Este trabalho é apoiado por subsídios da UO Fundo Geral G110 e Fund Research Excellence de Pesquisas Biomédicas e OSU-HRS Fundo 013.000. Os autores gostariam de agradecer a Lauren Chen por sua ajuda na preparação deste manuscrito.

Todos os procedimentos que envolvem seres animais foram aprovados e concluídos de acordo eo cumprimento do Institutional Animal Care e Use Committee Ohio State University (IACUC) regulamentos e diretrizes. 1. Rato Anestesia <ol><li> Alterar uma tabela de procedimento de limpeza com um bloco isotérmico aquecido envolto em uma toalha cirúrgica. A almofada de aquecimento deve ser mantida entre 30 ° C e 34 ° C, para estabilizar a temperatura do núcleo do animal ao mesmo tempo reduzir o estresse potencial para o animal. </li><li> Posicione o mouse em uma câmara de indução anestésica com os seguintes parâmetros: taxa de fluxo de oxigênio definido para 1,5 L / min e vaporizador isoflurano definido para 3,5%. Sedação completa deve ocorrer dentro de 1-2 min. Se uma câmara de indução não está disponível, uma campânula de vidro pode ser usado com uma rede de arame posicionado na parte inferior para evitar o contacto directo com os animais do isoflurano. </li><li> Remover imediatamente o rato da câmara de indução, uma vez queestá completamente anestesiado (conseguido quando o mouse perde a função motora voluntária). Aplicar um nariz-cone para o animal para a manutenção da anestesia. A taxa de fluxo de oxigénio deve ser reduzida para aproximadamente 0,5 L / min e o vaporizador isoflurano deve ser mantida no intervalo de 1,5 a 2,5%. <ol><li> Aplique uma pequena quantidade de pomada oftálmica diretamente para as córneas para reduzir a secura dos olhos 8. Além disso, durante a anestesia, o mouse deve manter uma ausência do reflexo interdigital, as mucosas deve permanecer uma cor-de-rosa, ea respiração deve aparecer constante. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Preparação para o diagnóstico Ecografia Procedimento <ol><li> Contenha cada perna do mouse sobre a tabela de procedimento aquecida com um adesivo removível, como esparadrapo. </li><li> Usando um barbeador elétrico, retire o cabelo na superfície ventral do corpo entre o modo como abdômen e meia até a cavidade torácica. Aplicar creme de depilação para mais remover o restante do cabelo, que não é cortada pela navalha. Limpe o creme com uma gaze úmida após 2-3 min. </li><li> Retire o excesso de pêlos com uma gaze umedecida almofada de água e limpe a região depilada com álcool 70% ou equivalente anti-séptico. A sonda de ultra-sons irá ser aplicada a esta área para visualizar a função de diafragma. Um analgésico tópico pode ser fornecido aos animais experimentam irritação de pele menor, devido à remoção de pêlos. </li></ol> 3. Diagnóstico Ecografia Protocolo <ol><li> Ligue o aparelho de ultra-som e ajustar a potência de saída (se necessário) sobre o aparelho por porcentagem para obter uma melhor resolução. </li><li> Configure o aparelho de ultra-som, quer B (brilho)-mode, M (movimento)-mode, ou ambos antes de imagem, que permite a visualização adequada da contração do diafragma do rato. </li><li> Aplique uma pequena quantidade de gel de ultra-som na parte superior do abdómen do rato e massagear o gel para a cavidade torácica. </li><li> Colocar os ultrasoar transdutor nesta área e ângulo-a para cima em direção ao coração. Ajustar a sonda até uma resolução optimizada da imagem é obtida. Nota: para este protocolo, uma matriz de micro-convexa ou transdutor linear em fases é uma sonda ideal para usar devido ao tamanho reduzido e excelente resolução axial 9; a frequência precisa de ser ajustada através da largura de banda e para estas experiências pode ser utilizada uma gama de 6,5-12 MHz. </li><li> Pressione o botão de congelação para guardar temporariamente as imagens do diafragma e visualizar as contrações selecionados. </li><li> Salve a gravação como um cine loop, o que permite medições posteriores de excursão diafragmática, bem como a taxa de respiração. Nota: quadros de imagens podem ser salvas na memória do computador ou em um disco rígido externo para análise futura 9. <ol><li> Precisamente medir a profundidade do movimento do diafragma de relaxamento para contração usando as pinças de eletrônicos que fazem parte do software de ultra-som. </li><li> Converter aarquivo cine loop para um ficheiro MPEG e determinar a taxa de respiração através da contagem do número de contracções do diafragma durante o período de gravação. Alternativamente, o número de contracções por minuto (taxa de respiração) podem ser contadas a partir da imagem do modo-M. </li></ol></li></ol> 4. Pós-anestésica de recuperação de animais <ol><li> O mouse deve se recuperar completamente da anestesia dentro de 1 hora. Não deixe o animal sozinho até que ele recuperou a consciência suficiente para manter decúbito esternal. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Snyder, C. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Complementarity+of+ultrasound+and+fluorescence+imaging+in+an+orthotopic+mouse+model+of+pancreatic+cancer.">Complementarity of ultrasound and fluorescence imaging in an orthotopic mouse model of pancreatic cancer.</a> BMC Cancer. 9, 106 (2009).</li><li>Franchi, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Non-invasive+assessment+of+cardiac+function+in+a+mouse+model+of+renovascular+hypertension.">Non-invasive assessment of cardiac function in a mouse model of renovascular hypertension.</a> Hypertension Research: Official Journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension. , (2013).</li><li>Coatney, R. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrasound+imaging:+principles+and+applications+in+rodent+research.">Ultrasound imaging: principles and applications in rodent research.</a> ILAR Journal / National Research Council, Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources. 42, 233-247 (2001).</li><li>Morenz, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+of+air+trapping+in+chronic+obstructive+pulmonary+disease+by+low+frequency+ultrasound.">Detection of air trapping in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by low frequency ultrasound.</a> BMC Pulmonary Medicine. 12, 8 (2012).</li><li>Gilliam, L. A., Moylan, J. S., Ann Callahan, L., Sumandea, M. P., Reid, M. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Doxorubicin+causes+diaphragm+weakness+in+murine+models+of+cancer+chemotherapy.">Doxorubicin causes diaphragm weakness in murine models of cancer chemotherapy.</a> Muscle &amp; Nerve. 43, 94-102 (2011).</li><li>Ferreira, L. F., Campbell, K. S., Reid, M. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effectiveness+of+sulfur-containing+antioxidants+in+delaying+skeletal+muscle+fatigue.">Effectiveness of sulfur-containing antioxidants in delaying skeletal muscle fatigue.</a> Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 43, 1025-1031 (2011).</li><li>Zuo, L., Clanton, T. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reactive+oxygen+species+formation+in+the+transition+to+hypoxia+in+skeletal+muscle.">Reactive oxygen species formation in the transition to hypoxia in skeletal muscle.</a> American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology. 289, 207-216 (2005).</li><li>Helms, M. N., Torres-Gonzalez, E., Goodson, P., Rojas, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+tracheal+instillation+of+solutes+into+mouse+lung.">Direct tracheal instillation of solutes into mouse lung.</a> J. Vis. Exp. , (2010).</li><li>Hedrick, W. R., Hykes, D. L., Starchman, D. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Ultrasound Physics and Instrumentation. , 445 (2005).</li><li>von Sarnowski, B., Khaw, A. V., Kessler, C., Schminke, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+a+microconvex+array+transducer+for+the+ultrasonographic+examination+of+the+intrathoracic+segments+of+the+supraaortic+arteries.">Evaluation of a microconvex array transducer for the ultrasonographic examination of the intrathoracic segments of the supraaortic arteries.</a> Journal of Neuroimaging: Official Journal of the American Society of Neuroimaging. 20, 246-250 (2010).</li><li>Stocksley, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Abdominal Ultrasound. , 7-8 (2001).</li><li>Kremkau, F. W., Taylor, K. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Artifacts+in+ultrasound+imaging.">Artifacts in ultrasound imaging.</a> Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine: Official Journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. 5, 227-237 (1986).</li><li>Kremkau, F. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diagnostic+Ultrasound:+Principles+and+Instruments.">Diagnostic Ultrasound: Principles and Instruments.</a> Saunders Elsevier. , 521 (2006).</li><li>Laing, F. C., Kurtz, A. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+importance+of+ultrasonic+side-lobe+artifacts.">The importance of ultrasonic side-lobe artifacts.</a> Radiology. 145, 763-768 (1982).</li><li>Abu-Zidan, F. M., Hefny, A. F., Corr, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+ultrasound+physics.">Clinical ultrasound physics.</a> Journal of Emergencies, Trauma, and Shock. 4, 501-503 (2011).</li><li>Gargani, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lung+ultrasound:+a+new+tool+for+the+cardiologist.">Lung ultrasound: a new tool for the cardiologist.</a> Cardiovascular Ultrasound. 9, 6 (2011).</li><li>Sanders, R. C., Winter, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Clinical Sonography A Practical Guide. , 632 (2007).</li></ol>

Os autores declaram que não têm interesses financeiros concorrentes.

O protocolo experimental atual desenvolve técnicas de imagem de ultra-som de diagnóstico específicos para a atividade do diafragma em um modelo do rato através de uma abordagem in vivo não-invasivo,. As configurações de aparelhos de anestesia são valores aproximados, que podem ser ajustadas ligeiramente para cada animal, desde ratos indivíduo pode responder de forma diferente a anestesia. Para evitar a administração de anestesia inadequada, é importante monitorar regularmente os sinais vitais do rat...

Recentemente, técnicas de imagem de ultra-som de diagnóstico foram aplicados a modelos de ratos com hipertensão renovascular e 1,2 câncer no pâncreas. No entanto, estas técnicas não têm sido amplamente utilizados no ensaio de função da musculatura respiratória roedor. Por isso, desenvolvemos um método de imagem de ultra-som diagnóstico como uma ferramenta valiosa para a avaliação in vivo longitudinais da mobilidade diafragmática em camundongos. Existem várias vantagens para ultra-sonografia diagnóstica. Por exemplo, é não-invasivo, seguro, portátil, e permite medições em tempo real a um custo relativamente baixo 3. Particularmente, certos dispositivos de ultra-som de baixa freqüência foram capazes de detectar o aprisionamento de ar, uma característica clínica da doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC) com leve a grave limitação do fluxo aéreo 4. Assim, a ultra-sonografia de diagnóstico pode servir como um método de triagem de fácil acesso e reprodutível para monitoramento em tempo real<html> de doenças respiratórias. Técnicas de imagem de ultra-som diagnóstico são freqüentemente aplicada aos animais maiores ou seres humanos. No entanto, tem havido um número limitado de estudos de imagem de ultra-som em modelos de ratos, o que é provável, devido aos desafios da realização de ultra-som sobre assuntos de pequena escala. O protocolo atual delineia um novo procedimento para medir a função do diafragma no mouse. Além disso, embora tenha havido vários estudos com roedores para a função de diafragma, a maior parte dos resultados foram obtidos por isolamento a partir de tiras de músculo directamente o animal sacrificado 5-7. Em contraste, utilizando um método in vivo de imagens de ultra-sons de diagnóstico para analisar a actividade do diafragma iria reduzir o número de animais sacrificados para a experimentação. Além disso, os tratamentos de longo prazo com foco em melhorar a contratilidade do diafragma pode ser avaliada com precisão através de ultra-som em modelos de roedores sem sacrificar animais. ntent &quot;&gt; No nosso laboratório, foi desenvolvido um método eficaz para a visualização, bem como analisando a actividade diafragma rato utilizando uma máquina de ultra-sons, o que ajuda a compreender o funcionamento do diafragma in vivo, evita métodos invasivos para animais, e auxilia no desenvolvimento de terapêuticas tratamentos para a disfunção respiratória.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="602">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="127">
			<td height="127" style="height:127px;width:147px;">Veterinary digital ultrasonic diagnostic imaging system</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Edan</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">DUS 3 VET</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Ultrasound parameters include: frequency of 6.5 MHz, Depth of 29 mm. Note: An equivalent ultrasound machine may be used for this protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:147px;">Micro-convex array transducer</td>
			<td>Edan</td>
			<td>C611</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:147px;">GE Logiq i hand-carried unit (HCU)&#160;</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">GE Logiq i hand-carried unit (HCU)&#160;</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:147px;">GE 12 MHz linear array probe</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">12L-RS</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="171">
			<td height="171" style="height:171px;width:147px;">Veterinary anesthetic vaporizer</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Webster Veterinary</td>
			<td>Serial #: W422021</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Isoflurane was exclusively used with this vaporizer (or equivalent). A custom made induction chamber for anesthesia was assembled for initial anesthesia. Maintenance anesthesia was performed using a nose cone</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:147px;">Isothesia (Isoflurane, USP)</td>
			<td>Butler Schein</td>
			<td>29405 250ML PVL</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="57">
			<td height="57" style="height:57px;width:147px;">Enviro-pure anesthesia absorbing canister</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Surgivet Smiths Medical PM, Inc.</td>
			<td>Part #: 32373B10</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:147px;">Ultrasound transmission gel</td>
			<td>HM Sonic</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Or equivalent&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:147px;">Puralube vet ointment</td>
			<td>Puralube&#160;</td>
			<td>NDC 17033-211-38</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:147px;">Deltaphase isothermal pad</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Braintree Scientific Inc.</td>
			<td>39DP</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Hair remover</td>
			<td>Nair</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Electric razor</td>
			<td>Remington</td>
			<td>HC-5015</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Surgical tape</td>
			<td>3M Micropore</td>
			<td>1530-1</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Gauze sponges</td>
			<td>Dynarex</td>
			<td>3262</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

diagnostic ultrasound imaging of mouse diaphragm function

A análise funcional dos músculos esqueléticos respiratórias de roedores, em particular o diafragma, é geralmente realizada através do isolamento de tiras de músculo usando procedimentos cirúrgicos invasivos. Embora este seja um método eficaz de avaliação da atividade do diafragma vitro, envolve cirurgia não-sobrevivência. A aplicação de ultra-som não-invasivo, como um processo in vivo, é benéfico, uma vez que não só reduz o número de animais sacrificados, mas é também adequado para a monitorização da progressão da doença em ratinhos vivos. Assim, o nosso método de imagem de ultra-som pode provavelmente auxiliar no desenvolvimento de novas terapias que aliviam a lesão muscular induzida por várias doenças respiratórias. Particularmente, em diagnósticos clínicos de doenças pulmonares obstrutivas, imagiologia de ultra-som tem o potencial para ser usado em conjunto com outros testes padrão para detectar o aparecimento precoce de fadiga muscular diafragma. No protocolo atual, nós descrevemos como avaliar com precisão diafragma contratilidadelidade em um modelo de camundongo usando uma técnica de imagem de ultra-som diagnóstico.

Uma imagem típica de uma membrana de ultra-sons do rato é mostrada na Figura 1A. O diafragma do rato deslocamento vertical máxima foi registrada. Esta distância foi calculada medindo com precisão a profundidade do movimento do diafragma de relaxamento para contração usando as pinças de eletrônicos que fazem parte do software de ultra-som. Tabela 1 apresenta essas medidas de distância de contrações do diafragma de três ratos diferentes. Depois de converter o ficheiro de cine...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging of Mouse Diaphragm Function at JoVE.com

Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging of Mouse Diaphragm Function

Imagiologia de ultra-sons de diagnóstico tem provado ser eficaz para o diagnóstico de várias doenças respiratórias, em seres humanos e animais. Nós demonstramos um protocolo ultra-som abrangente utilizado pelo laboratório do Dr. Zuo para analisar a cinética de diafragma especificamente em modelos do rato. Esta é também uma técnica de pesquisa não-invasivo, que pode fornecer informações quantitativas sobre a função de mouse da musculatura respiratória.

Diagnóstico Ecografia de função de mouse Diafragma

Function analysis of rodent respiratory skeletal muscles, particularly the diaphragm, is commonly performed by isolating muscle strips using invasive ...

diagnostic-ultrasound-imaging-of-mouse-diaphragm-function

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

15.9K visualizações.  The Ohio State University College of Medicine.  Imagiologia de ultra-sons de diagnóstico tem provado ser eficaz para o diagnóstico de várias doenças respiratórias, em seres humanos e animais. Nós demonstramos um protocolo ultra-som abrangente utilizado pelo laboratório do Dr. Zuo para analisar a cinética de diafragma especificamente em modelos do rato. Esta é também uma técnica de pesquisa não-invasivo, que pode fornecer informações quantitativas sobre a função de mouse da musculatura respiratória. 

Vídeo: Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging of Mouse Diaphragm Function

Murine Echocardiography and Ultrasound Imaging

Rodent models of cardiac pathophysiology represent a valuable research tool to investigate mechanism of disease as well as test new therapeutics.1 Echocardiography provides a powerful, non-invasive tool to serially assess cardiac morphometry and function in a living animal.2 However, using this technique on mice poses unique challenges owing to the small size and rapid heart rate of these animals.3 Until recently, few ultrasound systems were capable of performing quality echocardiography on mice, and those generally lacked the image resolution and frame rate necessary to obtain truly quantitative measurements. Newly released systems such as the VisualSonics Vevo2100 provide new tools for researchers to carefully and non-invasively investigate cardiac function in mice. This system generates high resolution images and provides analysis capabilities similar to those used with human patients. Although color Doppler has been available for over 30 years in humans, this valuable technology has only recently been possible in rodent ultrasound.4,5 Color Doppler has broad applications for echocardiography, including the ability to quickly assess flow directionality in vessels and through valves, and to rapidly identify valve regurgitation. Strain analysis is a critical advance that is utilized to quantitatively measure regional myocardial function.6 This technique has the potential to detect changes in pathology, or resolution of pathology, earlier than conventional techniques. Coupled with the addition of three-dimensional image reconstruction, volumetric assessment of whole-organs is possible, including visualization and assessment of cardiac and vascular structures. Murine-compatible contrast imaging can also allow for volumetric measurements and tissue perfusion assessment.

This video demonstrates use of a rail-mounted high-frequency ultrasound probe to perform echocardiography on an anesthetized mouse. The methods describe both conventional two-dimensional and M-mode measurements of cardiac function in addition to newer, more powerful tools such as color Doppler, strain analysis, as well as general and targeted contrast imaging.

Ecocardiografia murino e ultra-sonografia

Rodent models of cardiac pathophysiology represent a valuable research tool to investigate mechanism of disease as well as test new therapeutics.1  ...

Medicina

A Novel Application of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging

Ultrasound is an attractive modality for imaging muscle and tendon motion during dynamic tasks and can provide a complementary methodological approach for biomechanical studies in a clinical or laboratory setting. Towards this goal, methods for quantification of muscle kinematics from ultrasound imagery are being developed based on image processing. The temporal resolution of these methods is typically not sufficient for highly dynamic tasks, such as drop-landing. We propose a new approach that utilizes a Doppler method for quantifying muscle kinematics. We have developed a novel vector tissue Doppler imaging (vTDI) technique that can be used to measure musculoskeletal contraction velocity, strain and strain rate with sub-millisecond temporal resolution during dynamic activities using ultrasound. The goal of this preliminary study was to investigate the repeatability and potential applicability of the vTDI technique in measuring musculoskeletal velocities during a drop-landing task, in healthy subjects. The vTDI measurements can be performed concurrently with other biomechanical techniques, such as 3D motion capture for joint kinematics and kinetics, electromyography for timing of muscle activation and force plates for ground reaction force. Integration of these complementary techniques could lead to a better understanding of dynamic muscle function and dysfunction underlying the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of musculoskeletal disorders.

We describe a new ultrasound-based vector tissue Doppler imaging technique to measure muscle contraction velocity, strain and strain rate with sub-millisecond temporal resolution during dynamic activities. This approach provides complementary measurements of dynamic muscle function and could lead to a better understanding of mechanisms underlying musculoskeletal disorders.

A Aplicação da novela da Musculoskeletal Ecografia

Ultrasound is an attractive modality for imaging muscle and tendon  motion during dynamic tasks and can provide a complementary methodological  approach ...

State of the Art Cranial Ultrasound Imaging in Neonates

Cranial ultrasound (CUS) is a reputable tool for brain imaging in critically ill neonates. It is safe, relatively cheap and easy to use, even when a patient is unstable. In addition it is radiation-free and allows serial imaging. CUS possibilities have steadily expanded. However, in many neonatal intensive care units, these possibilities are not optimally used. We present a comprehensive approach for neonatal CUS, focusing on optimal settings, different probes, multiple acoustic windows and Doppler techniques. This approach is suited for both routine clinical practice and research purposes. In a live demonstration, we show how this technique is performed in the neonatal intensive care unit. Using optimal settings and probes allows for better imaging quality and improves the diagnostic value of CUS in experienced hands. Traditionally, images are obtained through the anterior fontanel. Use of supplemental acoustic windows (lambdoid, mastoid, and lateral fontanels) improves detection of brain injury. Adding Doppler studies allows screening of patency of large intracranial arteries and veins. Flow velocities and indices can be obtained. Doppler CUS offers the possibility of detecting cerebral sinovenous thrombosis at an early stage, creating a window for therapeutic intervention prior to thrombosis-induced tissue damage. Equipment, data storage and safety aspects are also addressed.

Cranial ultrasound (CUS) is a valuable tool for brain imaging in critically ill neonates. This video shows a comprehensive approach for neonatal (Doppler) CUS for both clinical and research purposes, including a bedside demonstration of the technique.

Estado da Arte Cranial Ecografia em recém-nascidos

Cranial ultrasound (CUS) is a reputable tool for brain imaging in critically ill neonates. It is safe, relatively cheap and easy to use, even when a ...

High-frequency Ultrasound Imaging of Mouse Cervical Lymph Nodes

High-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) is widely employed as a non-invasive method for imaging internal anatomic structures in experimental small animal systems. HFUS has the ability to detect structures as small as 30 &#181;m, a property that has been utilized for visualizing superficial lymph nodes in rodents in brightness (B)-mode. Combining power Doppler with B-mode imaging allows for measuring circulatory blood flow within lymph nodes and other organs. While HFUS has been utilized for lymph node imaging in a number of mouse&#160; model systems, a detailed protocol describing HFUS imaging and characterization of the cervical lymph nodes in mice has not been reported. Here, we show that HFUS can be adapted to detect and characterize cervical lymph nodes in mice. Combined B-mode and power Doppler imaging can be used to detect increases in blood flow in immunologically-enlarged cervical nodes. We also describe the use of B-mode imaging to conduct fine needle biopsies of cervical lymph nodes to retrieve lymph tissue for histological&#160; analysis. Finally, software-aided steps are described to calculate changes in lymph node volume and to visualize changes in lymph node morphology following image reconstruction. The ability to visually monitor changes in cervical lymph node biology over time provides a simple and powerful technique for the non-invasive monitoring of cervical lymph node alterations in preclinical mouse models of oral cavity disease.

This protocol describes the application of high-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) for imaging mouse cervical lymph nodes. This technique optimizes visualization and quantification of cervical lymph node morphology, volume and blood flow. Image-guided biopsy of cervical lymph nodes and processing of lymph tissue for histological evaluation is also demonstrated.

De alta frequência Ecografia de mouse linfonodos cervicais

High-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) is widely employed as a non-invasive method for imaging internal anatomic structures in experimental small animal ...

Quantification of Levator Ani Hiatus Enlargement by Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Males and Females with Pelvic Organ Prolapse

Here we present a protocol to examine the levator ani hiatus in males and females with pelvic organ prolapse, during the Valsalva maneuver and while evacuating acoustic gel, using a horizontally oriented 1.5 T magnetic resonance (MR) scanner. On midsagittal images, the vertical distance of pelvic organs is measured in millimeters relative to the hymen plane (female) and to the lower border of the symphysis pubis (male), preceded by - (above) or + ( below) signs. On axial images, the levator ani area is calculated in square centimeters with a free-hand tracing method from three key images, passing through the midsymphysis (level I), tangential to the lower border of the symphysis (level II), and at the maximal anterior rectal wall bulging (level III). Areas at rest and strained are compared to find evidence of a percentage of increase. The purpose is to provide objective evidence of the maximal extent of pelvic organs descent and hiatus enlargement without the interference of foreign objects or the examiner&#39;s proximity, so as to overcome the limitations of pelvic examination and transperineal sonography (i.e., subjectivity and sex-related limitations [female only]).

Here we present a protocol to standardize the measurement of the levator ani hiatus size&#160;by magnetic resonance imaging. The purpose is to extract biomechanical inferences from image analysis by comparing resting and straining values in patients of both sexes with pelvic prolapse, using consistent anatomical bony landmarks.

Quantificação do Levator Ani hiato alargamento por ressonância magnética em machos e fêmeas com prolapso de órgãos pélvicos

Here we present a protocol to examine the levator ani hiatus in males and females with pelvic organ prolapse, during the Valsalva maneuver and while ...

Cardiac Magnetic Resonance for the Evaluation of Suspected Cardiac Thrombus: Conventional and Emerging Techniques

We present the conventional cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) protocol for evaluating a suspected thrombus and highlight emerging techniques.&#160;The appearance of a mass on certain magnetic resonance (MR) sequences can help differentiate a thrombus from competing diagnoses such as a tumor. T1 and T2 signal characteristics of a thrombus are related to the evolution of hemoglobin properties. A thrombus typically does not enhance following contrast administration, which also helps differentiation from a tumor. We also highlight the emerging role of T1 mapping in the evaluation of a thrombus, which can add another level of support in diagnosis. Prior to any CMR exam, patient screening and interviews are critical to ensure safety and to optimize patient comfort. Effective communication during the exam between the technologist and the patient promotes proper breath holding technique and higher quality images. Volumetric post processing and structured reporting are helpful to ensure that the radiologist answers the ordering services&#39; question and communicates these results effectively. Optimal pre-MR safety evaluation, CMR exam execution, and post exam processing and reporting allow for delivery of high quality radiological service in the evaluation of a suspected cardiac thrombus.

The goal of this article is to describe how cardiac magnetic resonance can be used for the evaluation and diagnosis of a suspected cardiac thrombus. The method presented will describe data acquisition as well as the pre-procedure and post-procedure protocol.

Ressonância magnética cardíaca para avaliação de suspeita de trombo cardíaco: técnicas convencionais e emergentes

We present the conventional cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) protocol for evaluating a suspected thrombus and highlight emerging techniques.&#160;The ...

Near Infrared Photoimmunotherapy for Mouse Models of Pleural Dissemination

The efficacy of photoimmunotherapy can be evaluated more accurately with an orthotopic mouse model than with a subcutaneous one. A pleural dissemination model can be used for the evaluation of treatment methods for intrathoracic diseases such as lung cancer or malignant pleural mesothelioma.
Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is a recently developed cancer treatment strategy that combines the specificity of tumor-targeting antibodies with toxicity caused by a photoabsorber (IR700Dye) after exposure to NIR light. The efficacy of NIR-PIT has been reported using various antibodies; however, only a few reports have shown the therapeutic effect of this strategy in an orthotopic model. In the present study, we demonstrate an example of efficacy evaluation of the pleural disseminated lung cancer model, which was treated using NIR-PIT.

Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is an emerging cancer therapeutic strategy that utilizes an antibody-photoabsorber (IR700Dye) conjugate and NIR light to destroy cancer cells. Here, we present a method to evaluate the antitumor effect of NIR-PIT in a mouse model of pleural disseminated lung cancer and malignant pleural mesothelioma using bioluminescence imaging.

Fotoimunoterapia infravermelha próxima para modelos de mouse de disseminação pleural

The efficacy of photoimmunotherapy can be evaluated more accurately with an orthotopic mouse model than with a subcutaneous one. A pleural dissemination ...

Interventional Diagnostic Procedure: A Practical Guide for the Assessment of Coronary Vascular Function

Approximately 40% of patients undergoing invasive coronary angiography for investigation of angina are found to have no obstructive coronary artery disease (ANOCA). Abnormal coronary function underlies coronary vasomotion syndromes including coronary endothelial dysfunction, microvascular angina, vasospastic angina, post-PCI angina and myocardial infarction with no obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA). Each of these endotypes are distinct subgroups, characterized by specific disease mechanisms. Diagnostic criteria and linked therapy for these conditions are now established by expert consensus and clinical guidelines.
Coronary function tests are performed as an adjunctive interventional diagnostic procedure (IDP) in appropriately selected patients during coronary angiography. This aids differentiation of patients according to endotype. The IDP includes two distinct components: a diagnostic guidewire test and a pharmacological coronary reactivity test. The tests last approximately 5 minutes for the former and 10-15 minutes for the latter. Patient safety and staff education are key.
The diagnostic guidewire test measures parameters of coronary flow limitation (fractional flow reserve [FFR], coronary flow reserve [CFR], microvascular resistance [index of microvascular resistance (IMR)], basal resistance index, and vasodilator function [CFR, resistive reserve ratio (RRR)]).
The pharmacological coronary reactivity test measures the vasodilator potential and propensity to vasospasm of both the main coronary arteries and the micro-vessels. It involves intra-coronary infusion of acetylcholine and glyceryl trinitrate (GTN). Acetylcholine is not licensed for parenteral use and is therefore prescribed on a named-patient basis. Vasodilatation is the normal, expected response to infusion of physiological concentrations of acetylcholine. Vascular spasm represents an abnormal response, which supports the diagnosis of vasospastic angina.
The purpose of this practical guide is to provide information on the preparation and administration of the IDP in clinical practice. It discusses some key preparation and safety considerations, as well as tips for procedural success. The IDP supports stratified medicine for a personalized approach to health and wellbeing.

The purpose of this practical guide is to provide information on the preparation and administration of an interventional diagnostic procedure in clinical practice. It discusses some key preparation and safety considerations, as well as tips for procedural success.

Procedimento Diagnóstico Intervencionista: Um Guia Prático para a Avaliação da Função Vascular Coronária

Approximately 40% of patients undergoing invasive coronary angiography for investigation of angina are found to have no obstructive coronary artery ...

Drug Treatment by Central Venous Catheter in a Mouse Model of Angiotensin II Induced Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm and Monitoring by 3D Ultrasound

Since pharmaceutical treatment options are lacking in the clinical management of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), animal models, in particular mouse models, are applied to advance the understanding of the disease pathogenesis and to identify potential therapeutic targets. Testing novel drug candidates to block AAA growth in these models generally requires repeated drug administration during the time course of the experiment. Here, we describe a compiled protocol for AAA induction, insertion of an intravenous catheter to facilitate prolonged therapy, and serial AAA monitoring by 3D ultrasound. Aneurysms are induced in apolipoprotein E (ApoE) deficient mice by angiotensin II release over 28 days from osmotic mini-pumps implanted subcutaneously into the mouse back. Subsequently, the surgical procedure for external jugular vein catheterization is conducted to allow for daily intravenous drug treatment or repeated blood sampling via a subcutaneous vascular access button. Despite the two dorsal implants, the monitoring of AAA development is readily facilitated by sequential semi-automated 3D ultrasound analysis, which yields comprehensive information on the expansion of aortic diameter and volume and on aneurysm morphology, as illustrated by experimental examples.

This protocol describes the consecutive implantation of an osmotic pump to induce abdominal aortic aneurysm by angiotensin II release in apolipoprotein E (ApoE) deficient mice and of a vascular access port with a jugular vein catheter for repeated drug treatment. Monitoring of aneurysm development by 3D ultrasound is effectively conducted despite dorsal implants.

Tratamento medicamentoso por Cateter Venoso Central em um Modelo de Camundongo de Angiotensin II Aneurisma Abdominal Induzido anótico e monitoramento por ultrassom 3D

Since pharmaceutical treatment options are lacking in the clinical management of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), animal models, in particular mouse ...

Muscle Function Obtained with Motion Mode Ultrasound and Surface Electromyography during Core Endurance Exercise

Motion mode (M-mode) ultrasound allows researchers and clinicians to measure the change of muscle thickness across time. Muscle thickness can be measured between fascial borders at a given time point during an exercise. This selected time point produces a one-dimensional image resulting in real-time, live observation of anatomy. Ultrasound used during functional movement can be referred to as dynamic ultrasound; this is feasible and reliable with the use of a linear transducer, elastic belt, and foam block to secure consistent transducer placement. The lateral abdominal wall is commonly investigated using ultrasound due to the overlapping nature of the muscles. Surface electromyography (sEMG) can complement M-mode ultrasound imaging because it measures the electrical representation of muscle activation. There is minimal evidence using M-mode ultrasound and sEMG simultaneously during core exercise. Exercises that challenge the core musculature involve both isometric holds (e.g., side plank), as well as oscillatory extremity movements (e.g., dead bug). In this study, both instruments will be used simultaneously to measure core muscle function during exercise. Ultrasound measurements will be obtained using a linear transducer and ultrasound unit, and sEMG measurements will be acquired from a wireless sEMG system. To make comparisons between participants and exercises, normalization methods using static, exercise starting positions for both instruments will be used. An activation ratio will be used for ultrasound and calculated by dividing the contracted thickness (thickness during a time point of exercise) by the rested (starting position) thickness. Muscle thickness will be measured in centimeters from the superior inferior fascial border to inferior superior fascial border. These methods aim to offer an innovative and practical measurement of muscle function with M-mode ultrasound and sEMG during core endurance exercises.

This protocol uses motion mode ultrasound and surface electromyography simultaneously to measure muscle function of the core. Muscle thickness and activation of the local stabilizers (e.g., transverse abdominis, internal oblique) and global movers (e.g., external oblique) is achievable during specific time points of the side plank and dead bug exercises.

Função Muscular Obtida com Ultrassonografia em Modo de Movimento e Eletromiografia de Superfície durante o Exercício de Resistência do Núcleo

Motion mode (M-mode) ultrasound allows researchers and clinicians to measure the change of muscle thickness across time. Muscle thickness can be measured ...