Este trabajo es apoyado por becas de Fondo General y el Fondo de OU G110 Investigación de Excelencia de la Investigación Biomédica y OSU-HRS Fondo 013.000. Los autores desean agradecer a Lauren Chen por su ayuda en la preparación de este manuscrito.

Fueron aprobados y completados de conformidad y el cumplimiento del Cuidado de Animales institucional y el empleo Comisión de la Universidad Estatal de Ohio (IACUC) los reglamentos y directrices Todos los procedimientos que involucran sujetos animales. 1. Ratón Anestesia <ol><li> Establecer una mesa procedimiento de limpieza con una almohadilla isotérmica climatizada envuelta en una toalla quirúrgica. La almohadilla de calefacción debe mantenerse entre 30 ° C y 34 ° C para estabilizar la temperatura del núcleo del animal al tiempo que reduce el estrés potencial para el animal. </li><li> Coloque el ratón en una cámara de inducción de anestesia con los siguientes parámetros: tasa de flujo de oxígeno ajustado a 1.5 L / min y vaporizador de isoflurano se establece en el 3,5%. Sedación completa debe tener lugar dentro de 1-2 min. Si una cámara de inducción no está disponible, una campana de vidrio puede ser utilizado con una malla de alambre situada en la parte inferior para evitar el contacto directo con el animal de isoflurano. </li><li> Quitarse de inmediato el ratón desde la cámara de inducción, una vez queestá completamente anestesiado (alcanza cuando el ratón pierde la función motora voluntaria). Aplique una ojiva al animal para el mantenimiento de la anestesia. La tasa de flujo de oxígeno se debe reducir a aproximadamente 0,5 l / min y el vaporizador de isoflurano se debe establecer dentro de la gama de 1,5 a 2,5%. <ol><li> Aplique una pequeña cantidad de pomada oftálmica directamente a las córneas para reducir la sequedad del ojo 8. Además, durante la anestesia, el ratón debe mantener una ausencia del reflejo de retirada pedal, las membranas mucosas deben permanecer un color rosa, y la respiración deben aparecer constante. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Preparación para Ultrasonido Diagnóstico Procedimiento Imaging <ol><li> Sujetar cada pata del ratón en la mesa de procedimientos climatizada con adhesivo removible, tal como cinta quirúrgica. </li><li> Usando una máquina de afeitar eléctrica, quitar el pelo en la superficie ventral del cuerpo entre el abdomen y la forma media hasta la cavidad torácica. Aplicar crema de depilación a una mayor remover el resto del cabello que no se corta por la maquinilla de afeitar. Limpie la crema con una gasa húmeda después de 2-3 min. </li><li> Retire el exceso de vello utilizando una gasa humedecida en agua y limpiar la región de afeitado con alcohol al 70% o equivalente antiséptico. La sonda de ultrasonido se aplicará a esta zona para visualizar la función del diafragma. Un analgésico tópico puede ser proporcionada a los animales que experimentan irritación menor de la piel debido a la eliminación del vello. </li></ol> 3. Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging Protocol <ol><li> Encienda el dispositivo de ultrasonido y ajustar la potencia de salida (si es necesario) en el aparato por el porcentaje para obtener una resolución óptima. </li><li> Ajuste la máquina de ultrasonido a las preguntas B (brillo) de modo, M (de movimiento)-modo, o tanto antes de formación de imágenes, que permite la visualización adecuada de la contracción del diafragma de ratón. </li><li> Aplique una pequeña cantidad de gel de ultrasonido en el abdomen superior del ratón y masajear el gel hacia la cavidad torácica. </li><li> Coloca los ultratransductor de sonido en esta área y el ángulo hacia arriba en dirección al corazón. Ajustar la sonda hasta que se consigue una resolución de optimizada de la imagen. Nota: para este protocolo, una matriz de micro-convexa o transductor lineal de fases es una sonda ideal para su uso debido al tamaño reducido y una excelente resolución axial 9; la frecuencia necesita ser ajustado a través de la anchura de banda y para estos experimentos se puede utilizar una gama de 6,5 a 12 MHz. </li><li> Pulse el botón de congelación para guardar temporalmente las imágenes de diafragma y ver las contracciones seleccionados. </li><li> Guardar la grabación como un bucle de cine, que permite mediciones posteriores de excursión diafragmática, así como la tasa de respiración. Nota: Los cuadros de imágenes se pueden guardar en la memoria del ordenador o en un disco duro externo para el análisis futuro 9. <ol><li> Precisamente medir la profundidad del movimiento del diafragma de la relajación a la contracción usando los calibradores electrónicos que son parte del software de ultrasonido. </li><li> Convertir elarchivo de bucle de cine en un archivo MPEG y determinar la tasa de respiración contando el número de contracciones del diafragma durante el período de registro. Por otra parte, el número de contracciones por minuto (frecuencia respiratoria) puede contarse de la imagen en modo M. </li></ol></li></ol> 4. Publicar Anestesia Recuperación de Animales <ol><li> El ratón debe recuperarse completamente de la anestesia en 1 hora. No dejar al animal sin vigilancia hasta que se haya recuperado el conocimiento suficiente para mantener decúbito esternal. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Snyder, C. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Complementarity+of+ultrasound+and+fluorescence+imaging+in+an+orthotopic+mouse+model+of+pancreatic+cancer.">Complementarity of ultrasound and fluorescence imaging in an orthotopic mouse model of pancreatic cancer.</a> BMC Cancer. 9, 106 (2009).</li><li>Franchi, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Non-invasive+assessment+of+cardiac+function+in+a+mouse+model+of+renovascular+hypertension.">Non-invasive assessment of cardiac function in a mouse model of renovascular hypertension.</a> Hypertension Research: Official Journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension. , (2013).</li><li>Coatney, R. 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E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Ultrasound Physics and Instrumentation. , 445 (2005).</li><li>von Sarnowski, B., Khaw, A. 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J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Artifacts+in+ultrasound+imaging.">Artifacts in ultrasound imaging.</a> Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine: Official Journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. 5, 227-237 (1986).</li><li>Kremkau, F. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diagnostic+Ultrasound:+Principles+and+Instruments.">Diagnostic Ultrasound: Principles and Instruments.</a> Saunders Elsevier. , 521 (2006).</li><li>Laing, F. C., Kurtz, A. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+importance+of+ultrasonic+side-lobe+artifacts.">The importance of ultrasonic side-lobe artifacts.</a> Radiology. 145, 763-768 (1982).</li><li>Abu-Zidan, F. M., Hefny, A. F., Corr, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+ultrasound+physics.">Clinical ultrasound physics.</a> Journal of Emergencies, Trauma, and Shock. 4, 501-503 (2011).</li><li>Gargani, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lung+ultrasound:+a+new+tool+for+the+cardiologist.">Lung ultrasound: a new tool for the cardiologist.</a> Cardiovascular Ultrasound. 9, 6 (2011).</li><li>Sanders, R. C., Winter, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Clinical Sonography A Practical Guide. , 632 (2007).</li></ol>

Los autores declaran que no tienen intereses financieros en competencia.

El protocolo experimental actual desarrolla técnicas de imagen de ultrasonido de diagnóstico específicos para la actividad del diafragma en un modelo de ratón a través de una, en el enfoque no invasivo vivo. Los ajustes del equipo de anestesia son valores aproximados, que podrán ajustarse ligeramente para cada animal ya que los ratones individuo puede responder de manera diferente a la anestesia. Para evitar que la administración de la anestesia inadecuada, es importante controlar regularmente l...

Recientemente, las técnicas de imagen de ultrasonido de diagnóstico se han aplicado a modelos de ratón de la hipertensión renovascular y 1,2 del cáncer de páncreas. Sin embargo, estas técnicas no han sido ampliamente utilizados en el ensayo de la función de los músculos respiratorios de roedores. Por lo tanto, hemos desarrollado un método de imagen de ultrasonido de diagnóstico como una herramienta valiosa para las evaluaciones longitudinales en vivo de la movilidad del diafragma en ratones. Hay varias ventajas de la ecografía diagnóstica. Por ejemplo, no es invasiva, segura, portátil y permite mediciones en tiempo real a un costo relativamente bajo 3. En particular, algunos dispositivos de ultrasonido de baja frecuencia fueron capaces de detectar el atrapamiento de aire, una característica clínica de la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) leve a severa limitación del flujo aéreo 4. Por lo tanto, de formación de imágenes de ultrasonidos de diagnóstico puede servir como un método de cribado fácilmente accesible y reproducible para la monitorización en tiempo real<html> de trastornos respiratorios. Las técnicas de imagen de ultrasonido de diagnóstico se aplican con frecuencia a los animales más grandes o los sujetos humanos. Sin embargo, ha habido un número limitado de estudios de imágenes de ultrasonido en modelos de ratones, lo cual es probable que se deba a los desafíos de la realización de la ecografía en temas de pequeña escala. El protocolo actual describe un procedimiento novedoso para la medición de la función de diafragma en el ratón. Además, aunque se han realizado varios estudios con roedores sobre la función de diafragma, la mayor parte de los resultados se generaron mediante el aislamiento de tiras de músculo directamente desde el animal sacrificado 5-7. En contraste, el uso de un método de formación de imágenes de ultrasonidos de diagnóstico in vivo para analizar la actividad de diafragma disminuiría el número de animales sacrificados para la experimentación. Por otra parte, los tratamientos a largo plazo centradas en ampliar la contractilidad diafragmática pueden evaluar con precisión a través de ultrasonido en modelos de roedores sin sacrificar animales. ntent &quot;&gt; En nuestro laboratorio, hemos desarrollado un método eficaz para la visualización y análisis de la actividad del diafragma de ratón utilizando una máquina de ultrasonido, que ayuda a la comprensión de la función del diafragma in vivo, evita métodos invasivos a los animales, y ayuda en el desarrollo de la terapéutica tratamientos para la disfunción respiratoria.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="602">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="127">
			<td height="127" style="height:127px;width:147px;">Veterinary digital ultrasonic diagnostic imaging system</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Edan</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">DUS 3 VET</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Ultrasound parameters include: frequency of 6.5 MHz, Depth of 29 mm. Note: An equivalent ultrasound machine may be used for this protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:147px;">Micro-convex array transducer</td>
			<td>Edan</td>
			<td>C611</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:147px;">GE Logiq i hand-carried unit (HCU)&#160;</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">GE Logiq i hand-carried unit (HCU)&#160;</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:147px;">GE 12 MHz linear array probe</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">12L-RS</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="171">
			<td height="171" style="height:171px;width:147px;">Veterinary anesthetic vaporizer</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Webster Veterinary</td>
			<td>Serial #: W422021</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Isoflurane was exclusively used with this vaporizer (or equivalent). A custom made induction chamber for anesthesia was assembled for initial anesthesia. Maintenance anesthesia was performed using a nose cone</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:147px;">Isothesia (Isoflurane, USP)</td>
			<td>Butler Schein</td>
			<td>29405 250ML PVL</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="57">
			<td height="57" style="height:57px;width:147px;">Enviro-pure anesthesia absorbing canister</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Surgivet Smiths Medical PM, Inc.</td>
			<td>Part #: 32373B10</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:147px;">Ultrasound transmission gel</td>
			<td>HM Sonic</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Or equivalent&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:147px;">Puralube vet ointment</td>
			<td>Puralube&#160;</td>
			<td>NDC 17033-211-38</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:147px;">Deltaphase isothermal pad</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Braintree Scientific Inc.</td>
			<td>39DP</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Hair remover</td>
			<td>Nair</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Electric razor</td>
			<td>Remington</td>
			<td>HC-5015</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Surgical tape</td>
			<td>3M Micropore</td>
			<td>1530-1</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Gauze sponges</td>
			<td>Dynarex</td>
			<td>3262</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

diagnostic ultrasound imaging of mouse diaphragm function

Análisis de funciones de los músculos esqueléticos respiratorios de roedores, en particular el diafragma, se realiza comúnmente mediante el aislamiento de tiras de músculo usando los procedimientos quirúrgicos invasivos. Aunque este es un método eficaz de evaluar la actividad in vitro de diafragma, que consiste en una cirugía no supervivencia. La aplicación de imágenes por ultrasonido no invasiva como un procedimiento in vivo es beneficioso, ya que no sólo reduce el número de animales sacrificados, pero también es adecuado para el seguimiento de la progresión de la enfermedad en ratones vivos. Por lo tanto, nuestro método de formación de imágenes de ultrasonido puede probablemente ayudará en el desarrollo de nuevas terapias que alivian lesión muscular inducida por diversas enfermedades respiratorias. En particular, en los diagnósticos clínicos de las enfermedades pulmonares obstructivas, imágenes de ultrasonido tiene el potencial de ser utilizado en conjunción con otras pruebas estándar para detectar la aparición temprana de la fatiga del músculo del diafragma. En el protocolo actual, se describe la forma de evaluar con precisión contracti diafragmadad en un modelo de ratón utilizando una técnica de imágenes de ultrasonido de diagnóstico.

Una imagen de ultrasonidos típico de un diafragma de ratón se muestra en la Figura 1A. El desplazamiento vertical máxima de diafragma de ratón fue grabado. Esta distancia se calcula con precisión la medición de la profundidad de movimiento del diafragma de la relajación a la contracción usando los calibradores electrónicos que son parte del software de ultrasonido. Tabla 1 muestra estas mediciones de distancia de las contracciones del diafragma de tres ratones diferentes. Despu...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging of Mouse Diaphragm Function at JoVE.com

Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging of Mouse Diaphragm Function

De imágenes de ultrasonido de diagnóstico ha demostrado ser eficaz en el diagnóstico de diversas enfermedades respiratorias en sujetos humanos y animales. Demostramos un protocolo integral de ultrasonido utilizado por el laboratorio del Dr. Zuo para analizar la cinética de diafragma específicamente en modelos de ratón. Esta es también una técnica de investigación no invasiva que puede proporcionar información cuantitativa sobre la función de los músculos respiratorios ratón.

Ultrasonido Diagnóstico por la Imagen de la función del ratón del diafragma

Function analysis of rodent respiratory skeletal muscles, particularly the diaphragm, is commonly performed by isolating muscle strips using invasive ...

diagnostic-ultrasound-imaging-of-mouse-diaphragm-function

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

15.9K vistas.  The Ohio State University College of Medicine.  De imágenes de ultrasonido de diagnóstico ha demostrado ser eficaz en el diagnóstico de diversas enfermedades respiratorias en sujetos humanos y animales. Demostramos un protocolo integral de ultrasonido utilizado por el laboratorio del Dr. Zuo para analizar la cinética de diafragma específicamente en modelos de ratón. Esta es también una técnica de investigación no invasiva que puede proporcionar información cuantitativa sobre la función de los músculos resp...

Video: Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging of Mouse Diaphragm Function

Murine Echocardiography and Ultrasound Imaging

Rodent models of cardiac pathophysiology represent a valuable research tool to investigate mechanism of disease as well as test new therapeutics.1 Echocardiography provides a powerful, non-invasive tool to serially assess cardiac morphometry and function in a living animal.2 However, using this technique on mice poses unique challenges owing to the small size and rapid heart rate of these animals.3 Until recently, few ultrasound systems were capable of performing quality echocardiography on mice, and those generally lacked the image resolution and frame rate necessary to obtain truly quantitative measurements. Newly released systems such as the VisualSonics Vevo2100 provide new tools for researchers to carefully and non-invasively investigate cardiac function in mice. This system generates high resolution images and provides analysis capabilities similar to those used with human patients. Although color Doppler has been available for over 30 years in humans, this valuable technology has only recently been possible in rodent ultrasound.4,5 Color Doppler has broad applications for echocardiography, including the ability to quickly assess flow directionality in vessels and through valves, and to rapidly identify valve regurgitation. Strain analysis is a critical advance that is utilized to quantitatively measure regional myocardial function.6 This technique has the potential to detect changes in pathology, or resolution of pathology, earlier than conventional techniques. Coupled with the addition of three-dimensional image reconstruction, volumetric assessment of whole-organs is possible, including visualization and assessment of cardiac and vascular structures. Murine-compatible contrast imaging can also allow for volumetric measurements and tissue perfusion assessment.

This video demonstrates use of a rail-mounted high-frequency ultrasound probe to perform echocardiography on an anesthetized mouse. The methods describe both conventional two-dimensional and M-mode measurements of cardiac function in addition to newer, more powerful tools such as color Doppler, strain analysis, as well as general and targeted contrast imaging.

Ecocardiografía murino y la ecografía

Rodent models of cardiac pathophysiology represent a valuable research tool to investigate mechanism of disease as well as test new therapeutics.1  ...

Investigación

Medicina

A Novel Application of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging

Ultrasound is an attractive modality for imaging muscle and tendon motion during dynamic tasks and can provide a complementary methodological approach for biomechanical studies in a clinical or laboratory setting. Towards this goal, methods for quantification of muscle kinematics from ultrasound imagery are being developed based on image processing. The temporal resolution of these methods is typically not sufficient for highly dynamic tasks, such as drop-landing. We propose a new approach that utilizes a Doppler method for quantifying muscle kinematics. We have developed a novel vector tissue Doppler imaging (vTDI) technique that can be used to measure musculoskeletal contraction velocity, strain and strain rate with sub-millisecond temporal resolution during dynamic activities using ultrasound. The goal of this preliminary study was to investigate the repeatability and potential applicability of the vTDI technique in measuring musculoskeletal velocities during a drop-landing task, in healthy subjects. The vTDI measurements can be performed concurrently with other biomechanical techniques, such as 3D motion capture for joint kinematics and kinetics, electromyography for timing of muscle activation and force plates for ground reaction force. Integration of these complementary techniques could lead to a better understanding of dynamic muscle function and dysfunction underlying the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of musculoskeletal disorders.

We describe a new ultrasound-based vector tissue Doppler imaging technique to measure muscle contraction velocity, strain and strain rate with sub-millisecond temporal resolution during dynamic activities. This approach provides complementary measurements of dynamic muscle function and could lead to a better understanding of mechanisms underlying musculoskeletal disorders.

Una aplicación Novel of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging

Ultrasound is an attractive modality for imaging muscle and tendon  motion during dynamic tasks and can provide a complementary methodological  approach ...

State of the Art Cranial Ultrasound Imaging in Neonates

Cranial ultrasound (CUS) is a reputable tool for brain imaging in critically ill neonates. It is safe, relatively cheap and easy to use, even when a patient is unstable. In addition it is radiation-free and allows serial imaging. CUS possibilities have steadily expanded. However, in many neonatal intensive care units, these possibilities are not optimally used. We present a comprehensive approach for neonatal CUS, focusing on optimal settings, different probes, multiple acoustic windows and Doppler techniques. This approach is suited for both routine clinical practice and research purposes. In a live demonstration, we show how this technique is performed in the neonatal intensive care unit. Using optimal settings and probes allows for better imaging quality and improves the diagnostic value of CUS in experienced hands. Traditionally, images are obtained through the anterior fontanel. Use of supplemental acoustic windows (lambdoid, mastoid, and lateral fontanels) improves detection of brain injury. Adding Doppler studies allows screening of patency of large intracranial arteries and veins. Flow velocities and indices can be obtained. Doppler CUS offers the possibility of detecting cerebral sinovenous thrombosis at an early stage, creating a window for therapeutic intervention prior to thrombosis-induced tissue damage. Equipment, data storage and safety aspects are also addressed.

Cranial ultrasound (CUS) is a valuable tool for brain imaging in critically ill neonates. This video shows a comprehensive approach for neonatal (Doppler) CUS for both clinical and research purposes, including a bedside demonstration of the technique.

Estado del Arte craneal imágenes por ultrasonido en neonatos

Cranial ultrasound (CUS) is a reputable tool for brain imaging in critically ill neonates. It is safe, relatively cheap and easy to use, even when a ...

High-frequency Ultrasound Imaging of Mouse Cervical Lymph Nodes

High-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) is widely employed as a non-invasive method for imaging internal anatomic structures in experimental small animal systems. HFUS has the ability to detect structures as small as 30 &#181;m, a property that has been utilized for visualizing superficial lymph nodes in rodents in brightness (B)-mode. Combining power Doppler with B-mode imaging allows for measuring circulatory blood flow within lymph nodes and other organs. While HFUS has been utilized for lymph node imaging in a number of mouse&#160; model systems, a detailed protocol describing HFUS imaging and characterization of the cervical lymph nodes in mice has not been reported. Here, we show that HFUS can be adapted to detect and characterize cervical lymph nodes in mice. Combined B-mode and power Doppler imaging can be used to detect increases in blood flow in immunologically-enlarged cervical nodes. We also describe the use of B-mode imaging to conduct fine needle biopsies of cervical lymph nodes to retrieve lymph tissue for histological&#160; analysis. Finally, software-aided steps are described to calculate changes in lymph node volume and to visualize changes in lymph node morphology following image reconstruction. The ability to visually monitor changes in cervical lymph node biology over time provides a simple and powerful technique for the non-invasive monitoring of cervical lymph node alterations in preclinical mouse models of oral cavity disease.

This protocol describes the application of high-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) for imaging mouse cervical lymph nodes. This technique optimizes visualization and quantification of cervical lymph node morphology, volume and blood flow. Image-guided biopsy of cervical lymph nodes and processing of lymph tissue for histological evaluation is also demonstrated.

Alta frecuencia de imágenes por ultrasonido del mouse ganglios linfáticos cervicales

High-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) is widely employed as a non-invasive method for imaging internal anatomic structures in experimental small animal ...

Quantification of Levator Ani Hiatus Enlargement by Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Males and Females with Pelvic Organ Prolapse

Here we present a protocol to examine the levator ani hiatus in males and females with pelvic organ prolapse, during the Valsalva maneuver and while evacuating acoustic gel, using a horizontally oriented 1.5 T magnetic resonance (MR) scanner. On midsagittal images, the vertical distance of pelvic organs is measured in millimeters relative to the hymen plane (female) and to the lower border of the symphysis pubis (male), preceded by - (above) or + ( below) signs. On axial images, the levator ani area is calculated in square centimeters with a free-hand tracing method from three key images, passing through the midsymphysis (level I), tangential to the lower border of the symphysis (level II), and at the maximal anterior rectal wall bulging (level III). Areas at rest and strained are compared to find evidence of a percentage of increase. The purpose is to provide objective evidence of the maximal extent of pelvic organs descent and hiatus enlargement without the interference of foreign objects or the examiner&#39;s proximity, so as to overcome the limitations of pelvic examination and transperineal sonography (i.e., subjectivity and sex-related limitations [female only]).

Here we present a protocol to standardize the measurement of the levator ani hiatus size&#160;by magnetic resonance imaging. The purpose is to extract biomechanical inferences from image analysis by comparing resting and straining values in patients of both sexes with pelvic prolapse, using consistent anatomical bony landmarks.

Cuantificación de la ampliación de hiato de Ani del Levator por resonancia magnética en hombres y mujeres con prolapso de órganos pélvicos

Here we present a protocol to examine the levator ani hiatus in males and females with pelvic organ prolapse, during the Valsalva maneuver and while ...

Cardiac Magnetic Resonance for the Evaluation of Suspected Cardiac Thrombus: Conventional and Emerging Techniques

We present the conventional cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) protocol for evaluating a suspected thrombus and highlight emerging techniques.&#160;The appearance of a mass on certain magnetic resonance (MR) sequences can help differentiate a thrombus from competing diagnoses such as a tumor. T1 and T2 signal characteristics of a thrombus are related to the evolution of hemoglobin properties. A thrombus typically does not enhance following contrast administration, which also helps differentiation from a tumor. We also highlight the emerging role of T1 mapping in the evaluation of a thrombus, which can add another level of support in diagnosis. Prior to any CMR exam, patient screening and interviews are critical to ensure safety and to optimize patient comfort. Effective communication during the exam between the technologist and the patient promotes proper breath holding technique and higher quality images. Volumetric post processing and structured reporting are helpful to ensure that the radiologist answers the ordering services&#39; question and communicates these results effectively. Optimal pre-MR safety evaluation, CMR exam execution, and post exam processing and reporting allow for delivery of high quality radiological service in the evaluation of a suspected cardiac thrombus.

The goal of this article is to describe how cardiac magnetic resonance can be used for the evaluation and diagnosis of a suspected cardiac thrombus. The method presented will describe data acquisition as well as the pre-procedure and post-procedure protocol.

Resonancia Magnética Cardíaca para la Evaluación del Trombo Cardíaco Sospechoso: Técnicas Convencionales y Emergentes

We present the conventional cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) protocol for evaluating a suspected thrombus and highlight emerging techniques.&#160;The ...

Near Infrared Photoimmunotherapy for Mouse Models of Pleural Dissemination

The efficacy of photoimmunotherapy can be evaluated more accurately with an orthotopic mouse model than with a subcutaneous one. A pleural dissemination model can be used for the evaluation of treatment methods for intrathoracic diseases such as lung cancer or malignant pleural mesothelioma.
Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is a recently developed cancer treatment strategy that combines the specificity of tumor-targeting antibodies with toxicity caused by a photoabsorber (IR700Dye) after exposure to NIR light. The efficacy of NIR-PIT has been reported using various antibodies; however, only a few reports have shown the therapeutic effect of this strategy in an orthotopic model. In the present study, we demonstrate an example of efficacy evaluation of the pleural disseminated lung cancer model, which was treated using NIR-PIT.

Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is an emerging cancer therapeutic strategy that utilizes an antibody-photoabsorber (IR700Dye) conjugate and NIR light to destroy cancer cells. Here, we present a method to evaluate the antitumor effect of NIR-PIT in a mouse model of pleural disseminated lung cancer and malignant pleural mesothelioma using bioluminescence imaging.

Fotoinmunoterapia de infrarrojo cercano para modelos de ratón de diseminación pleural

The efficacy of photoimmunotherapy can be evaluated more accurately with an orthotopic mouse model than with a subcutaneous one. A pleural dissemination ...

Interventional Diagnostic Procedure: A Practical Guide for the Assessment of Coronary Vascular Function

Approximately 40% of patients undergoing invasive coronary angiography for investigation of angina are found to have no obstructive coronary artery disease (ANOCA). Abnormal coronary function underlies coronary vasomotion syndromes including coronary endothelial dysfunction, microvascular angina, vasospastic angina, post-PCI angina and myocardial infarction with no obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA). Each of these endotypes are distinct subgroups, characterized by specific disease mechanisms. Diagnostic criteria and linked therapy for these conditions are now established by expert consensus and clinical guidelines.
Coronary function tests are performed as an adjunctive interventional diagnostic procedure (IDP) in appropriately selected patients during coronary angiography. This aids differentiation of patients according to endotype. The IDP includes two distinct components: a diagnostic guidewire test and a pharmacological coronary reactivity test. The tests last approximately 5 minutes for the former and 10-15 minutes for the latter. Patient safety and staff education are key.
The diagnostic guidewire test measures parameters of coronary flow limitation (fractional flow reserve [FFR], coronary flow reserve [CFR], microvascular resistance [index of microvascular resistance (IMR)], basal resistance index, and vasodilator function [CFR, resistive reserve ratio (RRR)]).
The pharmacological coronary reactivity test measures the vasodilator potential and propensity to vasospasm of both the main coronary arteries and the micro-vessels. It involves intra-coronary infusion of acetylcholine and glyceryl trinitrate (GTN). Acetylcholine is not licensed for parenteral use and is therefore prescribed on a named-patient basis. Vasodilatation is the normal, expected response to infusion of physiological concentrations of acetylcholine. Vascular spasm represents an abnormal response, which supports the diagnosis of vasospastic angina.
The purpose of this practical guide is to provide information on the preparation and administration of the IDP in clinical practice. It discusses some key preparation and safety considerations, as well as tips for procedural success. The IDP supports stratified medicine for a personalized approach to health and wellbeing.

The purpose of this practical guide is to provide information on the preparation and administration of an interventional diagnostic procedure in clinical practice. It discusses some key preparation and safety considerations, as well as tips for procedural success.

Procedimiento de diagnóstico intervencionista: una guía práctica para la evaluación de la función vascular coronaria

Approximately 40% of patients undergoing invasive coronary angiography for investigation of angina are found to have no obstructive coronary artery ...

Drug Treatment by Central Venous Catheter in a Mouse Model of Angiotensin II Induced Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm and Monitoring by 3D Ultrasound

Since pharmaceutical treatment options are lacking in the clinical management of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), animal models, in particular mouse models, are applied to advance the understanding of the disease pathogenesis and to identify potential therapeutic targets. Testing novel drug candidates to block AAA growth in these models generally requires repeated drug administration during the time course of the experiment. Here, we describe a compiled protocol for AAA induction, insertion of an intravenous catheter to facilitate prolonged therapy, and serial AAA monitoring by 3D ultrasound. Aneurysms are induced in apolipoprotein E (ApoE) deficient mice by angiotensin II release over 28 days from osmotic mini-pumps implanted subcutaneously into the mouse back. Subsequently, the surgical procedure for external jugular vein catheterization is conducted to allow for daily intravenous drug treatment or repeated blood sampling via a subcutaneous vascular access button. Despite the two dorsal implants, the monitoring of AAA development is readily facilitated by sequential semi-automated 3D ultrasound analysis, which yields comprehensive information on the expansion of aortic diameter and volume and on aneurysm morphology, as illustrated by experimental examples.

This protocol describes the consecutive implantation of an osmotic pump to induce abdominal aortic aneurysm by angiotensin II release in apolipoprotein E (ApoE) deficient mice and of a vascular access port with a jugular vein catheter for repeated drug treatment. Monitoring of aneurysm development by 3D ultrasound is effectively conducted despite dorsal implants.

Tratamiento farmacológico mediante catéter venoso central en un modelo de ratón de aneurisma aórtico abdominal inducido por angiotensina II y monitorización por ecografía 3D

Since pharmaceutical treatment options are lacking in the clinical management of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), animal models, in particular mouse ...

Muscle Function Obtained with Motion Mode Ultrasound and Surface Electromyography during Core Endurance Exercise

Motion mode (M-mode) ultrasound allows researchers and clinicians to measure the change of muscle thickness across time. Muscle thickness can be measured between fascial borders at a given time point during an exercise. This selected time point produces a one-dimensional image resulting in real-time, live observation of anatomy. Ultrasound used during functional movement can be referred to as dynamic ultrasound; this is feasible and reliable with the use of a linear transducer, elastic belt, and foam block to secure consistent transducer placement. The lateral abdominal wall is commonly investigated using ultrasound due to the overlapping nature of the muscles. Surface electromyography (sEMG) can complement M-mode ultrasound imaging because it measures the electrical representation of muscle activation. There is minimal evidence using M-mode ultrasound and sEMG simultaneously during core exercise. Exercises that challenge the core musculature involve both isometric holds (e.g., side plank), as well as oscillatory extremity movements (e.g., dead bug). In this study, both instruments will be used simultaneously to measure core muscle function during exercise. Ultrasound measurements will be obtained using a linear transducer and ultrasound unit, and sEMG measurements will be acquired from a wireless sEMG system. To make comparisons between participants and exercises, normalization methods using static, exercise starting positions for both instruments will be used. An activation ratio will be used for ultrasound and calculated by dividing the contracted thickness (thickness during a time point of exercise) by the rested (starting position) thickness. Muscle thickness will be measured in centimeters from the superior inferior fascial border to inferior superior fascial border. These methods aim to offer an innovative and practical measurement of muscle function with M-mode ultrasound and sEMG during core endurance exercises.

This protocol uses motion mode ultrasound and surface electromyography simultaneously to measure muscle function of the core. Muscle thickness and activation of the local stabilizers (e.g., transverse abdominis, internal oblique) and global movers (e.g., external oblique) is achievable during specific time points of the side plank and dead bug exercises.

Función muscular obtenida con ultrasonido de modo de movimiento y electromiografía de superficie durante el ejercicio de resistencia central

Motion mode (M-mode) ultrasound allows researchers and clinicians to measure the change of muscle thickness across time. Muscle thickness can be measured ...