Name: probing and mapping electrode surfaces in solid oxide fuel cells
Uploaded: 2012-09-20T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Probing and Mapping Electrode Surfaces in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells at JoVE.com

This work was supported by the HeteroFoaM Center, an Energy Frontier Research Center funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences (BES) under Award Number DE-SC0001061.

1. Fabrication of a YSZ-embedded Mesh Anode Cell
<ol>
	<li>Weigh out two batches of 0.2 g of YSZ powder.</li>
	<li>Compress one batch YSZ powder in a cylindrical stainless steel mold (13 mm in diameter) with a uniaxial dry press at a pressure of 50 MPa for 30 sec.</li>
	<li>Cut a &lt;1-cm piece of Ni mesh and place it onto the surface of YSZ disc inside the mold.</li>
	<li>Add the other 0.2 g of YSZ powder on top of the Ni-mesh inside the mold and flatten the surface of the powder using a ram.</li>
	<li>Uniaxially pres...

<ol>
	<li>Minh, N. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Solid+oxide+fuel+cell+technology-features+and+applications.">Solid oxide fuel cell technology-features and applications.</a> Solid State Ionics. 174 (1-4), 271 (2004).</li><li>Liu, M., Lynch, M. E., Blinn, K., Alamgir, F., Choi, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rational+SOFC+material+design:+new+advances+and+tools.">Rational SOFC material design: new advances and tools.</a> Materials today. 14 (11), 534 (2011).</li><li>Zhan, Z. L., Barnett, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+octane-fueled+solid+oxide+fuel+cell.">An octane-fueled solid oxide fuel cell.</a> Science. 308, 844 (2005).</li><li>Huang, Y. H., Dass, R. I., Xing, Z. L., Goodenough, J. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Double+perovskites+as+anode+materials+for+solid+oxide+fuel+cells.">Double perovskites as anode materials for solid oxide fuel cells.</a> Science. 312, 254 (2006).</li><li>Yang, L., Wang, S., Blinn, K., Liu, M., Liu, Z., Cheng, Z., Liu, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhanced+Sulfur+and+Coking+Tolerance+of+a+Mixed+Ion+Conductor+for+SOFCs:+BaZr0.1Ce0.7Y0.2-xYbxO3-d.">Enhanced Sulfur and Coking Tolerance of a Mixed Ion Conductor for SOFCs: BaZr0.1Ce0.7Y0.2-xYbxO3-d.</a> Science. 326, 126 (2009).</li><li>Liu, M. F., Choi, Y. M., Yang, L., Blinn, K., Qin, W., Liu, P., Liu, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+octane+fuel+cells:+A+promising+power+for+transportation.">Direct octane fuel cells: A promising power for transportation.</a> Nano Energy. 1, 448 (2012).</li><li>Cheng, Z., Wang, J. -. H., Choi, Y. M., Yang, L., Lin, M. C., Liu, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=From+Ni-YSZ+to+sulfur-tolerant+anodes+for+SOFCs:+electrochemical+behavior,+in+situ+characterization,+modeling,+and+future+perspectives.">From Ni-YSZ to sulfur-tolerant anodes for SOFCs: electrochemical behavior, in situ characterization, modeling, and future perspectives.</a> Energy &amp; Environmental Science. 4 (11), 4380 (2011).</li><li>Blinn, K. S., Abernathy, H. W., Li, X., Liu, M. F., Liu, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Raman+spectroscopic+monitoring+of+carbon+deposition+on+hydrocarbon-fed+solid+oxide+fuel+cell+anodes.">Raman spectroscopic monitoring of carbon deposition on hydrocarbon-fed solid oxide fuel cell anodes.</a> Energy &amp; Environmental Science. 5, 7913 (2012).</li><li>Abernathy, H. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Investigations of Gas/Electrode Interactions in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Using Vibrational Spectroscopy [dissertation]. , (2008).</li><li>Pomfret, M. B., Owrutsky, J. C., Walker, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-temperature+Raman+spectroscopy+of+solid+oxide+fuel+cell+materials+and+processes.">High-temperature Raman spectroscopy of solid oxide fuel cell materials and processes.</a> Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 110 (35), 17305 (2006).</li><li>Cheng, Z., Liu, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+sulfur+poisoning+of+Ni-YSZ+anodes+for+solid+oxide+fuel+cells+using+in+situ+Raman+microspectroscopy.">Characterization of sulfur poisoning of Ni-YSZ anodes for solid oxide fuel cells using in situ Raman microspectroscopy.</a> Solid State Ionics. 178 (13-14), 925 (2007).</li><li>Li, X., Blinn, K., Fang, Y., Liu, M., Mahmoud, M. A., Cheng, S., Bottomley, L. A., El-Sayed, M., Liu, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+of+surface+enhanced+Raman+spectroscopy+to+the+study+of+SOFC+electrode+surfaces.">Application of surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy to the study of SOFC electrode surfaces.</a> Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 14, 5919 (2012).</li><li>Dresselhaus, M. S., Jorio, A., Hofmann, M., Dresselhaus, G., Saito, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perspectives+on+Carbon+Nanotubes+and+Graphene+Raman+Spectroscopy.">Perspectives on Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene Raman Spectroscopy.</a> Nano Letters. 10, 751 (2010).</li><li>Su, C., Ran, R., Wang, W., Shao, Z. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coke+formation+and+performance+of+an+intermediate-temperature+solid+oxide+fuel+cell+operating+on+dimethyl+ether+fuel.">Coke formation and performance of an intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cell operating on dimethyl ether fuel.</a> Journal of Power Sources. 196, 1967 (2011).</li><li>Cheng, Z., Abernathy, H., Raman Liu, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spectroscopy+of+Nickel+Sulfide+Ni3S2.">Spectroscopy of Nickel Sulfide Ni3S2.</a> Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 111 (49), 17997 (2007).</li><li>Yang, L., Choi, Y., Qin, W., Chen, H., Blinn, K., Liu, M., Liu, P., Bai, J., Tyson, T. A., Liu, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Promotion+of+water-mediated+carbon+removal+bynanostructured+barium+oxide/nickel+interfaces+in+solid+oxide+fuel+cells.">Promotion of water-mediated carbon removal bynanostructured barium oxide/nickel interfaces in solid oxide fuel cells.</a> Nature Communications. 2, 357 (2011).</li><li>Kumar, A., Ciucci, F., Morzovska, A., Kalinin, S., Jesse, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measuring+oxygen+reduction/evolution+reactions+on+the+nanoscale.">Measuring oxygen reduction/evolution reactions on the nanoscale.</a> Nature Chemistry. 3, 707 (2011).</li><li>Kumar, A., Arruda, T. M., Kim, Y., Ivanov, I. N., Jesse, S., Bark, C. W., Bristowe, N. C., Artacho, E., Littlewood, P. B., Eom, C. B., Kalinin, S. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Probing+Surface+and+Bulk+Electrochemical+Processes+on+the+LaAlO3-SrTiO3+Interface.">Probing Surface and Bulk Electrochemical Processes on the LaAlO3-SrTiO3 Interface.</a> ACS Nano. 6 (5), 3841 (2012).</li><li>Katsiev, K., Yildiz, B., Balasubramaniam, K., Salvador, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electron+Tunneling+Characteristics+on+La0.7Sr0.3MnO3+Thin-Film+Surfaces+at+High+Temperature.">Electron Tunneling Characteristics on La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 Thin-Film Surfaces at High Temperature.</a> Applied Physics Letters. 95 (9), 092106 (2009).</li><li>Jesse, S., Kumar, A., Arruda, T. M., Kim, Y., Kalinin, S. V., Ciucci, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrochemical+strain+microscopy:+Probing+ionic+and+electrochemical+phenomena+in+solids+at+the+nanometer+level.">Electrochemical strain microscopy: Probing ionic and electrochemical phenomena in solids at the nanometer level.</a> MRS Bulletin. 37 (7), 651-65 (2012).</li><li>Datta, S. S., Strachan, D. R., Mele, E. J., Johnson, A. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surface+Layers+and+Layer+Charge+Distributions+in+Few-Layer+Graphene+Films.">Surface Layers and Layer Charge Distributions in Few-Layer Graphene Films.</a> Nano Letters. 9, 7 (2009).</li><li>Coffey, D. C., Ginger, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Time-resolved+electrostatic+force+microscopy+of+polymer+solar+cells.">Time-resolved electrostatic force microscopy of polymer solar cells.</a> Nature Materials. 5 (9), 735 (2006).</li><li>Nakamura, M., Yamada, H., Morita, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Roadmap of Scanning Probe Microscopy. , (2007).</li><li>Girard, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrostatic+force+microscopy:+principles+and+some+applications+to+semiconductors.">Electrostatic force microscopy: principles and some applications to semiconductors.</a> Nanotechnology. 12, 485 (2001).</li><li>Rasmussen, J. F. B., Hagen, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+H2S+on+the+performance+of+Ni-YSZ+anodes+in+solid+oxide+fuel+cells.">The effect of H2S on the performance of Ni-YSZ anodes in solid oxide fuel cells.</a> Journal of Power Sources. 191 (2), 534 (2009).</li><li>Zha, S. W., Cheng, Z., Liu, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sulfur+poisoning+and+regeneration+of+Ni-based+anodes+in+solid+oxide+fuel+cells.">Sulfur poisoning and regeneration of Ni-based anodes in solid oxide fuel cells.</a> Journal of The Electrochemical Society. 154 (2), B201 (2007).</li><li>Liu, M. F., Ding, D., Blinn, K., Li, X., Nie, L., Liu, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhanced+performance+of+LSCF+cathode+through+surface+modification.">Enhanced performance of LSCF cathode through surface modification.</a> International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 37 (10), 8613 (2012).</li><li>Park, H., Li, X., Blinn, K. S., Liu, M., Lai, S., Bottomley, L. A., Liu, M., Park, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Probing+coking+resistance+from+nanoscale:+a+study+of+patterned+BaO+nanorings+over+nickel+surface.">Probing coking resistance from nanoscale: a study of patterned BaO nanorings over nickel surface.</a> , (2012).</li></ol>

Sulfur Poisoning Analysis
The impedance spectra shown in Figure 5 suggest that sulfur poisoning is a surface or interfacial phenomenon rather than one that affects the bulk of the material. Specifically, the quick poisoning of the Ni mesh electrode (Figure 6) might result from the direct exposure of Ni electrode to the fuel gas and subsequent sulfur adsorption; gas diffusion would not limit the rate of this process as much as in the case of a thick porous Ni/YSZ ...

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Name of Reagent/Material</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nickel mesh</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>CAS: 7440-02-0</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ni Foil</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>CAS: 7440-02-0</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>YSZ powder</td>
			<td>TOSOH</td>
			<td>Lot No:S800888B</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ag paste</td>
			<td>Heraeus</td>
			<td>C8710</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Barium oxide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>1304-28-5</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silver wire</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>7440-22-4</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetone</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>67-64-1</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>64-17-5</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UHP H2</td>
			<td>Airgas</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>99.999% purity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100 ppm H2S/H2</td>
			<td>Airgas</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Certified custom mix</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>n-type Si AFM tip</td>
			<td>MikroMasch</td>
			<td>NSC16</td>
			<td>10 nm tip radius</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Au coated AFM tip</td>
			<td>MikroMasch</td>
			<td>CSC11/Au/Cr</td>
			<td>20-30 nm tip radius</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Raman Spectrometer</td>
			<td>Renishaw</td>
			<td>RM1000</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ar Ion laser</td>
			<td>ModuLaser</td>
			<td>StellarPro 150</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>He-Ne laser</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>HPL170</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Atomic Force Microscope</td>
			<td>Veeco</td>
			<td>Nanoscope IIIA</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Moving Raman Stage</td>
			<td>Prior Scientific</td>
			<td>H101RNSW</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optical Microscope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>DMLM</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scanning Electron Microscope</td>
			<td>LEO</td>
			<td>1550</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tube Furnace</td>
			<td>Applied Test Systems</td>
			<td>2110</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polisher</td>
			<td>Allied High Tech Products</td>
			<td>MetPrep</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6 &mu;m Grinding media</td>
			<td>Allied High Tech Products</td>
			<td>50-50040M</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3 &mu;m Polishing media</td>
			<td>Allied High Tech Products</td>
			<td>90-30020</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 &mu;m Polishing media</td>
			<td>Allied High Tech Products</td>
			<td>90-30015</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.1 &mu;m Polishing media</td>
			<td>Allied High Tech Products</td>
			<td>90-32000</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Raman chamber</td>
			<td>Harrick Scientific</td>
			<td>HTRC</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

probing and mapping electrode surfaces in solid oxide fuel cells

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are potentially the most efficient and cost-effective solution to utilization of a wide variety of fuels beyond hydrogen 1-7. The performance of SOFCs and the rates of many chemical and energy transformation processes in energy storage and conversion devices in general are limited primarily by charge and mass transfer along electrode surfaces and across interfaces. Unfortunately, the mechanistic understanding of these processes is still lacking, due largely to the difficulty of characterizing these processes under in situ conditions. This knowledge gap is a chief obstacle to SOFC commercialization. The development of tools for probing and mapping surface chemistries relevant to electrode reactions is vital to unraveling the mechanisms of surface processes and to achieving rational design of new electrode materials for more efficient energy storage and conversion2. Among the relatively few in situ surface analysis methods, Raman spectroscopy can be performed even with high temperatures and harsh atmospheres, making it ideal for characterizing chemical processes relevant to SOFC anode performance and degradation8-12. It can also be used alongside electrochemical measurements, potentially allowing direct correlation of electrochemistry to surface chemistry in an operating cell. Proper in situ Raman mapping measurements would be useful for pin-pointing important anode reaction mechanisms because of its sensitivity to the relevant species, including anode performance degradation through carbon deposition8, 10, 13, 14 ("coking") and sulfur poisoning11, 15 and the manner in which surface modifications stave off this degradation16. The current work demonstrates significant progress towards this capability. In addition, the family of scanning probe microscopy (SPM) techniques provides a special approach to interrogate the electrode surface with nanoscale resolution. Besides the surface topography that is routinely collected by AFM and STM, other properties such as local electronic states, ion diffusion coefficient and surface potential can also be investigated17-22. In this work, electrochemical measurements, Raman spectroscopy, and SPM were used in conjunction with a novel test electrode platform that consists of a Ni mesh electrode embedded in an yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte. Cell performance testing and impedance spectroscopy under fuel containing H2S was characterized, and Raman mapping was used to further elucidate the nature of sulfur poisoning. In situ Raman monitoring was used to investigate coking behavior. Finally, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) were used to further visualize carbon deposition on the nanoscale. From this research, we desire to produce a more complete picture of the SOFC anode.

Sulfur Poisoning Analysis
Shown in Figure 4 are typical I-V and I-P curves of a cell with a Ni mesh electrode under H2 and 20 ppm H2S condition. Clearly, the introduction of even just a few ppm of H2S can poison the Ni-YSZ anode and cause considerable performance degradation.
In order to more intensively understand the poisoning behavior of the Ni-YSZ anode, AC impedance spectroscopy of the cell was performed under open...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Probing and Mapping Electrode Surfaces in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells at JoVE.com

Probing and Mapping Electrode Surfaces in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

We present a unique platform for characterizing electrode surfaces in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) that allows simultaneous performance of multiple characterization techniques (e.g. in situ Raman spectroscopy and scanning probe microscopy alongside electrochemical measurements). Complementary information from these analyses may help to advance toward a more profound understanding of electrode reaction and degradation mechanisms, providing insights into rational design of better materials for SOFCs.

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are potentially the most efficient and cost-effective solution to utilization of a wide variety of fuels beyond hydrogen ...

Research

Education

JoVE Core

JoVE Journal

Physics

Engineering

Unit 1

Gauss's Law

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

Fabrication of Nano-engineered Transparent Conducting Oxides by Pulsed Laser Deposition

Nanosecond Pulsed  Laser Deposition (PLD) in the presence of a background gas allows the deposition  of metal oxides with tunable morphology, structure, ...

Monolayer Contact Doping of Silicon Surfaces and Nanowires Using Organophosphorus Compounds

Monolayer Contact Doping (MLCD) is a simple method for doping of surfaces and nanostructures1. MLCD results in the formation of highly controlled, ultra ...

Writing and Low-Temperature Characterization of Oxide Nanostructures

Oxide nanoelectronics is a rapidly growing field which seeks to develop novel materials with multifunctional behavior at nanoscale dimensions.  Oxide ...

Ultrasound Velocity Measurement in a Liquid Metal Electrode

A growing number of electrochemical technologies depend on fluid flow, and often that fluid is opaque. Measuring the flow of an opaque fluid is inherently ...

Preparation and Evaluation of Hybrid Composites of Chemical Fuel and Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes in the Study of Thermopower Waves

When a chemical fuel at a certain position in a hybrid composite of the fuel and a micro/nanostructured material is ignited, chemical combustion occurs ...

Iridium Oxide-reduced Graphene Oxide Nanohybrid Thin Film Modified Screen-printed Electrodes as Disposable Electrochemical Paper Microfluidic pH Sensors

A facile, controllable, inexpensive and green electrochemical synthesis of IrO2-graphene nanohybrid thin films is developed to fabricate an easy-to-use ...

Non-aqueous Electrode Processing and Construction of Lithium-ion Coin Cells

Research into new and improved materials to be utilized in lithium-ion batteries (LIB) necessitates an experimental counterpart to any computational ...

Combustion Characterization and Model Fuel Development for Micro-tubular Flame-assisted Fuel Cells

Combustion based power generation has been accomplished for many years through a number of heat engine systems. Recently, a move towards small scale power ...

Preparation of Janus Particles and Alternating Current Electrokinetic Measurements with a Rapidly Fabricated Indium Tin Oxide Electrode Array

This article provides a simple method to prepare partially or fully coated metallic particles and to perform the rapid fabrication of electrode arrays, ...

Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser

The goal of this protocol is to present how to perform spin- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy combined with polarization-variable 7-eV laser ...