Name: comparing the frequency effect between the lexical decision and naming tasks in chinese
Uploaded: 2016-04-01T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 8 min 8 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Comparing the Frequency Effect Between the Lexical Decision and Naming Tasks in Chinese at JoVE.com

这项研究是由来自台湾的国家科学委员会的资金支持（MOST 104-2410-H-002-058），以JEI屯吴（NSC 101-2410-H-002-093-MY2）至大黎愁。我们特别感谢去为他们的宝贵意见匿名评论。

实验协议给药前所有受试者必须给知情同意书。所有的程序，知情同意书，实验方案由国立台湾大学的研究伦理委员会的批准。 1.比较词汇决策之间的频率的影响，并在中国的汉字识别命名任务（实验1） <ol><li>招收学员<ol><li>招44学生从国立台湾大学参加LDT和命名这两个任务。参加者必须是土生土长的中国扬声器，正常或矫正到正常视力，并能说流利的听，说，读，写普通话。他们都是右手。 </li></ol></li><li>物料<ol><li>吴和刘（1987）中国字库选择一共有180个字符。使用90高频字和90低频字符。据吴和刘（1987），高频率特性是由发生超过100限定，并且低频率由发生定义从1到15，在数据库中约一百万的总频率之间。平衡跨越条件所选择的材料的重要词法特性（频率，冲程的数目，和/或其它性能， 等 ）。 </li><li>基于语音激进和字符的音韵，确保字符包含三固定类型:普通，其中的语音激进和字符共享相同的发音（忽略音调）;不规​​则的，其中有其发音之间的差异;和非录音制品，其中该字符不能被定义为表音。 </li><li>分类每个字符为六大类:（1）高频率，定期（ 如 。 <img alt="宝" src="/files/ftp_upload/53815/53815figBAO.jpg" />宝，同胞）（2）高频率，不规则的（ 例如 ，<img alt="兵" src="/files/ftp_upload/53815/53815figBING.jpg" /> ，冰，冰）（3）高频，非录音制品（ 如 : <img alt="段" src="/files/ftp_upload/53815/53815figDUAN.jpg" /> ，段，段）（4）低频，定期（ 例如 ， <img alt="禁止" src="/files/ftp_upload/53815/53815figBAN.jpg" /> ，禁令，跌跌）（5）低频，不规则的（ 例如 ， <img alt="飞" src="/files/ftp_upload/53815/53815figFEI.jpg" />飞，一个王子的妻子）（6）低频，非录音制品（ 例如 ， <img alt="二人" src="/files/ftp_upload/53815/53815figDUO.jpg" /> ，哆，懒惰）。每个类别包含30个字符。 </li><li>使用TrueType（内置在Windows操作系统），通过保持正确的激进人物和改变左激进到另一个构造180伪字符。确保有在字符和伪字符之间笔划的数量没有显著差异。 <ol><li>启动TrueType字体程序。瓦恩会出现一个对话框，单击确定按钮和启动程序来构建伪字符。点击菜单中的Windows的参考，则参考面板会显示出来，并选择合适的字体。 </li><li>在输入面板的空白框一个实字，然后点击确定按钮。两个小组将并排显示在屏幕上。在构建人物的右侧面板中，用自由选择按钮的工具选择左侧的自由基与一个圆这个现实的性格。移动左侧的激进构建字符的左侧面板。然后左自由基伪字符已经取得进展。 </li><li>再次单击菜单中的Windows的参考，并采用类似的程序来选择合适的激进另一个真实的性格。将右激进构建字符的左侧面板。把两个基团一起，并确保这两个基团的组合是在词典意义的。伪字已建成。 ŧ母鸡保存在计算机中的伪字符。 </li></ol></li><li>通过规律性采用的频率（高，低）（定期，不定期和非录音制品）内的实验设计。设置任务的类型作为受试者间变量。 </li><li>随机的所有项目。 </li></ol></li><li>该LDT <ol><li>使用标准的实验的软件，如在E-总理，根据软件协议的实验进行编程。 </li><li>确保刺激的50％都为"是响应"与其他字符是伪字为"无响应"。 </li><li>请参与者判断出现在屏幕上书写刺激是否是一个真正的性格或没有。指示它们尽可能准确和尽快通过按下两个键中的一个作出响应，一个是"是反应"，另一个为"无响应"。提醒所有与会者做出回应时使用右手。 </li><li>开始每次试验用的terisk指示在监视器500毫秒的中心，伴随着100 Hz的警告音为200毫秒的固定点，然后黑屏出现了500毫秒。 </li><li>星号后，显示目标字符，它对着的大约2度的视觉弧线，从70厘米观看距离，直到计算机检测参与者的关键笔划，并且从目标字符的开始测量的响应时间（RT）直到一个按键作出响应。 </li><li>设置一个审判和下一个空白屏幕1000毫秒之间的时间间隔。计算机将通过按下键盘记录参与者在LDT响应的RT和准确率。 </li><li>无论是在电脑屏幕上书写格式和口头提供的所有指令，与会者单独进行的任务。 注:在实验范例1，任务包括有20个试验，反馈的练习。在实验过程中sessioN，与会者休息每36试验。包括实践之一的典型的会议将采取参与者25 - 30分钟才能完成。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.在比较中国词汇识别词汇决策和命名任务之间的频率影响（实验2） <ol><li>招收学员<ol><li>招36学生从国立台湾大学参加LDT和命名这两个任务。招募标准是一样的，在方案1。 </li></ol></li><li>物料<ol><li>选择共288两个字符词语，其中其中一半是真实的话，而另一半是伪字。根据吴 ​​和Liu（1987），高频率字由穿过条件所选择的材料的出现超过50余额的重要词法特性（频率，和/或其它性质， 等等 ）来定义。 </li><li>基于语音的激进的音韵D中的角色，确保话中的主人公包含三个规律类型:普通，其中的语音激进和字符共享相同的发音（忽略音调）;不规​​则的，其中有其发音之间的差异;和非录音制品，其中该字符不能被定义为表音。 </li><li>控制实际字中的主人公频率跨规律的类型，并确保伪字中的前导字符（ 例如 ， <img alt="xianque" src="/files/ftp_upload/53815/53815figXIANQUE.jpg" /> ，西安QUE）与那些在现实的话不同。 </li><li>通过规律性采用的频率（高，低）（定期，不定期和非录音制品）内的实验设计。 </li><li>分类每个字成六种类别之一:（1）高频率，定期主人公（ 例如 ， <img alt="不至于" src="/files/ftp_upload/53815/53815figBUZHI.jpg" /> ，bù志，安排）（2）高频，不规则的前导字符（ 例如 ， <img alt="榕树" src="/files/ftp_upload/53815/53815figBANYAN.jpg" />潘基yǎn，扮演的角色）（3）高频，非录音制品主角（ 例如 ， <img alt="博时基金" src="/files/ftp_upload/53815/53815figBOSHI.jpg" /> ，石波，博士）（4）低频，定期前导字符（ 例如 ， <img alt="步聚" src="/files/ftp_upload/53815/53815figBUJU.jpg" />卜菊，分布）（5）低频，不规则的前导字符（ 例如 ， <img alt="扮像" src="/files/ftp_upload/53815/53815figBANXIANG.jpg" /> ，禁香，在服装的演员）（6）低频，非录音制品主角（ 例如 ， <img alt="博学" src="/files/ftp_upload/53815/53815figBOXUE.jpg" /> ，博学，eruditely）。 </li><li>分配所有刺激两大块，使每个块对应一个任务类型。平衡ŧ中块的顺序他参加。 </li><li>随机每个块内的所有试验。 </li></ol></li><li>该LDT <ol><li>使用标准的实验的软件，如在E-总理，根据软件协议的实验进行编程。 </li><li>确保刺激的50％都为"是响应"与其他人的话是假的话为"无响应"。 </li><li>请参与者来判断出现在屏幕上的书面刺激是否是一个真实的字或没有。指示它们尽可能准确和尽快通过按下两个键中的一个作出响应，一个是"是反应"，另一个为"无响应"。提醒所有与会者做出回应时使用右手。 </li><li>设置相同的要求，并安排在实验1，除了在屏幕上的刺激是代替字符或伪字一个字或伪字。 </li><li>提供所有的指令都在电脑上写SCRE格式EN和口头上，与会者单独进行的任务。 </li></ol></li><li>命名任务<ol><li>使用标准的实验的软件，如在E-总理，根据软件协议的实验进行编程。 </li><li>确保刺激的50％都为"是响应"与其他人的话是假的话为"无响应"。 </li><li>请参与者发音屏幕上的书面文字或伪单词。指导他们做出响应，准确，快速地。 </li><li>设置相同的要求，并安排在实验1，除了在屏幕上的刺激是代替字符或伪字一个字或伪字。 </li><li>无论是在电脑屏幕上书写格式和口头提供的所有指令，与会者单独进行的任务。 </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Johnson, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Word-association+and+word+frequency.">Word-association and word frequency.</a> AJP. 69 (1), 125-127 (1956).</li><li>McGinnes, E., Comer, P. B., Lacey, O. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visual-recognition+thresholds+as+a+frequency+of+word+length+and+word+frequency.">Visual-recognition thresholds as a frequency of word length and word frequency.</a> J. Exp. Psychol. 44 (2), 65-69 (1952).</li><li>Forster, K. I., Chambers, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lexical+access+and+naming+time.">Lexical access and naming time.</a> J. Mem. Lang. 12 (6), 627-635 (1973).</li><li>Whaley, C. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Word-nonword+classification+time.">Word-nonword classification time.</a> J. Mem. Lang. 17 (2), 143-154 (1978).</li><li>Becker, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Allocation+of+attention+during+visual+word+recognition.">Allocation of attention during visual word recognition.</a> J. Exp. Psychol. Human. 2 (4), 556-566 (1976).</li><li>Becker, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Semantic+context+and+word+frequency+effects+in+visual+word+recognition.">Semantic context and word frequency effects in visual word recognition.</a> J. Exp. Psychol. Human. 5 (2), 252-259 (1979).</li><li>Becker, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Semantic+context+effects+in+visual+word+recognition:+An+analysis+of+semantic+strategies.">Semantic context effects in visual word recognition: An analysis of semantic strategies.</a> Mem. Cognit. 8 (6), 493-512 (1980).</li><li>Coltheart, M., Underwood, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lexical+access+in+simple+reading+tasks.">Lexical access in simple reading tasks.</a> Strategies of information processing. , 151-216 (1978).</li><li>Coltheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P., Haller, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Model+of+reading+aloud:+Dual-route+and+parallel+distributed-processing+approaches.">Model of reading aloud: Dual-route and parallel distributed-processing approaches.</a> Psychol. Rev. 100 (4), 589-608 (1993).</li><li>Frost, R., Katz, L., Bentin, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Strategies+for+visual+word+comparison+and+orthographic+depth:+A+multilingual+comparison.">Strategies for visual word comparison and orthographic depth: A multilingual comparison.</a> J. Exp. Psychol. Human. 13 (1), 104-115 (1987).</li><li>Li, M. -. F., Lin, W. -. C., Chou, T. -. L., Yang, F. -. L., Wu, J. -. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+orthographic+neighborhood+size+effects+in+Chinese+word+recognition.">The role of orthographic neighborhood size effects in Chinese word recognition.</a> J. Psycholinguistic. Res. 44 (3), 219-236 (2015).</li><li>Liu, I. -. M., Wu, J. -. T., Chou, T. -. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Encoding+operation+and+transcoding+as+the+major+loci+of+the+frequency+effect.">Encoding operation and transcoding as the major loci of the frequency effect.</a> Cognition. 59 (2), 149-168 (1996).</li><li>Wu, J. -. T., Yang, F. -. L., Lin, W. -. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Beyond+phonology+matters+in+character+recognition.">Beyond phonology matters in character recognition.</a> Chin. J. Psychol. 55 (3), 289-318 (2013).</li><li>Wu, J. T., Chou, T. L., Liu, I. M., Chang, H. W., Huang, J. T., Hue, C. W., Tzeng, O. J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+locus+of+the+character/word+frequency+effect.">The locus of the character/word frequency effect.</a> Advances in the study of Chinese language processing. , 31-58 (1994).</li><li>Balota, D. A., Chumbley, J. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Are+lexical+decisions+a+good+measure+of+lexical+access?+The+role+of+word+frequency+in+the+neglected+decision+stage.">Are lexical decisions a good measure of lexical access? The role of word frequency in the neglected decision stage.</a> J. Exp. Psychol. Human. 10 (3), 340-357 (1984).</li><li>Wu, J. T., Liu, I. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Frequency+counts+of+Chinese+characters,+words,+and+syllables.">Frequency counts of Chinese characters, words, and syllables.</a> National Science Council Technical Report (Rep. NO. NSC 75-0301-H002-024). , (1987).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

这项研究表明，在两个任务之间的频率效果的差异可以帮助阐明如预词汇和后词汇音韵音韵学上认可的作用。在中国字符识别（实验1），所述音韵过程可以是-词汇后与在命名任务比在LDT更大的频率的效果。这一发现是在拼音文字报告的结果不同。在中国字识别（实验2），在命名任务更小的频率效应可能是由于前期词汇音韵学，这在命名关系到分词字符的过程。 在视觉认字?...

在阅读体验，一个字的较高发生增加其将会被识别的速度，这被称为在心理语言学领域的频率效应。在操控心理研究词频的变化，人们观察认识常用字1,2下限阈值。在70年代末，这个词频率已经被广泛认为是影响词识别3,4最重要的变量之一。聚焦这个词的频率和涉及其他相关变量，在解释这个词最认可的理论已经建成和推广5-9。因此，如果它被要求，一个任务可以有效地捕捉单词识别的过程中，它应该是单词频率的变化敏感。在文字识别文学，无论是词汇判断任务（LDT）和命名任务符合这个标准和研究人员一般选择其中一个探到underlyi承认NG机制。 其中有关在不同的语言文字识别的研究中，LDT和命名的任务一直使用响应时间的措施，了解阅读的心理过程的经典实验方法。在LDT中，研究人员测量了参与者的决策有关的书面刺激是否是一个词或没有时间。至于命名任务中，研究人员测量它需要多长时间参与者大声说话写的字。但是，任一两个任务具有自身的任务的要求和限制。的LDT涉及词语和非字/伪单词，和参与者的决策过程之间的识别过程。命名任务要求参与者发音刺激，以及语音信息必须被用来完成任务的要求。 在以前的研究中两个任务的结果表现在各种脚本不同频率的影响。在字母的系统中，LDT表现比命名任务3更大的频率的效果。在Balota和Chumbley（1984），意见低频字具有与非字/伪单词相似正字。因此，它需要更长的时间参加到判别正交相似之处做出准确的反应，这可能是夸大在LDT频率效应。虽然在命名的任务，尤其是当刺激来自浅层文字的语言，参加者使用正字法对音韵学（OP）的转换规则做出反应可能发音的单词才真正识别它。这种命名需求已被作为对承认字母语言可能预词汇音韵学的证据。这样的命名策略被认为破坏频率效应10。总之，尽管敏感的反射，字频的操作可以在两个任务可以观察到的，LDT和命名任务可能捕捉迪菲租金阶段，识别过程的特点。为了获得更精确​​和全面的了解，正确的方法是同时采用两个任务并比较其结果的模式。 从字母的语言不同，中国有较深的正字法的特点和涉及人物除词的概念。在一般情况下，一个中国字（ 例如 ， <img alt="嘉仁" src="/files/ftp_upload/53815/53815figJIAREN.jpg" /> ，贾仁，家庭成员）是由两个字符组成（" <img alt="佳" src="/files/ftp_upload/53815/53815figJIA.jpg" /> "佳族;" <img alt="仁" src="/files/ftp_upload/53815/53815figREN.jpg" /> "仁，人）。一个字被确定之前，字中字的识别过程中应完成11，在特有的心理语言学的特点，在中国的一个字符或单词的识别过程是相当独特的FR嗡字识别按字母系统。如果研究结合LDT和在相同的实验，调查在中国频率效应的命名任务，有趣的启示可以示出， 例如 ，对于视觉字符/单词识别语音激活。在处理中国的文字，使用的命名任务表现出了比LDT的，这意味着后词汇音韵12,13存在更大的频率的效果。切换到刺激中国的两个字符的话，就会发生反转形态。更大的频率效应在LDT比的命名发现，提示前期词汇音韵学的存在。参与者根据组件中的字符语音信息产生口头响应，整个单词被识别11，14日之前，而且操纵在刺激中人物的规律性后的结果可以揭示有关语音加工的有价值的信息，并帮助研究人员S补充时，音韵的检索发生约推论。下面的实验显示，研究人员是如何结合LDT和命名任务，调查中国的字符和单词的频率效应来阐述基本逻辑。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Standard PC</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>E-Prime (version 2.0)</td><td>Psychology Software Tools</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Serial Response Box</td><td>Psychology Software Tools</td><td></td><td>The serial response box includes the voice key, which&amp;nbsp; allows researchers to collect vocal latencies with confidence.</td></tr><tr><td>Microphone</td><td></td><td></td><td>It can be used to detect the incoming sound by the participant</td></tr></tbody></table>

comparing the frequency effect between the lexical decision and naming tasks in chinese

In psycholinguistic research, the frequency effect can be one of the indicators for eligible experimental tasks that examine the nature of lexical access. Usually, only one of those tasks is chosen to examine lexical access in a study. Using two exemplar experiments, this paper introduces an approach to include both the lexical decision task and the naming task in a study. In the first experiment, the stimuli were Chinese characters with frequency and regularity manipulated. In the second experiment, the stimuli were switched to Chinese two-character words, in which the word frequency and the regularity of the leading character were manipulated. The logic of these two exemplar experiments was to explore some important issues such as the role of phonology on recognition by comparing the frequency effect between both the tasks. The results revealed different patterns of lexical access from those reported in the alphabetic systems. The results of Experiment 1 manifested a larger frequency effect in the naming task as compared to the LDT, when the stimuli were Chinese characters. And it is noteworthy that, in Experiment 1, when the stimuli were regular Chinese characters, the frequency effect observed in the naming task was roughly equivalent to that in the LDT. However, a smaller frequency effect was shown in the naming task as compared to the LDT, when the stimuli were switched to Chinese two-character words in Experiment 2. Taking advantage of the respective demands and characteristics in both tasks, researchers can obtain a more complete and precise picture of character/word recognition.

观察的频率效应是在两个两个任务健壮，证据，其中是显著较短室温高频字符。更重要的是，通过任务交互的频率被发现。事后比较发现在命名任务更大的频率效应比在LDT，这是从那些通过在字母系统的研究报告不同。 此外，通过规律性的互动频于RTS和错误的百分比发现。观察在命名任务低频字符的规律性影响。参与者相比?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Comparing the Frequency Effect Between the Lexical Decision and Naming Tasks in Chinese at JoVE.com

Comparing the Frequency Effect Between the Lexical Decision and Naming Tasks in Chinese

Researchers adopt both the lexical decision task and the naming task to investigate some important topics such as character/word recognition by comparing the frequency effect between these two tasks. This article introduces this approach through two exemplar experiments and elaborates on the underlying logic.

在比较中国的词汇判断和命名任务之间的频率效应

In psycholinguistic research, the frequency effect can be one of the indicators for eligible experimental tasks that examine the nature of lexical access. ...

comparing-frequency-effect-between-lexical-decision-naming-tasks

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

9.3K 次观看.  National Taiwan University. Researchers adopt both the lexical decision task and the naming task to investigate some important topics such as character/word recognition by comparing the frequency effect between these two tasks. This article introduces this approach through two exemplar experiments and elaborates on the underlying logic.

视频: Comparing the Frequency Effect Between the Lexical Decision and Naming Tasks in Chinese

A Dual Task Procedure Combined with Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Test Attentional Blink for Nontargets

When viewers search for targets in a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) stream, if two targets are presented within about 500 msec of each other, the first target may be easy to spot but the second is likely to be missed. This phenomenon of attentional blink (AB) has been widely studied to probe the temporal capacity of attention for detecting visual targets. However, with the typical procedure of AB experiments, it is not possible to examine how the processing of non-target items in RSVP may be affected by attention. This paper describes a novel dual task procedure combined with RSVP to test effects of AB for nontargets at varied stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs). In an exemplar experiment, a target category was first displayed, followed by a sequence of 8 nouns. If one of the nouns belonged to the target category, participants would respond &#8216;yes&#8217; at the end of the sequence, otherwise participants would respond &#8216;no&#8217;. Two 2-alternative forced choice memory tasks followed the response to determine if participants remembered the words immediately before or after the target, as well as a random word from another part of the sequence. In a second exemplar experiment, the same design was used, except that 1) the memory task was counterbalanced into two groups with SOAs of either 120 or 240 msec and 2) three memory tasks followed the sequence and tested remembrance for nontarget nouns in the sequence that could be anywhere from 3 items prior the target noun position to 3 items following the target noun position. Representative results from a previously published study demonstrate that our procedure can be used to examine divergent effects of attention that not only enhance targets but also suppress nontargets. Here we show results from a representative participant that replicated the previous finding.&#160;

This paper describes a novel dual task procedure combined with Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to look at attentional blink at varied stimulus onset asynchronies. This experimental procedure differed from others in that it tested attentional blink for nontargets.

的双任务过程结合快速系列视觉呈现到测试的注意闪烁Nontargets

When viewers search for targets in a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) stream, if two targets are presented within about 500 msec of each other, the ...

科研

行为学

Using the Visual World Paradigm to Study Sentence Comprehension in Mandarin-Speaking Children with Autism

Sentence comprehension relies on the ability to rapidly integrate different types of linguistic and non-linguistic information. However, there is currently a paucity of research exploring how preschool children with autism understand sentences using different types of cues. The mechanisms underlying sentence comprehension remains largely unclear. The present study presents a protocol to examine the sentence comprehension abilities of preschool children with autism. More specifically, a visual world paradigm of eye-tracking is used to explore the moment-to-moment sentence comprehension in the children. The paradigm has multiple advantages. First, it is sensitive to the time course of sentence comprehension and thus can provide rich information about how sentence comprehension unfolds over time. Second, it requires minimal task and communication demands, so it is ideal for testing children with autism. To further minimize the computational burden of children, the present study measures eye movements that arise as automatic responses to linguistic input rather than measuring eye movements that accompany conscious responses to spoken instructions.

We present a protocol to examine the use of morphological cues during real-time sentence comprehension by children with autism.

用视觉世界范式研究自闭症普通话儿童的句子理解

Sentence comprehension relies on the ability to rapidly integrate different types of linguistic and non-linguistic information. However, there is ...

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) of Wernicke's and Broca's Areas in Studies of Language Learning and Word Acquisition

Language is a highly important yet poorly understood function of the human brain. While studies of brain activation patterns during language comprehension are abundant, what is often critically missing is causal evidence of brain areas&#39; involvement in a particular linguistic function, not least due to the unique human nature of this ability and a shortage of neurophysiological tools to study causal relationships in the human brain noninvasively. Recent years have seen a rapid rise in the use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of the human brain, an easy, inexpensive and safe noninvasive technique that can modulate the state of the stimulated brain area (putatively by shifting excitation/inhibition thresholds), enabling a study of its particular contribution to specific functions. While mostly focusing on motor control, the use of tDCS is becoming more widespread in both basic and clinical research on higher cognitive functions, language included, but the procedures for its application remain variable. Here, we describe the use of tDCS in a psycholinguistic word-learning experiment. We present the techniques and procedures for application of cathodal and anodal stimulation of core language areas of Broca and Wernicke in the left hemisphere of the human brain, describe the procedures of creating balanced sets of psycholinguistic stimuli, a controlled yet naturalistic learning regime, and a comprehensive set of techniques to assess the learning outcomes and tDCS effects. As an example of tDCS application, we show that cathodal stimulation of Wernicke&#39;s area prior to a learning session can impact word learning efficiency. This impact is both present immediately after learning and, importantly, preserved over longer time after the physical effects of stimulation wear off, suggesting that tDCS can have long-term influence on linguistic storage and representations in the human brain.

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation tDCS of Wernicke's and Broca's Areas in Studies of Language Learning and Word Acquisition

Here, we describe a protocol for using transcranial direct current stimulation for psycho- and neurolinguistic experiments aimed at studying, in a naturalistic yet fully controlled way, the role of cortical areas of the human brain in word learning, and a comprehensive set of behavioral procedures for assessing the outcomes.

韦尼克和布罗卡地区语言学习和文字习得研究中的颅内直接电流刺激(tDCS)

Language is a highly important yet poorly understood function of the human brain. While studies of brain activation patterns during language comprehension ...

Examining Online Syntactic Processing of Spoken Complex Sentences in Chinese Using Dual-Modal Interference Tasks

Working memory (WM) plays a central role in the comprehension of complex sentences. Its function in the processing of spoken complex sentences is especially evident because spoken complex sentence processing is memory-intensive. The dual-modal interference paradigm has been used to examine how the WM system is involved in complex syntactic processing. This article presents two exemplar experiments involving auditory processing with either intra- or extrasentential interferences. In the first experiment, auditory stimuli [spoken-Chinese relative clause (RC) sentences with two syntactic types: subject-gapped (SRC) vs. object-gapped (ORC)] are interfered with via a visually presented lexical decision task within a sentence and manipulated using three different interference timepoints. In the second experiment, the same auditory stimuli, presented via an auditory window moving technique, are interfered with via a visually presented digital recall task beyond the sentence and manipulated using three digital memory loads. By assessing how the primary task of comprehending the RC sentences is affected by the secondary task, we can tackle the controversial issue concerning Chinese RC processing asymmetry. Our results reveal different patterns of RC processing compared to those reported in previous studies. Experiment 1 manifests no clear RC processing advantages in either SRC or ORC; however, a preference for ORC is observed at the ends of sentences, and a preference for SRC is found at the main verb site. Likewise, Experiment 2 presents a dynamic pattern. Under a no-digit load, SRCs show processing advantages in the RC marker region. However, under higher-digit-load interference, ORCs show processing advantages in the same region. These results lead to the conjecture that no obvious or intrinsic processing asymmetry exists in the processing of Chinese RCs. Using the approach of assessing specific interference during syntactic processing, these experiments demonstrate future research applications that explore the processing metrics of spoken sentences involving working memory.

Here, we present a protocol employing dual-modal interference tasks to examine online processing of spoken-Chinese relative clause sentences. Two exemplar experiments involving auditory processing with intra- and extrasentential interferences are described. The paradigm provides a methodology for addressing the nature of working memory and its effects on sentence processing.

利用双模干扰任务对汉语口语复杂句子的在线句法处理进行考察

Working memory (WM) plays a central role in the comprehension of complex sentences. Its function in the processing of spoken complex sentences is ...

Lexical Decision Task for Studying Written Word Recognition in Adults with and without Dementia or Mild Cognitive Impairment

Older adults are slower at recognizing visual objects than younger adults. The same is true for recognizing that a letter string is a real word. People with Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) or Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) demonstrate even longer responses in written word recognition than elderly controls. Despite the general tendency towards slower recognition in aging and neurocognitive disorders, certain characteristics of words influence word recognition speed regardless of age or neuropathology (e.g., a word&#8217;s frequency of use). We present here a protocol for examining the influence of lexical characteristics on word recognition response times in a simple lexical decision experiment administered to younger and older adults and people with MCI or AD. In this experiment, participants are asked to decide as quickly and accurately as possible whether a given letter string is an actual word or not. We also describe mixed-effects models and principal components analysis that can be used to detect the influence of different types of lexical variables or individual characteristics of participants on word recognition speed.

This article describes how to implement a simple lexical decision experiment to assess written word recognition in neurologically healthy participants and in individuals with dementia and cognitive decline. We also provide a detailed description of reaction time analysis using principal components analysis (PCA) and mixed-effects modeling.

研究成人有无痴呆症或轻度认知障碍的文字识别的词汇决策任务

Older adults are slower at recognizing visual objects than younger adults. The same is true for recognizing that a letter string is a real word. People ...

An Experimental Paradigm for Measuring the Effects of Ageing on Sentence Processing

Previous studies have found that older adults have greater difficulties in processing syntactically complex sentences than younger adults. However, the exact regions where the difficulties arise have not been fully identified. In this study, a maze task was implemented to investigate how older adults and younger adults differentially processed two types of sentences with different levels of syntactic complexity, namely subject relative clauses and object relative clauses. Participants were asked to choose between two alternatives at each segment of the sentences. The task required participants to engage in a strictly incremental mode of processing. The reading times for each segment were recorded, allowing the quantification of the difficulty of sentence reading. The task allowed us to identify the exact locations of the processing difficulty and thus facilitate a more accurate assessment of the age-related decline in sentence processing. The results indicate that the effect of ageing was found mainly at the head nouns, but not at other regions of the sentences, a finding which suggests that the maze task is an effective method to identify the exact location of the ageing effect on sentence processing. The implications of this experimental paradigm for investigating the effect of ageing on sentence processing are discussed.

Here, we present a protocol to examine the age-related decline in sentence processing using a maze task that allowed us to localize the processing difficulty at each word of the sentences during reading.

测量衰老对句子处理影响的实验范式

Previous studies have found that older adults have greater difficulties in processing syntactically complex sentences than younger adults. However, the ...

Examining Bilingual Language Control Using the Stroop Task

The Stroop task in its many variations has been used in fields such as psychology, linguistics, and neuroscience to examine questions regarding the automaticity of reading, language processing, and cognitive control, among others. When looking at bilingual individuals, this task can be used to obtain measures of language interference and control in both a bilingual&#39;s first language (L1) and second language (L2), as well as for testing the bilingual advantage hypothesis. The Stroop task presents participants with color terms written in congruent colors (e.g., the word RED written in red font), incongruent colors (e.g., the word RED written in green font), in addition to noncolor terms for control (e.g., the word TREE presented in any color), and uses the reaction times from the different conditions to assess the degree of interference and facilitation. In the covert version of the Stroop bilingual task (i.e., participants respond by pressing a button rather than naming aloud), stimuli in the L1 and the L2 are typically presented in separate blocks. While this allows for a simple, yet effective assessment of processing and cognitive control in each language, it fails to capture any potential differences in processing and control within bilingual young adult groups. The present task combines single-language blocks with a novel mixed-language block to increase the level of difficulty of the task, thus making it suitable for testing cognitive control in young adults. Representative results showing differences between performance in the single-language vs. mixed-language blocks are presented, and the benefits of a mixed-language block are discussed.

This bilingual Stroop task uses Congruent, Incongruent, and Neutral stimuli presented in blocks in the first language (L1) only, the second language (L2) only, and a combination of L1 and L2. This task allows for an examination of language processing and cognitive control in both L1 and L2.

使用 Stroop 任务检查双语语言控制

The Stroop task in its many variations has been used in fields such as psychology, linguistics, and neuroscience to examine questions regarding the ...

Evaluation of the Cognitive Performance of Hypertensive Patients with Silent Cerebrovascular Lesions

Evidence accumulated from the last decade has proven that silent cerebrovascular lesions (SCLs) and their underlying pathogenic processes contribute to cognitive decline in the elderly. However, the distinct effects of each type of the lesions on cognitive performance remain unclear. Moreover, research data from Chinese elderly with SCLs is scarce. In this study, 398 otherwise healthy hypertensive elderly subjects (median age 72 years) were included and assessed. All participates were required to complete a battery of structured neuropsychological assessment, including forward and backward digit span tests, symbol digit modalities test, Stroop test, verbal fluency test and Montreal Cognitive Assessment. These tests were used to assess attention, executive function, information processing speed, language, memory and visuospatial function. A multi-sequence 3T MRI scanning was arranged within one month of the neuropsychological assessment to evaluate the burden of SCLs. SCLs were rated visually. Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) and silent lacunes (SLs) were identified as strictly lobar CMBs and SLs or deep CMBs and SLs according to their locations, respectively. Similarly, white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) were separated into periventricular WMHs (PVHs) and deep WMHs (DWMHs). A series of linear regression models were used to assess the correlation between each type of SCLs and individual cognitive function domain. The results showed that CMBs tend to impair language-related cognition. Deep SLs affect executive function, but this association disappeared after controlling for other types of SCLs. PVHs, rather than DWMHs, are associated with cognitive decline, especially in executive function and processing speed. It is concluded that different aspects of SCLs have differential impact on cognitive performance in hypertensive elderly Chinese.

Here, we present a protocol to assess whether various types of silent cerebrovascular lesions are differentially associated with deficits in certain cognitive domains in a cohort of 398 hypertensive elderly Chinese, using a combination of neuropsychological tests and multi-sequence 3T MRI scanning.

沉默脑血管病变高血压患者认知表现评估

Evidence accumulated from the last decade has proven that silent cerebrovascular lesions (SCLs) and their underlying pathogenic processes contribute to ...

Interaction between Phonological and Semantic Processes in Visual Word Recognition using Electrophysiology

Controversies have always existed in research related to reading abilities; on whether printed words are perceived in a feedforward manner based on orthographic information after which, other representations, such as phonology and semantics are activated, or whether these are fully interactive and high-level semantic information affects early processing. An interference paradigm was implemented in the presented protocol of phonological and semantic judgment tasks that utilized the same precede-target pairs to explore the relative order of phonological and semantic activation. The high- and low-frequency target words were preceded with three conditions: semantically related, phonological-related (homophones), or unrelated. The results showed that the induced P200 component of low-frequency word pairs was significantly greater than high-frequency words in both the semantic and phonological tasks. In addition, both the homophones in the semantic task and the semantically related pairs in the phonological task caused reduction in N400 when compared to the the control condition, word frequency-independently. It is worth noting that for the low-frequency pairs in the phonological judgment task, the P200 released by the semantically related word pairs was significantly larger than that in the control condition. Overall, semantic processing in phonological tasks and phonological processing in semantic tasks were found in both high- and low-frequency words, suggesting that the interaction between semantics and phonology may operate in a task-independent manner. However, the specific time this interaction occurred may have been affected by the task and frequency.

We present a protocol to explore the relative activation sequence of phonology and semantics in visual word recognition. The results show that consistent with interactive accounts, semantic and phonological representations may be processed interactively, and higher-level linguistic representations may affect early processing.

使用电生理学的视觉单词识别中语音和语义过程的相互作用

Controversies have always existed in research related to reading abilities; on whether printed words are perceived in a feedforward manner based on ...