威康信托基金会提供开放存取资金牛津大学。罗伯特·迪肯资助，由威康信托基金资助WT084655MA牛津OXION组的成员。

1。方法 1.1仪器连续小巷装置由四个连续线性连接小巷公认的增加导致焦虑字符画材（ 见图1和作比较， 图2的十字迷宫）。详情如表1所示： <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 胡同 </td><td> 长度 </td><td> 宽度 </td><td> 墙高 </td><td> 颜色 </td></tr><tr><td> 1 </td><td> 25.0 </td><td> 8.5 </td><td> 25.0 </td><td>黑色</td></tr><tr><td> 2 </td><td> 25.0 </td><td> 8.5 </td><td> 5.0 </td><td>灰色</td></tr><tr><td> 3 </td><td> 25.0 </td><td> 3.5 </td><td> 0.8 </td><td>白</td></tr><tr><td> 4 </td><td> 25.0 </td><td> 1.2 </td><td> 0.2 </td><td>白</td></tr></tbody></table> 表1中。建筑细节的连续小巷设备。所有尺寸均为厘米。 该装置升高约50厘米，楼胡同1号夹紧背部扩展到实验室工作台，货架或其他支持。应该是至少10厘米远的支持，以防止老鼠试图爬上它的开口端胡同1号。小巷的情况下鼠标脱落下提供足够和充足的填充。 不同的墙壁高度的理由是：那些胡同1号要高，最大限度地发挥其非导致焦虑。也高的墙壁创建较暗的环境实验室光源只要不是立即的开销。从经验来判断的墙壁胡同2小鼠比胡同1号似乎不太安全，但是仍然提供某种程度的保护。小巷3和4的只是足够的高度，最大限度地焦虑，但仍提供抓地力，如果鼠标是脱落的危险。跌倒在实践中是罕见的，更频繁的十字迷宫。 狭窄的胡同4是特别容易受到损害，该装置必须小心处理。如果拧紧，设备不应鼠标移到震动。为了尽量减少这些潜在的问题，该装置可以在强化额外的“脊椎”跨越其长度在地板下。也可以做成老鼠逐次小巷设备。详情如表2所示： <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 胡同 </td><td> 长度 </td><td> 宽度 </td><td> 墙高 </td><td> 颜色 </td></tr><tr><td> 1 </td><td> 45.0 </td><td> 9 </td><td> 29.0 </td><td>黑色</td></tr><tr><td> 2 </td><td> 45.0 </td><td> 9 </td><td> 2.5 </td><td>灰色</tD&gt; </tr><tr><td> 3 </td><td> 45.0 </td><td> 6.7 </td><td> 0.5 </td><td>白</td></tr><tr><td> 4 </td><td> 45.0 </td><td> 3.5 </td><td> 0.3 </td><td>白</td></tr></tbody></table> 表2中。建筑细节大鼠连续小巷设备。所有尺寸均为厘米。 1.2程序 *把老​​鼠的试验室测试，以确保他们适应的房间，在一个中等水平的觉醒的前5-20分钟。 *所有实验动物一次测试一种新型设备的自发行为，它是很好的做法的小巷先定鼠标气味;非实验小鼠在设备上了几分钟，然后清洗设备过程中主要的实验。我们的目标是确保轻微，但均匀的背景鼠标气味的基础上，它是impos可以完全去除动物的气味（更不用说证明，这已经实现了）。 *将鼠标胡同1号的封闭端面壁。启动定时器1）测试的总长度+延迟进入武器和2）的时间花费在胡同1号。当鼠标放在所有4个脚在另一条小巷，它被认为是已经进入。记录花费的总时间在每个胡同（4英尺）的条目数（向前或向后）。记录数量的粪便勃利是否发生任何排尿。 *测试时间：5分钟。 （这是正常的，如果你知道或怀疑测试的动物，你会不会很着急，测试时间缩短到3分钟，可能是有利的。注意你什么时候使用 ）。 *事件计数器/定时器的组合是非常宝贵的，这项工作以及为计时十字迷宫。我们有一个电池供电的便携式一个有4个按钮，每个屁股<html> ociated事件计数器和计时器（1/10秒），建于心理学系。按下按钮1，注册一个事件（进入胡同1号），并启动一个计时器。松开按钮停止计时器。按下按钮2，注册一个胡同2号入口和启动胡同2定时器等，然而，我们必须从注册胡同1号开始的第一项被实验者，不是鼠标的条目总数减去一个条目。 *总结，每个胡同记录：延迟进入（当然除了胡同1号），条目的数量和花费的总时间。 *如果鼠标脱落，时钟停止，取而代之的是对的巷子里，从它下跌，面对胡同1号。 *所有的尿液和粪便的动物和用湿布清洁装置，然后通过干组织之间除去。重要的是要清洁和消毒设备之间测试每个鼠标。 内容“&gt; *此外，总是戴手套处理啮齿动物时。

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总之，连续小巷测试产生大致相同的结果时十字迷宫海马复杂或内侧前额叶皮质的病变，但需要进一步的工作，病灶在大脑的其他领域的影响进行评估，认为与焦虑类似的行为。有时候，结果十字迷宫明显不同从这些连续的小巷;，Kir6.2的KO小鼠14一个例子，这是我们的工作。当他们在两个设备上进行了测试，它允许我们证明KO小鼠焦虑样行为并没有表现出一般的单向变化，因为他们花更多的时间比野生型小鼠在十字迷宫开放臂（显示更少的焦虑类似的行为），但更多的时间在胡同1号连续小巷表现出更大的焦虑样行为。因此，结合使用的十字迷宫和连续的小巷可以消除假阳性或假阴性结果，因为这两个测试中，虽然类似的，功能不完全相同。 在十字迷宫，多动不会导致一种非选择性的数量增加，进入小巷。有研究表明，在小鼠的行为变化，该组织独立的活动28。活动监控笼photobeam在一个单独的测试中被证明是明显亢进，内侧隔损毁大鼠显着更大的项目成的小巷2和3;到小巷1和4项差异不显着控制。5所以不急室间隔损毁大鼠连续的小巷适度导致焦虑的两个领域之间来回穿梭，显示装置设计检测， 即他们的位置在频谱的焦虑。如果他们甚至已经不那么焦虑口岸，同比增长在小巷3和4之间已经出现。 其他的证据表明，多动症不会导致<html>在连续的小巷测试是假阳性大鼠背海马病变多动，但不显示抗焦虑作用在连续的小巷7。 GluRA KO雌性小鼠的在与线性装置相关的测试，黑白胡同测试，显示较为焦虑样行为，而不是控制，而男性控制相似，但男女双方都明显亢进3。 Kir6.2的KO小鼠更活跃在他们的家笼比野生型小鼠，但连续的小巷14显示LES焦虑。值得注意的是，8 KO小鼠跳下或掉下来的十字迷宫，但没有从连续的小巷。 连续小巷测试目前使用的一个限制是，地板颜色的不同，视频跟踪系统将很难使用。然而，也许可以被涂在地板一个统一的颜色的颜色只是在该装置中，产生焦虑的因素之一。 NT“&gt;连续小巷测试是不可能的，但是，不遭受的变化相关的问题如十字迷宫10,23与的类似ethologically测试，但测试了一批动物在两个任务可能有助于澄清一个不确定十字迷宫试验30,31,37的倍数的测试方法测试焦虑样行为时，可能会有好处。

高架十字迷宫来自蒙哥马利的早期工作。27他观察到大鼠倾向于避免一个迷宫张开双臂，喜欢封闭的。汉德利和Mithani和文件等。22,29进行了第一次加迷宫设计，我们今天使用的研究，并在1987年李斯特出版了一本设计使用小鼠25。它现在是一个标准检测抗焦虑治疗23，已经有几个协议发表36,24 <a href="http://www.jove.com/video/1088" target="_blank">http://www.jove.com/video/1088</a> <a href="http://currentprotocols.com/protocol/ph0538" target="_blank">http://currentprotocols.com/protocol/ph0538</a> 。 高架十字迷宫由两个相对的开口和两个相对的封闭臂相交的中心区域，在+的形式，在平面。花费时间的百分比，百分比进入，张开双臂索引的焦虑样的行为;降低这些指标，越着急鼠标。另外，鼠标，花费其大部分时间在封闭的武器被列为急。 因子分析显示，指定为开放的手臂活动的负荷，严重的一个因素，而指数的焦虑样行为和封闭臂条目在很大程度上反映了运动活动，因素之间的界限是不明确的，也勘探，风险评估和其他因素，如决策包括十字迷宫行为档案，12,32。在中部地区是时间问题的解释，在这里度过的时间虽然已被归类为“决策”32。虽然老鼠度过他们的大部分时间在封闭的武器，张开双臂在相对短的时间内，在许多研究中所花费的时间在中部地区，那里的武器加入。虽然这可能代表决策32，它是不明确的，在德RMS的焦虑样行为，虽然可能预期高度焦虑的小鼠，以避免中心区以及张开双臂。一个较早的尝试，以消除这种暧昧的中心区是构建一个圆形的迷宫有两个交替封闭象限有两个开放的33。在这个“零迷宫”的动物毫无疑问是在一个开放的（导致焦虑）或一个封闭的（nonanxiogenic）的区。然而，尽管使用几组，它从来没有被广泛采用十字迷宫。在我们的实验室中，我们发现，而十字迷宫（连续的小巷）表明在海马损毁大鼠的抗焦虑作用，这些都是没有见过零迷宫构造完全一样，牧羊犬等。 因此，设计的主要目的是消除中心区的十字迷宫连续小巷设备。其次，焦虑样行为的其他测试的元素纳入其中。通过启动在封闭的胡同1号，出现动物成分导入，类似于在斯通的“烟囱”测试34。小巷的颜色变化（胡同1号）通过灰色（胡同2）从黑到白（小巷3和4）。这源于观察，老鼠喜欢较暗的区域，例如在光线暗箱测试11。连续的小巷的墙壁也慢慢下降高度，不像在十字迷宫，那里有高高的围墙，没有围墙突然之间的过渡。小巷的宽度逐渐减小逐渐增加的鼠标曝光的迷宫较高的位置，在演唱与墙的高度逐渐下降。所有这些因素都被纳入，企图以增加灵敏度的测试和跨越比十字迷宫的更广泛的焦虑样行为。连续小巷装置企图支架更广泛的焦虑样行为基准，在相同的WAy表示四个基本条件的社会互动测试最初执行的文件17许可证检测的焦虑样行为的细微修改。文件，在尼古丁的影响的研究，只看到在两个中间的焦虑样行为的条件，而不是最高或最低20的差异。 以及十字迷宫的焦虑样行为，另一种广泛使用的测试的光-暗箱11。从光-暗框和十字迷宫的结果并不总是与对方35。它现在被认为焦虑样行为不是一个单一的现象19。因此，连续的小巷测试可能给使用的光 - 暗的框中，然后所获得的不同的结果，甚至可能包括从十字迷宫，因为它是微妙的不同，后者，然而，前者与后者之间的预期结果大体相似。 。8,21这可能是暴露的动物，随后由连续的小巷十字迷宫消除了在不同的变化焦虑样行为十字迷宫测试重复测量。加迷宫和连续的小巷时，看到这样的一个例子被用来测试损毁内侧前额叶皮质和对照组小鼠在暂时抵消的方式。损伤的小鼠表现出显着较低的焦虑样行为在这两种类型的装置，而不管是否与连续的胡同或第15的十字迷宫测试发生。另外，也可以顺序使用的十字迷宫和连续的小巷保全的灵敏度时，看到的十字迷宫试验重复抗焦虑药18 大鼠也可以测试连续的小巷一个更大的版本。这个过程正是吨他对小鼠相同。 在测试的情况下，现有的一般经验的动物，除了升高的迷宫焦虑样行为测试本身hyponeophagia，可能会影响结果。1,16

the successive alleys test of anxiety in mice and rats

十字迷宫来自蒙哥马利的早期工作。他观察到，老鼠往往，避免的张开双臂迷宫，宁愿封闭的。汉德利Mithani和文件<em&gt;等。</em&gt;进行了第一次研究，我们今天使用的十字迷宫设计，并在1987年李斯特出版了一本设计使用老鼠。上花费的时间和条目到张开双臂，焦虑指数，这些指数较低，越着急鼠标。另外，鼠标，花费其大部分时间在封闭的武器被列为急。十字迷宫的问题之一是，而花费的时间，和条目进入开放臂焦虑是一个相当清楚的措施，在中心区的时间是比较难以解释，虽然在这里使用了已被分类“决策”。中部地区在许多测试时间是一个相当大的一部分，总测试时间。牧羊人<em&gt;等。</em&gt;制作一个巧妙的设计，以消除中部地区，他们称之为“零迷宫”。然而，尽管使用几组，它从来没有被广泛采用十字迷宫。在本文章中，我描述了一个修改的十字迷宫设计，不仅消除了中心区，但还采用了其他焦虑测试的元素，如明暗框和出苗试验。这是一个线性的四个系列的小巷，每个增加导致焦虑的属性。它给了相似的结果十字迷宫一般。虽然它可能不会是更敏感的十字迷宫（可以在这一点上达成明确的结论之前，需要更多的数据），它提供了一个有用的十字迷宫结果的确认，这将是有用的时候，例如，只有的突变小鼠的一个例子是可利用的，如，例如，在的ENU基于诱变方案。

腹侧或背侧完整，细胞毒性海马病变的大鼠表现为中等或偏上的十字迷宫，抗焦虑作用，而腹，但不背，损毁大鼠表现出抗焦虑作用在连续的小巷6,26。然而，在另一个实验室，电解背海马病变不具有抗焦虑作用35，这不是不可能的，因为以前的研究仅获得部分抗焦虑作用背侧细胞毒性病变，并发挥更大的作用，被认为是腹侧海马焦虑样行为4,7。 内侧隔病变也减少焦虑样行为大鼠连续小巷5。与此相反，没有检测到零的迷宫的完整的细胞毒性海马病变13的任何抗焦虑作用。 C57BL/6JolaHsd小鼠导致焦虑的连续胡同（胡同4）比129S2/SvHsd小鼠9花了更长的时间。与此相反，一个清晰的焦虑样行为差异，没有看到的加迷宫，在中心区129小鼠使用了较长的时间，结果也看到在另一个129株，129/SvEvTac 2中 。在对小鼠海马完整，背或腹侧病变未发表的作品，有完整的病变观察抗焦虑样的结果是一个总的趋势。然而，这些都是隔靴搔痒标记为在的hyponeophagia测试，其中完整或腹侧病变的抗焦虑作用是强大的和可靠的。例如，完整的损伤的小鼠使用了更短的时间内，在闭合臂的十字迷宫，但在打开的不多。两次连续小巷有人做过试验，只有在第二次试验是完整的病变有显着的抗焦虑作用。连续的小巷和十字迷宫定位过程的需求，所以损伤动物可能会花更多的时间“轴承”，因此可用时间证明抗焦虑效果降低。 加迷宫和连续小巷装置的顺序测试抵消当老鼠进行了测试与内侧前额叶皮层的病变，有没有影响，这是第一次测试，但明确的抗焦虑作用相比目前在这两个测试控制15 （参见图3和4）。损伤小鼠显着更多的项目进入每个连续的小巷胡同，与对照组相比，张开双臂十字迷宫，但有趣的是，后者封闭的武器进入不高于控制。在空旷的田野损伤小鼠比对照组明显更加活跃，轻微光电活动笼中。 连续的小巷测试也被证明是敏感的抗焦虑药利眠宁的影响。在未发表的作品12毫克/公斤ipchl，odiazepoxide（CDZP）被证明是活跃在雄性小鼠，李斯特所用的原说明的十字迷宫小鼠25。花更少的时间比对照组的CDZP治疗的小鼠在巷1（158±12.1和212±14.8Ş，P = 0.0108，进入小巷2-4（ 见表3）。 <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 胡同 </td><td> 控制 </td><td> CDZP </td><td> P </td></tr><tr><td> 2 </td><td> （7.2±1.2） </td><td> 18.4±2.0 </td><td> 0.0001 </td></tr><tr><td> 3 </td><td> 1.0（0-3.5） </td><td> 5.0（2.5-12.3） </td><td> 0.0277 </td></tr><tr><td> 4 </td><td> 0.0（0.0-1.0） </td><td> 2.0（0.0-5.0） </td><td> 0.0604 </td></tr></tbody></table> 表3中。 12毫克治疗的小鼠成2-4小巷连续小巷设备由条目/公斤的IP，或控制CDZP。值中位数和（四分范围）或指±SEM根据数据是否非参数或参数，采用Mann-Whitney U检验或t检验分别。 N = 11/group。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/2705/2705fig1.jpg" /> 图1。鼠标连续小巷设备。它是由画材，并是夹紧在板凳上。 <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/2705/2705fig2.jpg" /> 图2。鼠标加迷宫。它是由黑色木材用透明有机玻璃墙封闭的武器。 <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/2705/2705fig3.jpg" /> 图3。抗焦虑作用内侧前额叶皮质病变（米）上的十字迷宫合作控制mpared（C）* = P &lt;0.05 C比米最初公布的数据参考15。 <img alt="图4" src="/files/ftp_upload/2705/2705fig4.jpg" /> 图4。连续的小巷内侧前额叶皮质病变（米）的抗焦虑作用，与对照组相比（C）= P * &lt;0.05 C与米。最初公布的数据参考15。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Successive Alleys Test of Anxiety in Mice and Rats at JoVE.com

The Successive Alleys Test of Anxiety in Mice and Rats

该加迷宫措施，焦虑像啮齿动物的行为。有两种相反的封闭和两个相对的张开双臂，焦急的啮齿动物，避免敞开胸怀。中部地区既不是完全开放的，也不封闭，所以在这里度过的时间是不明确的，难以解释。在这里消除这方面的的十字迷宫协议的​​的变形例进行说明。

在小鼠和大鼠连续的小巷测试焦虑

The plus-maze was derived from the early work of Montgomery. He observed that rats tended to avoid the open arms of a maze, preferring the enclosed ones.  ...

the-successive-alleys-test-of-anxiety-in-mice-and-rats

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

21.5K 次观看.  University of Oxford. 该加迷宫措施，焦虑像啮齿动物的行为。有两种相反的封闭和两个相对的张开双臂，焦急的啮齿动物，避免敞开胸怀。中部地区既不是完全开放的，也不封闭，所以在这里度过的时间是不明确的，难以解释。在这里消除这方面的的十字迷宫协议的​​的变形例进行说明。

视频: The Successive Alleys Test of Anxiety in Mice and Rats

Using the Threat Probability Task to Assess Anxiety and Fear During Uncertain and Certain Threat

Fear of certain threat and anxiety about uncertain threat are distinct emotions with unique behavioral, cognitive-attentional, and neuroanatomical components. Both anxiety and fear can be studied in the laboratory by measuring the potentiation of the startle reflex. The startle reflex is a defensive reflex that is potentiated when an organism is threatened and the need for defense is high. The startle reflex is assessed via electromyography (EMG) in the orbicularis oculi muscle elicited by brief, intense, bursts of acoustic white noise (i.e., &#8220;startle probes&#8221;). Startle potentiation is calculated as the increase in startle response magnitude during presentation of sets of visual threat cues that signal delivery of mild electric shock relative to sets of matched cues that signal the absence of shock (no-threat cues). In the Threat Probability Task, fear is measured via startle potentiation to high probability (100% cue-contingent shock; certain) threat cues whereas anxiety is measured via startle potentiation to low probability (20% cue-contingent shock; uncertain) threat cues. Measurement of startle potentiation during the Threat Probability Task provides an objective and easily implemented alternative to assessment of negative affect via self-report or other methods (e.g., neuroimaging) that may be inappropriate or impractical for some researchers. Startle potentiation has been studied rigorously in both animals (e.g., rodents, non-human primates) and humans which facilitates animal-to-human translational research. Startle potentiation during certain and uncertain threat provides an objective measure of negative affective and distinct emotional states (fear, anxiety) to use in research on psychopathology, substance use/abuse and broadly in affective science. As such, it has been used extensively by clinical scientists interested in psychopathology etiology and by affective scientists interested in individual differences in emotion.

Potentiation of the startle reflex is measured via electromyography of the orbicularis oculi muscle during low (uncertain) and high (certain) probability electric shock threat in the Threat Probability Task. This provides an objective measure of distinct negative emotional states (fear/anxiety) for research on psychopathology, substance use/abuse, and broad affective science.

使用威胁概率任务，以评估焦虑和恐惧在不确定性和一定的威胁

Fear of certain threat and anxiety about uncertain threat are distinct emotions with unique behavioral, cognitive-attentional, and neuroanatomical ...

科研

行为学

Use of the Open Field Maze to Measure Locomotor and Anxiety-like Behavior in Mice

Animal models have proven to be invaluable to researchers trying to answer questions regarding the mechanisms of behavior. The Open Field Maze is one of the most commonly used platforms to measure behaviors in animal models. It is a fast and relatively easy test that provides a variety of behavioral information ranging from general ambulatory ability to data regarding the emotionality of the subject animal. As it relates to rodent models, the procedure allows the study of different strains of mice or rats both laboratory bred and wild-captured. The technique also readily lends itself to the investigation of different pharmacological compounds for anxiolytic or anxiogenic effects. Here, a protocol for use of the open field maze to describe mouse behaviors is detailed and a simple analysis of general locomotor ability and anxiety-related emotional behaviors between two strains of C57BL/6 mice is performed. Briefly, using the described protocol we show Wild Type mice exhibited significantly less anxiety related behaviors than did age-matched Knock Out mice while both strains exhibited similar ambulatory ability.

A protocol is provided to use an Open Field Maze to access general locomotor activity, anxiety and emotionality in a laboratory mouse model.

使用开放式现场迷宫来衡量小鼠的运动能力和焦虑样行为

Animal models have proven to be invaluable to researchers trying to answer questions regarding the mechanisms of behavior. The Open Field Maze is one of ...

The Modified Hole Board - Measuring Behavior, Cognition and Social Interaction in Mice and Rats

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure multiple dimensions of unconditioned behavior in small laboratory mammals (e.g., mice, rats, tree shrews and small primates). This paradigm is a valuable alternative for the use of a behavioral test battery, since a broad behavioral spectrum of an animal&#8217;s behavioral profile can be investigated in one single test.
The apparatus consists of a box, representing the &#8216;protected&#8217; area, separated from a group compartment. A board, on which small cylinders are staggered in three lines, is placed in the center of the box, representing the &#8216;unprotected&#8217; area of the set-up. The cognitive abilities of the animals can be measured by baiting some cylinders on the board and measuring the working and reference memory. Other unconditioned behavior, such as activity-related-, anxiety-related- and social behavior, can be observed using this paradigm. Behavioral flexibility and the ability to habituate to a novel environment can additionally be observed by subjecting the animals to multiple trials in the mHB, revealing insight into the animals&#8217; adaptive capacities.
Due to testing order effects in a behavioral test battery, na&#239;ve animals should be used for each individual experiment. By testing multiple behavioral dimensions in a single paradigm and thereby circumventing this issue, the number of experimental animals used is reduced. Furthermore, by avoiding social isolation during testing and without the need to food deprive the animals, the mHB represents a behavioral test system, inducing if any, very low amount of stress.

This protocol describes the modified hole board, which is a behavioral test set-up that comprises the characteristics of an open field and a traditional hole board. This set-up enables the differential analysis of unconditioned behavior of small laboratory mammals as well as the analysis of cognitive abilities.

修改后的孔板 - 测量行为，认知和社会互动小鼠和大鼠

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure ...

Determining Ultrasonic Vocalization Preferences in Mice using a Two-choice Playback Test

Mice emit ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) during a variety of conditions, such as pup isolation and adult social interactions. These USVs differ with age, sex, condition, and genetic background of the emitting animal. Although many studies have characterized these differences, whether receiver mice can discriminate among objectively different USVs and show preferences for particular sound traits remains to be elucidated. To determine whether mice can discriminate between different characteristics of USVs, a playback experiment was developed recently, in which preference responses of mice to two different USVs could be evaluated in the form of a place preference.
First, USVs from mice were recorded. Then, the recorded USVs were edited, trimmed accordingly, and exported as stereophonic sound files. Next, the USV amplitudes generated by the two ultrasound emitters used in the experiment were adjusted to the same sound pressure level. Nanocrystalline silicon thermo-acoustic emitters were used to play the USVs back. Finally, to investigate the preference of subject mice to selected USVs, pairs of two differing USV signals were played back simultaneously in a two-choice test box. By repeatedly entering a defined zone near an ultrasound emitter and searching the wire mesh in front of the emitter, the mouse reveals its preference for one sound over another. This model allows comparing the attractiveness of the various features of mouse USVs, in various contexts.

Ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in mice differ depending on age, sex, condition, and genetic background. Using two ultrasound emitters broadcasting simultaneously in different locations, this two-choice test can evaluate murine recognition and preference responses to different characteristics of USVs.

采用双选择播放测试确定超声波发声首小鼠

Mice emit ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) during a variety of conditions, such as pup isolation and adult social interactions. These USVs differ with age, ...

The Social Dimension of Stress: Experimental Manipulations of Social Support and Social Identity in the Trier Social Stress Test

In many situations humans are influenced by the behavior of other people and their relationships with them. For example, in stressful situations supportive behavior of other people as well as positive social relationships can act as powerful resources to cope with stress. In order to study the interplay between these variables, this protocol describes two effective experimental manipulations of social relationships and supportive behavior in the laboratory. In the present article, these two manipulations are implemented in the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST)&#8212;a standard stress induction paradigm in which participants are subjected to a simulated job interview. More precisely, we propose (a) a manipulation of the relationship between different protagonists in the TSST by making a shared social identity salient and (b) a manipulation of the behavior of the TSST-selection committee, which acts either supportively or unsupportively. These two experimental manipulations are designed in a modular fashion and can be applied independently of each other but can also be combined. Moreover, these two manipulations can also be integrated into other stress protocols and into other standardized social interactions such as trust games, negotiation tasks, or other group tasks.

Previous research on the social dimension of stress has focused on two important variables: social identity and social support. This protocol introduces an effective experimental manipulation of these two social variables and describes their implementation in a standard stress induction paradigm (Trier Social Stress Test).

应力的社会问题：社会支持和社会认同的特里尔社会的实验操作压力测试

In many situations humans are influenced by the behavior of other people and their relationships with them. For example, in stressful situations ...

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test (rPVT): A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article describes a rodent version of the PVT&#8212;termed the &#34;rPVT&#34;&#8212;that measures similar aspects of attention (i.e., performance accuracy, motor speed, premature responding, and lapses in attention). Data are presented that demonstrate both the short- and long-term usefulness of the rPVT when employed with laboratory rats. Rats easily learn the rPVT, and learning to perform the basic procedure takes less than two weeks of training. Once acquired, rat performances in the rPVT show a high degree of similarity to these same performance measures in the human PVT, including similarities in, lapses in attention, reaction times, vigilance decrements across session time (i.e., the human &#34;time-on-task&#34; effects), and the response-stimulus interval (RSI) effect described for humans. Thus the rPVT can be an extremely valuable tool for assessing the effects of a wide range of variables on sustained attention quite similar to human PVT performances, and thus can be useful for developing novel treatments for neurobehavioral dysfunctions.

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test rPVT: A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

A rat version of the human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is described that measures aspects of attention similar to those measured with the human PVT, including aspects of human vigilance such as performance accuracy, motor speed, premature responding, and lapses in attention.

鼠类精神运动警觉测试（rPVT）：一个在大鼠和小鼠的神经行为评估性能的方法

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article ...

Manipulation of Epileptiform Electrocorticograms (ECoGs) and Sleep in Rats and Mice by Acupuncture

Ancient Chinese literature has documented that acupuncture possesses efficient therapeutic effects on epilepsy and insomnia. There is, however, little research to reveal the possible mechanisms behind these effects. To investigate the effect of acupuncture on epilepsy and sleep, several issues need to be addressed. The first is to identify the acupoints, which correspond between humans, rats, and mice. Furthermore, the depth of insertion of the acupuncture needle, the degree of needle twist in manual needle acupuncture, and the stimulation parameters for electroacupuncture (EA) need to be determined. To evaluate the effects of acupuncture on epilepsy and sleep, a feasible model of epilepsy in rodents is required. We administer pilocarpine into the left central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) to simulate focal temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) in rats. Intraperitoneal (IP) injection of pilocarpine induces generalized epilepsy and status epilepticus (SE) in rats. Five IP injections of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) with a one-day interval between each injection successfully induces spontaneous generalized epilepsy in mice. Recordings of electrocorticograms (ECoGs), electromyograms (EMGs), brain temperature, and locomotor activity are used for sleep analysis in rats, while ECoGs, EMGs, and locomotor activity are employed for sleep analysis in mice. ECoG electrodes are implanted into the frontal, parietal, and contralateral occipital cortices, and a thermistor is implanted above the cerebral cortex by stereotactic surgery. EMG electrodes are implanted into the neck muscles, and an infrared detector determines locomotor activity. The criteria for categorizing vigilance stages, including wakefulness, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and non-REM (NREM) sleep are based on information from ECoGs, EMGs, brain temperature, and locomotor activity. Detailed classification criteria are stated in the text.

Manipulation of Epileptiform Electrocorticograms ECoGs and Sleep in Rats and Mice by Acupuncture

This paper demonstrates the performance of acupuncture, epilepsy models, and the analysis of sleep in rodents. The acupuncture procedure and the identification of acupoints are described. Pilocarpine or pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) is used to induce epilepsy. Electrocorticogram (ECoG), electromyogram (EMG), brain temperature, and locomotor activity recordings are employed for sleep analysis.

癫痫Electrocorticograms（ECoGs）的操作，并睡在针刺大鼠和小鼠

Ancient Chinese literature has documented that acupuncture possesses efficient therapeutic effects on epilepsy and insomnia. There is, however, little ...

Novel Object Recognition Test for the Investigation of Learning and Memory in Mice

The object recognition test (ORT) is a commonly used behavioral assay for the investigation of various aspects of learning and memory in mice. The ORT is fairly simple and can be completed over 3 days: habituation day, training day, and testing day. During training, the mouse is allowed to explore 2 identical objects. On test day, one of the training objects is replaced with a novel object. Because mice have an innate preference for novelty, if the mouse recognizes the familiar object, it will spend most of its time at the novel object. Due to this innate preference, there is no need for positive or negative reinforcement or long training schedules. Additionally, the ORT can also be modified for numerous applications. The retention interval can be shortened to examine short-term memory, or lengthened to probe long-term memory. Pharmacological intervention can be used at various times prior to training, after training, or prior to recall to investigate different phases of learning (i.e., acquisition, early or late consolidation, or recall). Overall, the ORT is a relatively low-stress, efficient test for memory in mice, and is appropriate for the detection of neuropsychological changes following pharmacological, biological, or genetic manipulations.

The object recognition test (ORT) is a simple and efficient assay for evaluating learning and memory in mice. The methodology is described below.

小鼠学习记忆研究的新对象识别实验

The object recognition test (ORT) is a commonly used behavioral assay for the investigation of various aspects of learning and memory in mice. The ORT is ...

Reducing State Anxiety Using Working Memory Maintenance

The purpose of this protocol is to explain how to examine the relationship between working memory processes and anxiety by combining the Sternberg Working Memory (WM) and the threat of shock paradigms. In the Sternberg WM paradigm, subjects are required to maintain a series of letters in the WM for a brief interval and respond by identifying whether the position of a given letter in the series matches a numerical prompt. In the threat of shock paradigm, subjects are exposed to alternating blocks where they are either at risk of receiving unpredictable presentations of a mild electric shock or are safe from the shock. Anxiety is probed throughout the safe and threat blocks using the acoustic startle reflex, which is potentiated under threat (Anxiety-Potentiated Startle (APS)). By conducting the Sternberg WM paradigm during the threat of shock and probing the startle response during either the WM maintenance interval or the intertrial interval, it is possible to determine the effect of WM maintenance on APS.

This protocol demonstrates how to measure anxiety-potentiated startle during the Sternberg Working Memory paradigm.

使用工作记忆维护降低状态焦虑

The purpose of this protocol is to explain how to examine the relationship between working memory processes and anxiety by combining the Sternberg Working ...

Testing Animal Anxiety in Rats: Effects of Open Arm Ledges and Closed Arm Wall Transparency in Elevated Plus Maze Test

The elevated plus maze test is a behavioral test for assessing animal anxiety in rodents. Although this test is widely applied in the field of behavioral science, conflicting outcomes are often provided from different laboratories. To identify reasons for the different outcomes, we previously focused on arm features, which differ between laboratories, most notably the presence/absence of ledges at the sides of open arms and the transparency/opaqueness of closed arm walls. In a previous report, we used a custom designed container to compare rat behavior on different combinations of open and closed arm designs under otherwise identical experimental conditions, and showed that differences in arm features interfere with experimental outcomes. In brief, open arm ledges significantly increased anxiety-like behavior in rats, while transparent arms may also have decreased this behavior. Furthermore, we verified a higher detection sensitivity of the effect of an anxiolytic drug in a combination of no-ledged open arm + opaque walled closed arm compared with a combination of ledged open arm + transparent walled closed arm. In this report, we introduce our protocol for the elevated plus maze test, together with discussion of the key results from the previous report and our experimental experience. We believe this report will provide useful information for researchers who have employed or who plan to use the elevated plus maze in their studies.

Rats' anxiety-like behavior tested by the elevated plus maze varies highly depending on the testing environment. Here we show how apparatus settings, especially arm structure, affect behavior on the maze, and we explain a reliable protocol to detect effects of anxiolytic drugs. This report will contribute to anxiety research.

大鼠动物焦虑症的实验研究: 开放臂壁和闭合臂墙透明度对高加迷宫试验的影响

The elevated plus maze test is a behavioral test for assessing animal anxiety in rodents. Although this test is widely applied in the field of behavioral ...