Ce travail est soutenu par des subventions du Fonds général et du Fonds OU G110 d&#39;excellence en recherche de l&#39;OSU-HRS Fonds 013000 la recherche biomédicale et. Les auteurs tiennent à remercier Lauren Chen pour son aide dans la préparation de ce manuscrit.

Toutes les procédures impliquant des sujets animaux ont été approuvés et achevés conformément et la conformité avec le soin et l&#39;utilisation des animaux institutionnel Comité Ohio State University (IACUC) les règlements et les lignes directrices. 1. Souris anesthésie <ol><li> Mettre en place un tableau de la procédure de nettoyage avec un tampon isotherme chauffée enveloppée dans une serviette chirurgicale. Le coussinet chauffant doit être maintenue entre 30 ° C et 34 ° C pour stabiliser la température interne de l&#39;animal, tout en réduisant le stress potentiel de l&#39;animal. </li><li> Placez la souris dans une chambre d&#39;induction de l&#39;anesthésie avec les paramètres suivants: débit d&#39;oxygène fixé à 1,5 L / min et vaporisateur isoflurane fixé à 3,5%. Sédation complète devrait avoir lieu dans les 1-2 min. Si une chambre d&#39;induction n&#39;est pas disponible, une cloche peut être utilisée avec une grille métallique placée dans le bas pour éviter le contact direct avec l&#39;animal de l&#39;isoflurane. </li><li> Retirer immédiatement la souris de la chambre de l&#39;induction foisest complètement anesthésié (atteint lorsque la souris perd la fonction motrice volontaire). Appliquer une ogive à l&#39;animal pour l&#39;entretien de l&#39;anesthésie. Le débit d&#39;oxygène doit être réduite à environ 0,5 L / min et le vaporisateur isoflurane doit être réglé dans la plage de 1,5 à 2,5%. <ol><li> Appliquez une petite quantité de pommade ophtalmique directement à la cornée afin de réduire la sécheresse oculaire 8. En outre, pendant l&#39;anesthésie, la souris doit maintenir une absence du réflexe de retrait de la pédale, les muqueuses doivent rester une couleur rose, et la respiration doivent apparaître régulier. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Préparation de Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging procédure <ol><li> Retenez chaque jambe de la souris sur la table de procédure chauffée avec un adhésif amovible, tel qu&#39;une bande chirurgicale. </li><li> L&#39;utilisation d&#39;un rasoir électrique, enlever les poils sur la surface ventrale du corps entre le moyen et l&#39;abdomen jusqu&#39;à la moitié de la cavité thoracique. Appliquer la crème d&#39;épilation à réexamendéplacer le reste des cheveux qui n&#39;est pas coupé par le rasoir. Essuyer la crème avec un tampon de gaze humide après 2-3 min. </li><li> Enlever les poils en excès en utilisant un tampon de gaze humidifiée à l&#39;eau et nettoyer la région rasée avec 70% d&#39;alcool ou équivalent antiseptique. La sonde à ultrasons est appliqué à cette zone de visualiser la fonction de diaphragme. Un analgésique topique peut être prévu pour animaux connaissent une légère irritation de la peau due à l&#39;épilation. </li></ol> 3. Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging Protocole <ol><li> Allumer le dispositif à ultrasons et d&#39;ajuster la puissance de sortie (si nécessaire) sur l&#39;appareil en pourcentage pour obtenir une résolution optimale. </li><li> Régler l&#39;appareil à ultrasons soit B (luminosité)-mode, M (mouvement)-mode, ou les deux, avant l&#39;imagerie, ce qui permet à la bonne visualisation de la contraction de la membrane de la souris. </li><li> Appliquez une petite quantité de gel à ultrasons sur l&#39;abdomen supérieur de la souris et masser le gel vers la cavité thoracique. </li><li> Placez l&#39;ultrason transducteur dans ce domaine et l&#39;angle vers le haut vers le cœur. Ajuster la sonde jusqu&#39;à ce qu&#39;une résolution optimale de l&#39;image est obtenue. Remarque: pour ce protocole, un réseau de micro-convexe ou linéaire progressive transducteur en réseau est une sonde idéal à utiliser en raison de la faible encombrement et une excellente résolution axiale 9; la fréquence doit être réglée dans la largeur de bande et pour ces expériences, une gamme de 6,5 à 12 MHz peut être utilisée. </li><li> Appuyez sur la touche de congélation pour enregistrer temporairement les images de l&#39;iris et afficher les contractions sélectionnés. </li><li> Sauvegarder l&#39;enregistrement en boucle ciné, qui permet des mesures ultérieures de course diaphragmatique ainsi que le taux de respiration. Remarque: vues d&#39;images peuvent être enregistrées dans la mémoire de l&#39;ordinateur ou sur un disque dur externe pour une analyse ultérieure 9. <ol><li> Mesurer avec précision la profondeur du mouvement de la membrane de détente à la contraction à l&#39;aide des étriers électroniques qui font partie du logiciel d&#39;ultrasons. </li><li> Convertir lecine fichier en un fichier MPEG en boucle et déterminer le taux de respiration en comptant le nombre de contractions du diaphragme au cours de la période d&#39;enregistrement. En variante, le nombre de contractions par minute (fréquence respiratoire) peut être comptée à partir de l&#39;image en mode M. </li></ol></li></ol> 4. Postanesthésiques récupération des animaux <ol><li> La souris devrait récupérer complètement de l&#39;anesthésie en 1 heure. Ne pas laisser l&#39;animal sans surveillance tant qu&#39;il a repris conscience suffisante pour maintenir décubitus sternal. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Snyder, C. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Complementarity+of+ultrasound+and+fluorescence+imaging+in+an+orthotopic+mouse+model+of+pancreatic+cancer.">Complementarity of ultrasound and fluorescence imaging in an orthotopic mouse model of pancreatic cancer.</a> BMC Cancer. 9, 106 (2009).</li><li>Franchi, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Non-invasive+assessment+of+cardiac+function+in+a+mouse+model+of+renovascular+hypertension.">Non-invasive assessment of cardiac function in a mouse model of renovascular hypertension.</a> Hypertension Research: Official Journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension. , (2013).</li><li>Coatney, R. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrasound+imaging:+principles+and+applications+in+rodent+research.">Ultrasound imaging: principles and applications in rodent research.</a> ILAR Journal / National Research Council, Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources. 42, 233-247 (2001).</li><li>Morenz, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+of+air+trapping+in+chronic+obstructive+pulmonary+disease+by+low+frequency+ultrasound.">Detection of air trapping in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by low frequency ultrasound.</a> BMC Pulmonary Medicine. 12, 8 (2012).</li><li>Gilliam, L. A., Moylan, J. S., Ann Callahan, L., Sumandea, M. P., Reid, M. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Doxorubicin+causes+diaphragm+weakness+in+murine+models+of+cancer+chemotherapy.">Doxorubicin causes diaphragm weakness in murine models of cancer chemotherapy.</a> Muscle &amp; Nerve. 43, 94-102 (2011).</li><li>Ferreira, L. F., Campbell, K. S., Reid, M. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effectiveness+of+sulfur-containing+antioxidants+in+delaying+skeletal+muscle+fatigue.">Effectiveness of sulfur-containing antioxidants in delaying skeletal muscle fatigue.</a> Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 43, 1025-1031 (2011).</li><li>Zuo, L., Clanton, T. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reactive+oxygen+species+formation+in+the+transition+to+hypoxia+in+skeletal+muscle.">Reactive oxygen species formation in the transition to hypoxia in skeletal muscle.</a> American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology. 289, 207-216 (2005).</li><li>Helms, M. N., Torres-Gonzalez, E., Goodson, P., Rojas, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+tracheal+instillation+of+solutes+into+mouse+lung.">Direct tracheal instillation of solutes into mouse lung.</a> J. Vis. Exp. , (2010).</li><li>Hedrick, W. R., Hykes, D. L., Starchman, D. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Ultrasound Physics and Instrumentation. , 445 (2005).</li><li>von Sarnowski, B., Khaw, A. V., Kessler, C., Schminke, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+a+microconvex+array+transducer+for+the+ultrasonographic+examination+of+the+intrathoracic+segments+of+the+supraaortic+arteries.">Evaluation of a microconvex array transducer for the ultrasonographic examination of the intrathoracic segments of the supraaortic arteries.</a> Journal of Neuroimaging: Official Journal of the American Society of Neuroimaging. 20, 246-250 (2010).</li><li>Stocksley, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Abdominal Ultrasound. , 7-8 (2001).</li><li>Kremkau, F. W., Taylor, K. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Artifacts+in+ultrasound+imaging.">Artifacts in ultrasound imaging.</a> Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine: Official Journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. 5, 227-237 (1986).</li><li>Kremkau, F. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diagnostic+Ultrasound:+Principles+and+Instruments.">Diagnostic Ultrasound: Principles and Instruments.</a> Saunders Elsevier. , 521 (2006).</li><li>Laing, F. C., Kurtz, A. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+importance+of+ultrasonic+side-lobe+artifacts.">The importance of ultrasonic side-lobe artifacts.</a> Radiology. 145, 763-768 (1982).</li><li>Abu-Zidan, F. M., Hefny, A. F., Corr, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+ultrasound+physics.">Clinical ultrasound physics.</a> Journal of Emergencies, Trauma, and Shock. 4, 501-503 (2011).</li><li>Gargani, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lung+ultrasound:+a+new+tool+for+the+cardiologist.">Lung ultrasound: a new tool for the cardiologist.</a> Cardiovascular Ultrasound. 9, 6 (2011).</li><li>Sanders, R. C., Winter, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Clinical Sonography A Practical Guide. , 632 (2007).</li></ol>

Les auteurs déclarent qu&#39;ils n&#39;ont aucun intérêt financier concurrents.

Le protocole expérimental actuel au point des techniques d&#39;imagerie par ultrasons de diagnostic propres à l&#39;activité de la membrane dans un modèle de souris par le biais d&#39;une approche non invasive, in vivo. Les réglages de l&#39;appareil d&#39;anesthésie sont des valeurs approchées, qui peuvent être légèrement ajustés pour chaque animal puisque les souris individu peut réagir différemment à l&#39;anesthésie. Pour éviter l&#39;administration de l&#39;anesthésie inappropriée, il est...

Récemment, des techniques d&#39;imagerie de diagnostic à ultrasons ont été appliqués à des modèles murins de l&#39;hypertension rénovasculaire et 1,2 de cancer pancréatique. Cependant, ces techniques n&#39;ont pas été largement utilisés dans respiratoire dosage de la fonction musculaire de rongeur. Par conséquent, nous avons développé une méthode d&#39;imagerie par ultrasons de diagnostic comme un outil précieux pour l&#39;évaluation in vivo longitudinales de la mobilité de la membrane chez la souris. Il existe plusieurs avantages à l&#39;imagerie par ultrasons de diagnostic. Par exemple, il est non invasive, sûre, portable, et permet des mesures en temps réel à un coût relativement faible 3. En particulier, certains dispositifs à ultrasons basse fréquence étaient capables de détecter le piégeage de l&#39;air, une caractéristique clinique de la maladie pulmonaire obstructive chronique (MPOC) d&#39;intensité légère à grave limitation du débit 4. Ainsi, l&#39;imagerie par ultrasons de diagnostic peut servir de méthode de dépistage facilement accessible et reproductible pour surveiller en temps réel<html> des troubles respiratoires. Les techniques d&#39;imagerie par ultrasons de diagnostic sont souvent appliqués à de plus grands animaux ou des sujets humains. Cependant, il ya eu un nombre limité d&#39;études d&#39;imagerie par ultrasons sur des modèles de souris, ce qui est probablement dû aux difficultés de l&#39;exécution des ultrasons sur des sujets de petite taille. Le protocole décrit une procédure de courant selon l&#39;invention pour la mesure de la fonction de la membrane dans la souris. En outre, même si il ya eu plusieurs études sur les rongeurs sur la fonction de la membrane, la plupart des résultats ont été générés par l&#39;isolement des bandes de muscle directement à partir de l&#39;animal euthanasié 5-7. En revanche, en utilisant une méthode de diagnostic d&#39;imagerie à ultrasons in vivo d&#39;analyse de l&#39;activité du diaphragme diminuerait le nombre d&#39;animaux sacrifiés pour l&#39;expérimentation. En outre, les traitements à long terme axées sur le renforcement de la contractilité diaphragme peuvent être évalués avec précision par ultrasons dans des modèles de rongeurs sans sacrifier les animaux. ntent &quot;&gt; Dans notre laboratoire, nous avons développé une méthode efficace pour la visualisation ainsi que l&#39;analyse de l&#39;activité de la membrane de la souris en utilisant une machine à ultrasons, ce qui permet la compréhension de la fonction de la membrane in vivo, évite méthodes invasives pour les animaux, et des aides dans le développement de thérapeutiques traitements de la dysfonction respiratoire.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="602">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="127">
			<td height="127" style="height:127px;width:147px;">Veterinary digital ultrasonic diagnostic imaging system</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Edan</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">DUS 3 VET</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Ultrasound parameters include: frequency of 6.5 MHz, Depth of 29 mm. Note: An equivalent ultrasound machine may be used for this protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:147px;">Micro-convex array transducer</td>
			<td>Edan</td>
			<td>C611</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:147px;">GE Logiq i hand-carried unit (HCU)&#160;</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">GE Logiq i hand-carried unit (HCU)&#160;</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:147px;">GE 12 MHz linear array probe</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">12L-RS</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="171">
			<td height="171" style="height:171px;width:147px;">Veterinary anesthetic vaporizer</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Webster Veterinary</td>
			<td>Serial #: W422021</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Isoflurane was exclusively used with this vaporizer (or equivalent). A custom made induction chamber for anesthesia was assembled for initial anesthesia. Maintenance anesthesia was performed using a nose cone</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:147px;">Isothesia (Isoflurane, USP)</td>
			<td>Butler Schein</td>
			<td>29405 250ML PVL</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="57">
			<td height="57" style="height:57px;width:147px;">Enviro-pure anesthesia absorbing canister</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Surgivet Smiths Medical PM, Inc.</td>
			<td>Part #: 32373B10</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:147px;">Ultrasound transmission gel</td>
			<td>HM Sonic</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Or equivalent&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:147px;">Puralube vet ointment</td>
			<td>Puralube&#160;</td>
			<td>NDC 17033-211-38</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:147px;">Deltaphase isothermal pad</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Braintree Scientific Inc.</td>
			<td>39DP</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Hair remover</td>
			<td>Nair</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Electric razor</td>
			<td>Remington</td>
			<td>HC-5015</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Surgical tape</td>
			<td>3M Micropore</td>
			<td>1530-1</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Gauze sponges</td>
			<td>Dynarex</td>
			<td>3262</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

diagnostic ultrasound imaging of mouse diaphragm function

Analyse fonctionnelle des muscles squelettiques respiratoires rongeurs, en particulier le diaphragme, est généralement réalisée en isolant des bandes de muscles en utilisant des procédures chirurgicales invasives. Bien que ce soit une méthode efficace pour évaluer l&#39;activité in vitro de la membrane, il s&#39;agit d&#39;une chirurgie non-survie. L&#39;application de l&#39;imagerie par ultrasons non invasif comme une procédure in vivo est bénéfique, car elle réduit non seulement le nombre d&#39;animaux sacrifiés, mais est également approprié pour la surveillance de la progression de la maladie chez des souris vivantes. Ainsi, notre procédé d&#39;imagerie par ultrasons peut vraisemblablement contribuer à la mise au point de nouvelles thérapies qui atténuent blessure musculaire induite par diverses maladies respiratoires. En particulier, dans le diagnostic clinique de maladies pulmonaires obstructives, l&#39;imagerie par ultrasons a le potentiel pour être utilisé en conjonction avec d&#39;autres tests standards pour détecter l&#39;apparition précoce de la fatigue musculaire diaphragme. Dans le protocole actuel, nous décrivons comment évaluer précisément diaphragme contractilité dans un modèle de souris en utilisant une technique d&#39;imagerie par ultrasons de diagnostic.

Une image ultrasonore typique d&#39;un diaphragme de souris est représentée sur la Figure 1A. Le diaphragme de la souris déplacement vertical maximal a été enregistré. Cette distance a été calculée en mesurant avec précision la profondeur du mouvement de la membrane de relaxation de la contraction à l&#39;aide des étriers électroniques qui font partie du logiciel d&#39;ultrasons. Tableau 1 affiche ces indications de mesures de distance des contractions du diaphragme à part...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging of Mouse Diaphragm Function at JoVE.com

Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging of Mouse Diaphragm Function

L&#39;imagerie par ultrasons de diagnostic s&#39;est avéré être efficace dans le diagnostic de diverses maladies respiratoires chez les sujets humains et animaux. Nous démontrons un protocole d&#39;échographie complet utilisé par le laboratoire du Dr Zuo pour analyser la cinétique de diaphragme spécifiquement dans les modèles de souris. C&#39;est aussi une technique de recherche non-invasive qui peut fournir des informations quantitatives sur la fonction des muscles respiratoires de la souris.

L&#39;échographie diagnostique de souris membrane Fonction

Function analysis of rodent respiratory skeletal muscles, particularly the diaphragm, is commonly performed by isolating muscle strips using invasive ...

diagnostic-ultrasound-imaging-of-mouse-diaphragm-function

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

15.9K vues.  The Ohio State University College of Medicine.  L'imagerie par ultrasons de diagnostic s'est avéré être efficace dans le diagnostic de diverses maladies respiratoires chez les sujets humains et animaux. Nous démontrons un protocole d'échographie complet utilisé par le laboratoire du Dr Zuo pour analyser la cinétique de diaphragme spécifiquement dans les modèles de souris. C'est aussi une technique de recherche non-invasive qui peut fournir des informations quantitatives sur la fonction des mus...

Vidéo: Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging of Mouse Diaphragm Function

Murine Echocardiography and Ultrasound Imaging

Rodent models of cardiac pathophysiology represent a valuable research tool to investigate mechanism of disease as well as test new therapeutics.1 Echocardiography provides a powerful, non-invasive tool to serially assess cardiac morphometry and function in a living animal.2 However, using this technique on mice poses unique challenges owing to the small size and rapid heart rate of these animals.3 Until recently, few ultrasound systems were capable of performing quality echocardiography on mice, and those generally lacked the image resolution and frame rate necessary to obtain truly quantitative measurements. Newly released systems such as the VisualSonics Vevo2100 provide new tools for researchers to carefully and non-invasively investigate cardiac function in mice. This system generates high resolution images and provides analysis capabilities similar to those used with human patients. Although color Doppler has been available for over 30 years in humans, this valuable technology has only recently been possible in rodent ultrasound.4,5 Color Doppler has broad applications for echocardiography, including the ability to quickly assess flow directionality in vessels and through valves, and to rapidly identify valve regurgitation. Strain analysis is a critical advance that is utilized to quantitatively measure regional myocardial function.6 This technique has the potential to detect changes in pathology, or resolution of pathology, earlier than conventional techniques. Coupled with the addition of three-dimensional image reconstruction, volumetric assessment of whole-organs is possible, including visualization and assessment of cardiac and vascular structures. Murine-compatible contrast imaging can also allow for volumetric measurements and tissue perfusion assessment.

This video demonstrates use of a rail-mounted high-frequency ultrasound probe to perform echocardiography on an anesthetized mouse. The methods describe both conventional two-dimensional and M-mode measurements of cardiac function in addition to newer, more powerful tools such as color Doppler, strain analysis, as well as general and targeted contrast imaging.

L&#39;échocardiographie et l&#39;imagerie par ultrasons murin

Rodent models of cardiac pathophysiology represent a valuable research tool to investigate mechanism of disease as well as test new therapeutics.1  ...

Recherche

Médecine

A Novel Application of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging

Ultrasound is an attractive modality for imaging muscle and tendon motion during dynamic tasks and can provide a complementary methodological approach for biomechanical studies in a clinical or laboratory setting. Towards this goal, methods for quantification of muscle kinematics from ultrasound imagery are being developed based on image processing. The temporal resolution of these methods is typically not sufficient for highly dynamic tasks, such as drop-landing. We propose a new approach that utilizes a Doppler method for quantifying muscle kinematics. We have developed a novel vector tissue Doppler imaging (vTDI) technique that can be used to measure musculoskeletal contraction velocity, strain and strain rate with sub-millisecond temporal resolution during dynamic activities using ultrasound. The goal of this preliminary study was to investigate the repeatability and potential applicability of the vTDI technique in measuring musculoskeletal velocities during a drop-landing task, in healthy subjects. The vTDI measurements can be performed concurrently with other biomechanical techniques, such as 3D motion capture for joint kinematics and kinetics, electromyography for timing of muscle activation and force plates for ground reaction force. Integration of these complementary techniques could lead to a better understanding of dynamic muscle function and dysfunction underlying the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of musculoskeletal disorders.

We describe a new ultrasound-based vector tissue Doppler imaging technique to measure muscle contraction velocity, strain and strain rate with sub-millisecond temporal resolution during dynamic activities. This approach provides complementary measurements of dynamic muscle function and could lead to a better understanding of mechanisms underlying musculoskeletal disorders.

Une application roman de l&#39;appareil locomoteur imagerie par ultrasons

Ultrasound is an attractive modality for imaging muscle and tendon  motion during dynamic tasks and can provide a complementary methodological  approach ...

State of the Art Cranial Ultrasound Imaging in Neonates

Cranial ultrasound (CUS) is a reputable tool for brain imaging in critically ill neonates. It is safe, relatively cheap and easy to use, even when a patient is unstable. In addition it is radiation-free and allows serial imaging. CUS possibilities have steadily expanded. However, in many neonatal intensive care units, these possibilities are not optimally used. We present a comprehensive approach for neonatal CUS, focusing on optimal settings, different probes, multiple acoustic windows and Doppler techniques. This approach is suited for both routine clinical practice and research purposes. In a live demonstration, we show how this technique is performed in the neonatal intensive care unit. Using optimal settings and probes allows for better imaging quality and improves the diagnostic value of CUS in experienced hands. Traditionally, images are obtained through the anterior fontanel. Use of supplemental acoustic windows (lambdoid, mastoid, and lateral fontanels) improves detection of brain injury. Adding Doppler studies allows screening of patency of large intracranial arteries and veins. Flow velocities and indices can be obtained. Doppler CUS offers the possibility of detecting cerebral sinovenous thrombosis at an early stage, creating a window for therapeutic intervention prior to thrombosis-induced tissue damage. Equipment, data storage and safety aspects are also addressed.

Cranial ultrasound (CUS) is a valuable tool for brain imaging in critically ill neonates. This video shows a comprehensive approach for neonatal (Doppler) CUS for both clinical and research purposes, including a bedside demonstration of the technique.

État de l&#39;imagerie par ultrasons Art crânienne les nouveau-nés

Cranial ultrasound (CUS) is a reputable tool for brain imaging in critically ill neonates. It is safe, relatively cheap and easy to use, even when a ...

High-frequency Ultrasound Imaging of Mouse Cervical Lymph Nodes

High-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) is widely employed as a non-invasive method for imaging internal anatomic structures in experimental small animal systems. HFUS has the ability to detect structures as small as 30 &#181;m, a property that has been utilized for visualizing superficial lymph nodes in rodents in brightness (B)-mode. Combining power Doppler with B-mode imaging allows for measuring circulatory blood flow within lymph nodes and other organs. While HFUS has been utilized for lymph node imaging in a number of mouse&#160; model systems, a detailed protocol describing HFUS imaging and characterization of the cervical lymph nodes in mice has not been reported. Here, we show that HFUS can be adapted to detect and characterize cervical lymph nodes in mice. Combined B-mode and power Doppler imaging can be used to detect increases in blood flow in immunologically-enlarged cervical nodes. We also describe the use of B-mode imaging to conduct fine needle biopsies of cervical lymph nodes to retrieve lymph tissue for histological&#160; analysis. Finally, software-aided steps are described to calculate changes in lymph node volume and to visualize changes in lymph node morphology following image reconstruction. The ability to visually monitor changes in cervical lymph node biology over time provides a simple and powerful technique for the non-invasive monitoring of cervical lymph node alterations in preclinical mouse models of oral cavity disease.

This protocol describes the application of high-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) for imaging mouse cervical lymph nodes. This technique optimizes visualization and quantification of cervical lymph node morphology, volume and blood flow. Image-guided biopsy of cervical lymph nodes and processing of lymph tissue for histological evaluation is also demonstrated.

Haute fréquence imagerie par ultrasons de souris cervicales ganglions lymphatiques

High-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) is widely employed as a non-invasive method for imaging internal anatomic structures in experimental small animal ...

Quantification of Levator Ani Hiatus Enlargement by Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Males and Females with Pelvic Organ Prolapse

Here we present a protocol to examine the levator ani hiatus in males and females with pelvic organ prolapse, during the Valsalva maneuver and while evacuating acoustic gel, using a horizontally oriented 1.5 T magnetic resonance (MR) scanner. On midsagittal images, the vertical distance of pelvic organs is measured in millimeters relative to the hymen plane (female) and to the lower border of the symphysis pubis (male), preceded by - (above) or + ( below) signs. On axial images, the levator ani area is calculated in square centimeters with a free-hand tracing method from three key images, passing through the midsymphysis (level I), tangential to the lower border of the symphysis (level II), and at the maximal anterior rectal wall bulging (level III). Areas at rest and strained are compared to find evidence of a percentage of increase. The purpose is to provide objective evidence of the maximal extent of pelvic organs descent and hiatus enlargement without the interference of foreign objects or the examiner&#39;s proximity, so as to overcome the limitations of pelvic examination and transperineal sonography (i.e., subjectivity and sex-related limitations [female only]).

Here we present a protocol to standardize the measurement of the levator ani hiatus size&#160;by magnetic resonance imaging. The purpose is to extract biomechanical inferences from image analysis by comparing resting and straining values in patients of both sexes with pelvic prolapse, using consistent anatomical bony landmarks.

Quantification de Levator Ani Hiatus l’élargissement par imagerie par résonance magnétique chez les mâles et les femelles avec prolapsus

Here we present a protocol to examine the levator ani hiatus in males and females with pelvic organ prolapse, during the Valsalva maneuver and while ...

Cardiac Magnetic Resonance for the Evaluation of Suspected Cardiac Thrombus: Conventional and Emerging Techniques

We present the conventional cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) protocol for evaluating a suspected thrombus and highlight emerging techniques.&#160;The appearance of a mass on certain magnetic resonance (MR) sequences can help differentiate a thrombus from competing diagnoses such as a tumor. T1 and T2 signal characteristics of a thrombus are related to the evolution of hemoglobin properties. A thrombus typically does not enhance following contrast administration, which also helps differentiation from a tumor. We also highlight the emerging role of T1 mapping in the evaluation of a thrombus, which can add another level of support in diagnosis. Prior to any CMR exam, patient screening and interviews are critical to ensure safety and to optimize patient comfort. Effective communication during the exam between the technologist and the patient promotes proper breath holding technique and higher quality images. Volumetric post processing and structured reporting are helpful to ensure that the radiologist answers the ordering services&#39; question and communicates these results effectively. Optimal pre-MR safety evaluation, CMR exam execution, and post exam processing and reporting allow for delivery of high quality radiological service in the evaluation of a suspected cardiac thrombus.

The goal of this article is to describe how cardiac magnetic resonance can be used for the evaluation and diagnosis of a suspected cardiac thrombus. The method presented will describe data acquisition as well as the pre-procedure and post-procedure protocol.

Résonance magnétique cardiaque pour l'évaluation du thrombus cardiaque présumé : techniques conventionnelles et émergentes

We present the conventional cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) protocol for evaluating a suspected thrombus and highlight emerging techniques.&#160;The ...

Near Infrared Photoimmunotherapy for Mouse Models of Pleural Dissemination

The efficacy of photoimmunotherapy can be evaluated more accurately with an orthotopic mouse model than with a subcutaneous one. A pleural dissemination model can be used for the evaluation of treatment methods for intrathoracic diseases such as lung cancer or malignant pleural mesothelioma.
Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is a recently developed cancer treatment strategy that combines the specificity of tumor-targeting antibodies with toxicity caused by a photoabsorber (IR700Dye) after exposure to NIR light. The efficacy of NIR-PIT has been reported using various antibodies; however, only a few reports have shown the therapeutic effect of this strategy in an orthotopic model. In the present study, we demonstrate an example of efficacy evaluation of the pleural disseminated lung cancer model, which was treated using NIR-PIT.

Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is an emerging cancer therapeutic strategy that utilizes an antibody-photoabsorber (IR700Dye) conjugate and NIR light to destroy cancer cells. Here, we present a method to evaluate the antitumor effect of NIR-PIT in a mouse model of pleural disseminated lung cancer and malignant pleural mesothelioma using bioluminescence imaging.

Photoimmunothérapie proche infrarouge pour des modèles murins de dissémination pleurale

The efficacy of photoimmunotherapy can be evaluated more accurately with an orthotopic mouse model than with a subcutaneous one. A pleural dissemination ...

Interventional Diagnostic Procedure: A Practical Guide for the Assessment of Coronary Vascular Function

Approximately 40% of patients undergoing invasive coronary angiography for investigation of angina are found to have no obstructive coronary artery disease (ANOCA). Abnormal coronary function underlies coronary vasomotion syndromes including coronary endothelial dysfunction, microvascular angina, vasospastic angina, post-PCI angina and myocardial infarction with no obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA). Each of these endotypes are distinct subgroups, characterized by specific disease mechanisms. Diagnostic criteria and linked therapy for these conditions are now established by expert consensus and clinical guidelines.
Coronary function tests are performed as an adjunctive interventional diagnostic procedure (IDP) in appropriately selected patients during coronary angiography. This aids differentiation of patients according to endotype. The IDP includes two distinct components: a diagnostic guidewire test and a pharmacological coronary reactivity test. The tests last approximately 5 minutes for the former and 10-15 minutes for the latter. Patient safety and staff education are key.
The diagnostic guidewire test measures parameters of coronary flow limitation (fractional flow reserve [FFR], coronary flow reserve [CFR], microvascular resistance [index of microvascular resistance (IMR)], basal resistance index, and vasodilator function [CFR, resistive reserve ratio (RRR)]).
The pharmacological coronary reactivity test measures the vasodilator potential and propensity to vasospasm of both the main coronary arteries and the micro-vessels. It involves intra-coronary infusion of acetylcholine and glyceryl trinitrate (GTN). Acetylcholine is not licensed for parenteral use and is therefore prescribed on a named-patient basis. Vasodilatation is the normal, expected response to infusion of physiological concentrations of acetylcholine. Vascular spasm represents an abnormal response, which supports the diagnosis of vasospastic angina.
The purpose of this practical guide is to provide information on the preparation and administration of the IDP in clinical practice. It discusses some key preparation and safety considerations, as well as tips for procedural success. The IDP supports stratified medicine for a personalized approach to health and wellbeing.

The purpose of this practical guide is to provide information on the preparation and administration of an interventional diagnostic procedure in clinical practice. It discusses some key preparation and safety considerations, as well as tips for procedural success.

Procédure de diagnostic interventionnel : Guide pratique pour l’évaluation de la fonction vasculaire coronarienne

Approximately 40% of patients undergoing invasive coronary angiography for investigation of angina are found to have no obstructive coronary artery ...

Drug Treatment by Central Venous Catheter in a Mouse Model of Angiotensin II Induced Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm and Monitoring by 3D Ultrasound

Since pharmaceutical treatment options are lacking in the clinical management of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), animal models, in particular mouse models, are applied to advance the understanding of the disease pathogenesis and to identify potential therapeutic targets. Testing novel drug candidates to block AAA growth in these models generally requires repeated drug administration during the time course of the experiment. Here, we describe a compiled protocol for AAA induction, insertion of an intravenous catheter to facilitate prolonged therapy, and serial AAA monitoring by 3D ultrasound. Aneurysms are induced in apolipoprotein E (ApoE) deficient mice by angiotensin II release over 28 days from osmotic mini-pumps implanted subcutaneously into the mouse back. Subsequently, the surgical procedure for external jugular vein catheterization is conducted to allow for daily intravenous drug treatment or repeated blood sampling via a subcutaneous vascular access button. Despite the two dorsal implants, the monitoring of AAA development is readily facilitated by sequential semi-automated 3D ultrasound analysis, which yields comprehensive information on the expansion of aortic diameter and volume and on aneurysm morphology, as illustrated by experimental examples.

This protocol describes the consecutive implantation of an osmotic pump to induce abdominal aortic aneurysm by angiotensin II release in apolipoprotein E (ApoE) deficient mice and of a vascular access port with a jugular vein catheter for repeated drug treatment. Monitoring of aneurysm development by 3D ultrasound is effectively conducted despite dorsal implants.

Traitement médicamenteux par cathéter veineux central dans un modèle murin d’anévrisme de l’aorte abdominale induit par l’angiotensine II et surveillance par échographie 3D

Since pharmaceutical treatment options are lacking in the clinical management of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), animal models, in particular mouse ...

Muscle Function Obtained with Motion Mode Ultrasound and Surface Electromyography during Core Endurance Exercise

Motion mode (M-mode) ultrasound allows researchers and clinicians to measure the change of muscle thickness across time. Muscle thickness can be measured between fascial borders at a given time point during an exercise. This selected time point produces a one-dimensional image resulting in real-time, live observation of anatomy. Ultrasound used during functional movement can be referred to as dynamic ultrasound; this is feasible and reliable with the use of a linear transducer, elastic belt, and foam block to secure consistent transducer placement. The lateral abdominal wall is commonly investigated using ultrasound due to the overlapping nature of the muscles. Surface electromyography (sEMG) can complement M-mode ultrasound imaging because it measures the electrical representation of muscle activation. There is minimal evidence using M-mode ultrasound and sEMG simultaneously during core exercise. Exercises that challenge the core musculature involve both isometric holds (e.g., side plank), as well as oscillatory extremity movements (e.g., dead bug). In this study, both instruments will be used simultaneously to measure core muscle function during exercise. Ultrasound measurements will be obtained using a linear transducer and ultrasound unit, and sEMG measurements will be acquired from a wireless sEMG system. To make comparisons between participants and exercises, normalization methods using static, exercise starting positions for both instruments will be used. An activation ratio will be used for ultrasound and calculated by dividing the contracted thickness (thickness during a time point of exercise) by the rested (starting position) thickness. Muscle thickness will be measured in centimeters from the superior inferior fascial border to inferior superior fascial border. These methods aim to offer an innovative and practical measurement of muscle function with M-mode ultrasound and sEMG during core endurance exercises.

This protocol uses motion mode ultrasound and surface electromyography simultaneously to measure muscle function of the core. Muscle thickness and activation of the local stabilizers (e.g., transverse abdominis, internal oblique) and global movers (e.g., external oblique) is achievable during specific time points of the side plank and dead bug exercises.

Fonction musculaire obtenue avec l’échographie en mode mouvement et l’électromyographie de surface pendant l’exercice d’endurance de base

Motion mode (M-mode) ultrasound allows researchers and clinicians to measure the change of muscle thickness across time. Muscle thickness can be measured ...