After a delay, the rat is presented with four distinctly scented cups, one of which contains the identical scent experienced during the sample; if this matching cup is selected, then the rat obtains a preferred, larger reward. Selection of any of the other three non-matching sand-filled scented cups results in no reward. Retention intervals are individually titrated such that subjects perform between 40 and 70% correct, therefore ensuring rats sometimes remember and sometimes forget the sample. Here, the operational definition of metamemory is the ability to distinguish between the presence and absence of memory through behavioral responding. Towards this end, on two-thirds of trials, a decline option is presented in addition to the four choice cups (choice trials). If the decline-test option- an unscented colored sand cup, is selected, the subject receives a smaller less-preferred reward and avoids the memory test. On the remaining third of trials, the decline-test option is not available (forced trials), causing subjects to guess the correct cup when the sample is forgotten. On choice tests, subjects that know when they remember should select the decline option when memory is weak rather than take the test and choose incorrectly. Therefore, significantly higher performance on chosen tests as compared to forced memory tests is indicative of the adaptive use of the decline-test response and metacognitive responding.

This protocol describes a method for investigating the possibility of metamemory, or memory awareness, in rodents. The odor-based delayed-matching-to-sample paradigm is a novel, ecologically-relevant behavioral test useful for determining the extent to which rodents can adaptively respond based on cognitively monitoring the strength of their memory states.

Metabilişsel koku tabanlı kullanarak yanıt için test maç örnek testi sıçanlarda gecikmeli

Metamemory involves the cognitive ability to assess the strength of one&#39;s memories. To explore the possibility of metamemory in non-human animals, ...

Measuring Active and Passive Tameness Separately in Mice

Domesticated animals such as dogs and laboratory mice show a high level of tameness, which is important for humans to handle them easily. Tameness has two behavioral components: a reluctance to avoid humans (passive tameness) and a motivation to approach humans (active tameness). To quantify these components in mice, we previously developed behavioral tests for active tameness, passive tameness, and the willingness to stay on a human hand, each designed to be completed within 3 min. The data obtained were used for selective breeding, with a large number of mice analyzed per generation. The active tameness test measures the movement of the mouse toward a human hand and the contact it engages in. The passive tameness test measures the duration of time that a mouse tolerates human touch. In the stay-on-hand test, a mouse is placed on a human hand and touched slowly using the thumb of that hand; the duration of time that the animal remains on the hand is measured. Here, we describe the test set-up and apparatus, explain the procedures, and discuss the appropriate data analysis. Finally, we explain how to interpret the results.

Tameness in animals includes a reduction of avoidance responses to humans (passive tameness) and an increase in active approaches to humans (active tameness). Here, we describe detailed protocols for three behavioral tests (active tameness, passive tameness, and stay-on-hand tests) to separately measure the active and passive tameness of mice.

Aktif ve pasif Tameness ayrı olarak farelerde ölçme

Domesticated animals such as dogs and laboratory mice show a high level of tameness, which is important for humans to handle them easily. Tameness has two ...

A Wind Tunnel for Odor Mediated Insect Behavioural Assays

Olfaction is the most important sensory mechanism by which many insects interact with their environment and a wind tunnel is an excellent tool to study insect chemical ecology. Insects can locate point sources in a three-dimensional environment through the sensory interaction and sophisticated behavior. The quantification of this behavior is a key element in the development of new tools for pest control and decision support. A wind tunnel with a suitable flight section with laminar air flow, visual cues for in-flight feedback and a variety of options for the application of odors can be used to measure complex behaviour which subsequently may allow the identification of attractive or repellent odors, insect flight characteristics, visual-odor interactions and interactions between attractants and odors lingering as background odors in the environment. A wind tunnel holds the advantage of studying the odor mediated behavioural repertoire of an insect in a laboratory setting. Behavioural measures in a controlled setting provide the link between the insect physiology and field application. A wind tunnel must be a flexible tool and should easily support the changes to setup and hardware to fit different research questions. The major disadvantage to the wind tunnel setup described here, is the clean odor background which necessitates special attention when developing a synthetic volatile blend for field application.

Here, we describe the construction and use of a wind tunnel for odor mediated behavioural assays with insects. The wind tunnel design facilitates the release of odor sources by several methods, with and without visual stimuli. Wind tunnel experiments are important methods to identify behaviorally active volatile chemicals.

Koku için bir rüzgar tüneli böcek davranış deneyleri aracılı

Olfaction is the most important sensory mechanism by which many insects interact with their environment and a wind tunnel is an excellent tool to study ...

Novel Object Recognition and Object Location Behavioral Testing in Mice on a Budget

Ethologically relevant behavioral testing is a critical component of any study that uses mouse models to study the cognitive effects of various physiological or pathological changes. The object location task (OLT) and the novel object recognition task (NORT) are two effective behavioral tasks commonly used to reveal the function and relative health of specific brain regions involved in memory. While both of these tests exploit the inherent preference of mice for the novelty to reveal memory for previously encountered objects, the OLT primarily evaluates spatial learning, which relies heavily on hippocampal activity. The NORT, in contrast, evaluates non-spatial learning of object identity, which relies on multiple brain regions. Both tasks require an open-field-testing arena, objects with equivalent intrinsic value to mice, appropriate environmental cues, and video recording equipment and the software. Commercially available systems, while convenient, can be costly. This manuscript details a simple, cost-effective method for building the arenas and setting up the equipment necessary to perform the OLT and NORT. Furthermore, the manuscript describes an efficient testing protocol that incorporates both OLT and NORT and provides typical methods for data acquisition and analysis, as well as representative results. Successful completion of these tests can provide valuable insight into the memory function of various mouse model systems and appraise the underlying neural regions that support these functions.

Here we provide a protocol which includes comprehensive instructions for the economical establishment of murine object location and novel object recognition behavioral testing, including the design, cost, and construction of required equipment as well as execution of behavioral testing, data collection, and analysis.