这项研究是有可能的启动资金从阿卡迪亚大学和埃尔姆赫斯特学院授予穆罕穆德, 一个学生-教师合作补助金从埃尔姆赫斯特学院到 E.A.W. 和穆罕穆德, 和阿卡迪亚大学师资发展补助金穆罕穆德我们要感谢丹尼尔 h. 魏斯曼, 它是使用本议定书版本的以前出版物的协作者。我们还要感谢更多的学生, 他们收集了本议定书以前版本的数据, 包括马歇尔 O ' 摩尔, 帕特丽夏, 阿曼达, 爱丽丝亲爱的, 艾瑞卡 Pinsker, 醒悟李, 席琳桑托斯, Greg 拉莫斯, 凯瑟琳 Trencheny。

这里描述的所有方法都是由阿卡迪亚大学机构审查委员会批准的。
1. 设计和准备数据收集实验
注: 有关设计和试用类型的一般信息, 请参阅介绍。有关可在每个子步骤中进行的特定选项的详细信息, 请参阅讨论。有关任务的动态视图的视频 1 , 以及视频 2 , 请参阅该任务的慢速版本。
<ol><li>选择试用类型 (即单独的目标, 相同的目标颜色分心, 和不同的目标颜色分心, 以及单独或两个分心者或非目标有色分心), 并在每种试验类型的首选试验次数7,20。</li>
	<li>在每个包含干扰项和目标 (例如,滞后1、2、3和4或仅滞后1和4等) 的试验类型中, 选择目标干扰的滞后长度.</li>
	<li>选择字母的颜色-目标颜色、外围干扰物颜色和中央填充色;必须至少有两个目标颜色。确保颜色空间中的目标颜色由至少一个出现在中央 RSVP 中的 "填充" 颜色分隔。请参见图 2 , 例如刺激颜色。</li>
	<li>使用灵活可靠的刺激演示软件包 (例如, 在 MATLAB39中实现的 Psychtoolbox) 计划任务。 注: 请参阅软件教程, 了解如何创建刺激演示文稿并收集响应。</li>
	<li>确保字母刺激精密测距 2.07 x 1.88 度的视觉角度, 并以 Arial 字体书写。将外围字母显示在中心字母的右边和左侧4.22 度的视角。</li>
	<li>呈现每帧显示116毫秒。 注: 每帧显示有三个字母: 中央字母和两个外围字母。</li>
	<li>除了目标出现时, 将 "填充" 颜色分配给中央 RSVP 中的字母 (见图 1)。随机分配这些颜色, 并告诫在 RSVP 序列中没有出现相邻的两个字母具有相同的颜色。</li>
	<li>除了出现彩色外围干扰项外, 还要将颜色灰色分配给外围位置的字母。</li>
	<li>每次试用后收集键盘响应1740毫秒。</li>
	<li>在整个实验中随机化所有试验的顺序。</li>
	<li>在实验开始时包括两部分练习单元, 使参与者能够轻松完成任务并将其公开给所有试用类型。<ol>
<li>在第一部分中, 至少包括16个目标单独的试验, 在所有目标颜色中呈现, 甚至表示每种颜色。</li>
		<li>通过在 RSVP 显示上方显示这些颜色的颜色补丁, 并将其固定在整个练习的第一部分, 提醒参与者要搜索的目标颜色。</li>
		<li>以较慢的 RSVP 速度开始练习, 每帧250毫秒。每次提出目标直到达到最后的实验速度时, 增加速度 (降低帧速率) 10 毫秒。</li>
		<li>在第二部分中, 删除颜色补丁并引入带有外围干扰的试用类型。总共至少包括12项试验, 并确保所有试验类型至少提交一次。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>每分钟为参与者提供自我节奏的休息。经过32次试验, 停止连续的 RSVP 序列, 并显示一个屏幕上说, "请休息一下。按空格键继续。在这个屏幕上, 提醒参与者他们正在寻找的颜色。呈现此文本: "作为提醒, 这些是您的目标颜色:" 并按照每个目标颜色写的 "ABCXYZ"。</li>
</ol>2. 设置设备
<ol><li>使用具有60赫兹刷新率的计算机和用于提供计时精度的监视器和图形卡组合 (请参阅材料表)。</li>
	<li>确保键盘、显示器和参与者椅处于固定位置, 因为从参与者到计算机屏幕的适当和一致的间距很重要。如果使用共享空间, 请使用掩蔽带标记桌面/表上所需设备的位置。</li>
</ol>3. 招聘实验参与者。
<ol><li>招募18岁35岁, 没有神经系统状况的参与者, 矫正正常视力, 不色盲。</li>
	<li>使用以前发布的结果和/或试验参与者执行功率计算, 以确定适当的样本大小。40,41
</li>
</ol>4. 测试参与者
<ol><li>根据授权审查委员会的政策取得必要的同意。</li>
	<li>座位参加者在 57 cm 的距离从显示器, 距离 1 cm 在屏幕对应于1程度视觉角度。使用下巴休息或实验者监督来实施这种观察距离。</li>
	<li>检查 colorblindness, 通过要求参加者完成在线 colorblindness 测试42。不要分析被视为色盲的参与者的数据。</li>
	<li>打开软件, 导航到实验文件夹, 然后键入实验脚本 (根据1节的指导原则设计) 到命令窗口中, 然后按 enter 键;程序将运行。</li>
	<li>帮助参与者通过指示, 这是打印在一系列的屏幕上, 可以阅读的自我节奏的方式。除了阅读屏幕上的说明外, 请说明以下内容: "这项任务非常困难, 性能平均约为75% 正确。如果你觉得自己犯了很多错误, 不要气馁。</li>
	<li>在实验过程中监督参与者, 确保他/她保持与显示器一致的观察距离, 正确完成任务 (例如使用正确的应答键), 并且不会入睡或分心。</li>
	<li>在练习单元中提供反馈和鼓励。<ol>
<li>提醒参与者关键反应。告诉他们: "记住," J "响应键是从字母表的前半部分来的任何目标字母," K "响应键是从字母表的后半部分来的任何目标字母。不要按 "J" 为一个目标颜色和 "K" 为另一个。</li>
		<li>提醒参加者在识别一封信后要放慢速度, 并考虑哪一种反应, 并且即使不立即发生, 也要把反应记录为 "正确"。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>当程序结束时, 汇报并开除参与者。解释实验的目的并回答问题。询问参加者在实验或完成任务时是否有任何困难。</li>
</ol>

作者没有什么可透露的。

使用此方法有几个注意事项。要采取的最重要的步骤是确保设计要求参与者一次搜索两个或多个目标, 并且有 "STC" 和 "DTC" 干扰项试验类型, 因为这将为研究员提供特定于集合的捕获 (stc-DTC).有一个 "NTC" 试验类型来适当测量特遣队注意捕获 (ntc) 也很有帮助, 不过, 如果有必要, 你可以估计 ntc 的性能和目标单独的性能。为了达到最强的效果, 必须包括滞后1试验, 并告诫 lag-1 保留可能在使用中心分心而?...

偶然注意捕获指的是当参与者错误地将注意力指向与搜索目标类似的干扰项时发生的性能成本 (慢反应时间和较低的精确度)。索引自顶向下定向的注意, 只发生在与目标相关的分心物 (如搜索绿色字母的绿色数字) 时, 但不存在与目标无关的刺激时 (例如,蓝色数字)。对特遣队注意捕获的研究是理解自上而下定向和信息处理的局限性的一个组成部分, 即一旦刺激引起关注, 它将以串行和刻苦方式处理1,2,3. 经常注意捕获最常用的方法是使用模拟普通视觉搜索的静态显示, 例如在杂货店3、4的生产部分搜索红辣椒。在此示例中, 与目标 (如红苹果) 的项目共享功能可能会引起注意, 减慢搜索速度。可观察到颜色3、5、6、7、形状8、运动9、时间10和语义相关性11,12. 除了静态显示器外, 还使用动态显示来测量特遣队注意捕获, 如在行驶道路时搜索地标, 或在快速移动的人群中寻找一个人13 ,14。
最近, 研究人员调查了当多个搜索目标处于活动状态时参与干扰的后果 (如搜索红辣椒和大蒜的同时,7,8,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23.) 在这种情况下, 分心费用尤其具有破坏性。虽然有证据表明, 多目标搜索是否会在不存在分心的情况下影响性能, 但与目标相关的干扰物的注意力捕获可能会导致性能上的巨大缺陷。特别是, 我们确定了一种新的注意捕获形式, 称为 "特定集合捕获", 在同时维护多个目标时发生。在集特定捕获的情况下, 当类似目标目标 (例如苹果) 的干扰对象从与另一个目标匹配的目标项目 (如大蒜)7中吸引注意力时, 性能成本尤其大。 20,21,22。请参见图 1 , 以解释典型的发现, 使用这个杂货店的例子。
与特遣队注意捕获的情况一样, 集合特定捕获显示信息是以串行和刻苦的方式处理的: 当一个干扰对象捕捉到注意力时, 注意力资源就会从目标中提取出来。另外, 集合特定的捕获表明, 将注意力放在干扰干扰的特性上会导致工作记忆中相关目标的增强。因此, 当同时维护多个目标时, 此目标增强以牺牲任何其他当前目标7、21、22为代价。集特定捕获是多任务处理的结果, 类似于切换成本和在任务转换研究中发现的混合成本, 但也有别于这些措施24。重要的是, 今后的研究将研究这一多任务成本, 以便根据实际原因了解损害的严重性和性质 (例如,涉及双重任务的安全情况), 并改进我们的了解视觉搜索的机制以及目标的维护。例如, 特定于 set 的捕获提供了对一个目标可以集中在一个目标或目标类似的干扰对象的想法的支持, 但在可视化搜索25中, 有更多的目标保持在一个附属状态中,26,27。
本方法提供了一种在单一范式中测量特遣队注意捕获和集特定捕获的健壮方法。它使用一个动态显示, 启发了以前的工作对注意眨眼和特遣队注意捕获与快速串行视觉演示 (回函) 的刺激13,14,28,29, 30。这种类型的显示比静态显示任务产生的影响要大得多, 后者通常依赖于反应时间作为依赖度量值, 而不是精度3、31、32。这些更大的效果允许研究人员使用这个范式来测量对特定集合捕获的更敏感的操作, 例如练习20的效果。
在这项任务中, 参与者搜索异种地色的、集中位置的 RSVP, 以查找两个 "目标" 墨迹颜色中的任何一种 (如绿色和橙色). 参见图 2 , 例如刺激颜色)。每当参与者检测到显示在中央显示屏中的目标色字母时, 它们都指示字母是否来自字母表的前半部分 ("按" J "键") 或字母表的后半部分 ("按" K 键 ")。同时, 参与者忽略两个 RSVP 显示, 其中主要是显示在中央显示屏两侧的灰色字母。因此, 在任何给定的时间, 屏幕上都有三封信-一个中央定位和两个外围设备。字母改变身份和颜色每 116 ms。
实验可能包括以下试验类型:单独目标,单独干扰,非目标有色干扰 (NTC),相同目标有色干扰 (STC)和不同的目标有色干扰 (DTC).在目标单独的试用类型中, 目标字母 (如绿色 C) 出现在中央 RSVP 中, 而在其前面的外围回函中不会发生任何颜色更改。在单独的 "干扰对象" 试用类型中, 一个目标颜色的项目出现在一个外围 RSVP 显示中, 而没有出现目标项目。此试验类型的目的是防止参与者使用外围颜色变化来预测即将到来的目标, 方法是包括一些试验, 其中一个干扰器没有预测目标。在 NTC、STC 和 DTC 试用类型中, 在目标集中显示之前, 一个外围显示器中会出现一个彩色字母干扰, 其中 "滞后" 1-4 显示帧 (116-464 ms) 与目标的外观之间。对于 NTC 试验, 干扰对象不是目标色 (例如,紫色 ' V ')。在 STC 试验中, 干扰者 (如橙色的 B) 与以下目标 (如橙色的 "T") 的颜色相同。在 DTC 试验中, 干扰 (例如,橙色 ' C ') 是目标色的, 但与即将到来的目标 (例如,绿色 ' V ') 的颜色不同。有关任务的示意图, 请参见图 3 , 其中包括每个试用类型的示例。有关该任务的示例, 请参见视频 1 (视频)。在循环中查看, 该示例包含两个目标。视频 2(视频) 是相同的视频在降低速度, 以清晰。
临时注意捕获是由 NTC 和 STC 性能之间的差异所表明的, 因为目标有色项目只在与当前目标之一 (即不在 NTC 试验中, 通常产生相同精确度水平作为目标单独试验)。Set 特定捕获是通过 STC 和 DTC 性能的差异来表示的。我们已经出版了这项任务的几个版本, 有轻微不同的试验类型的配置 (即,有或没有 NTC 和干扰因素单独试验; 仅滞后1和 3, 具有各种目标颜色, 有三个目标,等等.7,20,21,22)。
此方法的一个显著特点是它使用连续显示。每个试验包括代表该试验类型的最小分量 (例如,外围干扰因素、目标以及在干扰对象和目标之间及时出现的任何字母)。"填充" 刺激连接一个试验到下一个无缝, 参与者在这个 intertrial 的时间间隔, 每当他们发现一个目标的反应。间隔持续时间为 15-21 帧 (1740-2436 毫秒), 这是充分的响应时机;大多数反应发生在700毫秒以内. 这种方法的优点是机会性能接近 0%;参与者没有明确地意识到, 如果他们错过了目标项目, 审判就结束了。这允许三种类型的结果: 1) 确定的字母, 这将导致正确的响应, 2) 检测到但未识别的项目 (例如, "我看到了绿色的东西"), 这将导致50% 的机会正确的反应, 和 3) 一个未被发现/错过项, 导致没有响应 (编码为不准确)。这三结果提供了有关刺激处理程度的更多信息, 而不是具有两种替代强制选择响应的任务, 它不能区分检测无标识 (即响应错误) 和彻底的错过 (即遗漏错误)。
我们在这里描述的方法, 因为我们已经在发布的工作中使用它, 参与者搜索有色字母。但是, 它可以被修改, 以用于图像33和潜在的其他刺激, 如文字34。此外, 干扰可以显示为其他有色项目在中央显示, 而不是像彩色字母出现在外围 (例如,在中央显示的目标色的数字)21。也可能在静态显示中识别特定于集合的捕获。这种方法的扩展的进一步发展将使研究人员能够调查诸如奖励和动机对分心35的影响, 或者分心成本是否被同时维持的目标数量所调节的话题。33. 其他应用程序可以包括在现实环境中测量分心成本, 例如完成苛刻的视觉搜索任务 (例如,机场行李检查或放射检查)36、37,38。

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	<tbody>
		<tr height="85">
			<td height="85" style="height:85px;width:171px;">MATLAB</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">Mathworks</td>
			<td style="width:237px;">R2014b</td>
			<td style="width:256px;">General computing platform</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="127">
			<td height="127" style="height:127px;width:171px;">Psychtoolbox</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">Psychtoolbox</td>
			<td style="width:237px;">PTB-3</td>
			<td style="width:256px;">Toolbox of routines for use with MATLAB</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:171px;">G*Power</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">Universit&#228;t D&#252;sseldorf</td>
			<td style="width:237px;">G*Power 3.1.9.2 for Windows</td>
			<td style="width:256px;">Software to assist with performing power calculations</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:171px;">24&#8221; HDMI Gaming Monitor</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">ASUS</td>
			<td style="width:237px;">VG248QE</td>
			<td style="width:256px;">High quality LCD monitor with excellent timing</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

using rapid serial visual presentation to measure set-specific capture, a consequence of distraction while multitasking

此方法使用快速串行可视化演示 (RSVP) 范式来测量参与者维护多个搜索目标时分心的成本。该议定书确定了在单个任务--偶然注意捕获和特定集合捕获中的两种分心类型--表示认知处理的不同类型的限制。参与者在异种地彩色字母的连续 RSVP 流中搜索两个或多个 "目标" 墨迹颜色 (如绿色和橙色) 中的字母, 同时忽略两个外围回函的字母。在检测到目标时, 参与者要识别这封信。在一些试验中, 目标色干扰物出现在目标显示之前的外围, 导致目标识别性能下降。通过检查试验的性能来观察到或注意捕获, 在这些实验中, 外围干扰者与试验对象的颜色相同 (如橙色)。集特定捕获由测试的性能表示, 在这些试验中, 外围干扰对象是目标色 (如橙色), 但与该试验中的目标 (如绿色) 的颜色不同。通过改变干扰者与目标的呈现之间的时间 (即出现的刺激数量), 研究人员可以观察参与者如何从这些分心成本中恢复过来。与通常用来测量特遣队注意捕获的静态显示器相比, 动态显示产生了更大的效果, 使得研究人员能够识别较小操作的细微影响。我们设计的一个不寻常的方面是, 它采用连续显示;"填充" 刺激将一个试验连接到下一个无缝, 参与者在这个时间间隔内, 每当他们检测到一个目标。连续显示将机会性能降低到接近零的水平 (而不是 50%), 并为研究人员提供了更敏感的测试类型之间的性能差异度量。

我们报告几个代表性数据的例子。在第一个示例中, 有两个滞后 (1 和 3), 两个干扰试验类型 (STC 和 DTC) 和57个参与者。也有目标单独和干扰者单独试验类型。在反复测量中, 影响试验类型和滞后因素的方差分析, 各因子的主要作用以及两者之间的相互作用。性能更好的滞后 3 (平均 (M) = 0.655, 标准误差 (SE) = 0.018) 比在滞后 1 (M = 0.484, SE = 0.018), F...

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Using Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Measure Set-Specific Capture, a Consequence of Distraction While Multitasking

使用快速串行可视化演示来测量集特定捕获, 这是在多任务时分心的结果。

此方法使用动态视觉显示来索引视觉搜索过程中分心的成本, 包括 "偶然注意捕获" 和 "特定集合捕获", 这是当参与者维护多个搜索时发生分心的代价。目标同时进行。该方法揭示了视觉注意的基本机制和局限性。

This method uses a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) paradigm to measure the cost of distraction when participants maintain multiple search goals. ...

using-rapid-serial-visual-presentation-to-measure-set-specific

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

8.8K 次观看.  Arcadia University. 此方法使用动态视觉显示来索引视觉搜索过程中分心的成本, 包括 "偶然注意捕获" 和 "特定集合捕获", 这是当参与者维护多个搜索时发生分心的代价。目标同时进行。该方法揭示了视觉注意的基本机制和局限性。

视频: Using Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Measure Set-Specific Capture, a Consequence of Distraction While Multitasking

The 5-Choice Serial Reaction Time Task: A Task of Attention and Impulse Control for Rodents

This protocol describes the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which is an operant based task used to study attention and impulse control in rodents. Test day challenges, modifications to the standard task, can be used to systematically tax the neural systems controlling either attention or impulse control. Importantly, these challenges have consistent effects on behavior across laboratories in intact animals and can reveal either enhancements or deficits in cognitive function that are not apparent when rats are only tested on the standard task. The variety of behavioral measures that are collected can be used to determine if other factors (i.e., sedation, motivation deficits, locomotor impairments) are contributing to changes in performance. The versatility of the 5CSRTT is further enhanced because it is amenable to combination with pharmacological, molecular, and genetic techniques.

This protocol describes the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which is an operant based task used to study attention and impulse control in rodents. Test day challenges, which are modifications of the standard task, increase flexibility of the task and can be combined with other manipulations to more fully characterize behavior.

5选择序列反应时任务:注意的任务和脉冲控制鼠害

This protocol describes the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which is an operant based task used to study attention and impulse control in rodents. ...

科研

行为学

A Dual Task Procedure Combined with Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Test Attentional Blink for Nontargets

When viewers search for targets in a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) stream, if two targets are presented within about 500 msec of each other, the first target may be easy to spot but the second is likely to be missed. This phenomenon of attentional blink (AB) has been widely studied to probe the temporal capacity of attention for detecting visual targets. However, with the typical procedure of AB experiments, it is not possible to examine how the processing of non-target items in RSVP may be affected by attention. This paper describes a novel dual task procedure combined with RSVP to test effects of AB for nontargets at varied stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs). In an exemplar experiment, a target category was first displayed, followed by a sequence of 8 nouns. If one of the nouns belonged to the target category, participants would respond &#8216;yes&#8217; at the end of the sequence, otherwise participants would respond &#8216;no&#8217;. Two 2-alternative forced choice memory tasks followed the response to determine if participants remembered the words immediately before or after the target, as well as a random word from another part of the sequence. In a second exemplar experiment, the same design was used, except that 1) the memory task was counterbalanced into two groups with SOAs of either 120 or 240 msec and 2) three memory tasks followed the sequence and tested remembrance for nontarget nouns in the sequence that could be anywhere from 3 items prior the target noun position to 3 items following the target noun position. Representative results from a previously published study demonstrate that our procedure can be used to examine divergent effects of attention that not only enhance targets but also suppress nontargets. Here we show results from a representative participant that replicated the previous finding.&#160;

This paper describes a novel dual task procedure combined with Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to look at attentional blink at varied stimulus onset asynchronies. This experimental procedure differed from others in that it tested attentional blink for nontargets.

的双任务过程结合快速系列视觉呈现到测试的注意闪烁Nontargets

When viewers search for targets in a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) stream, if two targets are presented within about 500 msec of each other, the ...

Methods to Test Visual Attention Online

Online data collection methods have particular appeal to behavioral scientists because they offer the promise of much larger and much more representative data samples than can typically be collected on college campuses. However, before such methods can be widely adopted, a number of technological challenges must be overcome &#8211; in particular in experiments where tight control over stimulus properties is necessary. Here we present methods for collecting performance data on two tests of visual attention. Both tests require control over the visual angle of the stimuli (which in turn requires knowledge of the viewing distance, monitor size, screen resolution, etc.) and the timing of the stimuli (as the tests involve either briefly flashed stimuli or stimuli that move at specific rates). Data collected on these tests from over 1,700 online participants were consistent with data collected in laboratory-based versions of the exact same tests. These results suggest that with proper care, timing/stimulus size dependent tasks can be deployed in web-based settings.

To replicate laboratory settings, online data collection methods for visual tasks require tight control over stimulus presentation. We outline methods for the use of a web application to collect performance data on two tests of visual attention.

方法在线测试视觉注意

Online data collection methods have particular appeal to behavioral scientists because they offer the promise of much larger and much more representative ...

A Method to Quantify Visual Information Processing in Children Using Eye Tracking

Visual problems that occur early in life can have major impact on a child's development. Without verbal communication and only based on observational methods, it is difficult to make a quantitative assessment of a child's visual problems. This limits accurate diagnostics in children under the age of 4 years and in children with intellectual disabilities. Here we describe a quantitative method that overcomes these problems. The method uses a remote eye tracker and a four choice preferential looking paradigm to measure eye movement responses to different visual stimuli. The child sits without head support in front of a monitor with integrated infrared cameras. In one of four monitor quadrants a visual stimulus is presented. Each stimulus has a specific visual modality with respect to the background, e.g., form, motion, contrast or color. From the reflexive eye movement responses to these specific visual modalities, output parameters such as reaction times, fixation accuracy and fixation duration are calculated to quantify a child's viewing behavior. With this approach, the quality of visual information processing can be assessed without the use of communication. By comparing results with reference values obtained in typically developing children from 0-12 years, the method provides a characterization of visual information processing in visually impaired children. The quantitative information provided by this method can be advantageous for the field of clinical visual assessment and rehabilitation in multiple ways. The parameter values provide a good basis to: (i) characterize early visual capacities and consequently to enable early interventions; (ii) compare risk groups and follow visual development over time; and (iii), construct an individual visual profile for each child.

A method is described to quantify the quality of visual information processing based on reflexive eye movements in response to specific visual modalities. Reaction times and fixation output parameters are used to characterize visual performance in children with and without visual impairments from 6 months of age.

一种方法来量化视觉信息加工儿童使用眼动追踪

Visual problems that occur early in life can have major impact on a child's development. Without verbal communication and only based on observational ...

Visualizing Visual Adaptation

Many techniques have been developed to visualize how an image would appear to an individual with a different visual sensitivity: e.g., because of optical or age differences, or a color deficiency or disease. This protocol describes a technique for incorporating sensory adaptation into the simulations. The protocol is illustrated with the example of color vision, but is generally applicable to any form of visual adaptation. The protocol uses a simple model of human color vision based on standard and plausible assumptions about the retinal and cortical mechanisms encoding color and how these adjust their sensitivity to both the average color and range of color in the prevailing stimulus. The gains of the mechanisms are adapted so that their mean response under one context is equated for a different context. The simulations help reveal the theoretical limits of adaptation and generate &#34;adapted images&#34; that are optimally matched to a specific environment or observer. They also provide a common metric for exploring the effects of adaptation within different observers or different environments. Characterizing visual perception and performance with these images provides a novel tool for studying the functions and consequences of long-term adaptation in vision or other sensory systems.

This article describes a novel method for simulating and studying adaptation in the visual system.

可视化视觉适应

Many techniques have been developed to visualize how an image would appear to an individual with a different visual sensitivity: e.g., because of optical ...

Psychophysical Tracking Method to Measure Taste Preferences in Children and Adults

The Monell two-series, forced-choice, paired-comparison tracking method provides a reliable measure of sweet taste preferences from childhood to adulthood. The method, which is identical for children, adolescents, and adults, is of short duration (&#60; 15 min), does not rely on sustained attention or place demands on memory (which would yield spurious age differences), and minimizes the impact of language development, making this method amenable to the cognitive limitations of pediatric populations. In this whole-mouth tasting method, subjects are asked to taste (without swallowing) pairs of solutions of different sucrose concentrations and to point to the solution they prefer. Each subsequent pair contains the participant&#39;s preceding preferred concentration and an adjacent stimulus concentration. The procedure continues until the subject chooses either a given concentration of sucrose when paired with both a higher and a lower concentration, or the highest or lowest concentration two consecutive times. Subjects are prevented from reaching response criteria on the basis of first or second position bias by the two-series design of the method, which counterbalances the order of solution presentation within each pair between the series (the weaker concentration is presented first in Series 1, second in Series 2). The geometric mean of the two sucrose concentrations chosen in Series 1 and 2 is an estimate of the participant&#39;s most preferred level of sucrose. Sucrose preference as determined with this laboratory-based measure has been shown to be associated with preference for sugars in foods and beverages and with taste receptor genotype, family history of alcoholism, and race/ethnicity, as well as depressive symptomatology among pediatric populations. The method has real-world relevance and has been applied to determine most preferred level of other tastes (e.g., salt), making it a valuable psychophysical tool.

Sweet taste has powerful hedonic appeal among people of all ages, particularly children. Described herein is a reliable and valid method that can be used to determine the level of sweetness most preferred, making it a valuable psychophysical tool for scientists.

心理跟踪方法来衡量儿童和成人的口味偏好

The Monell two-series, forced-choice, paired-comparison tracking method provides a reliable measure of sweet taste preferences from childhood to ...

How to Build a Dichoptic Presentation System That Includes an Eye Tracker

The presentation of different stimuli to the two eyes, dichoptic presentation, is essential for studies involving 3D vision and interocular suppression. There is a growing literature on the unique experimental value of pupillary and oculomotor measures, especially for research on interocular suppression. Although obtaining eye-tracking measures would thus benefit studies that use dichoptic presentation, the hardware essential for dichoptic presentation (e.g. mirrors) often interferes with high-quality eye tracking, especially when using a video-based eye tracker. We recently described an experimental setup that combines a standard dichoptic presentation system with an infrared eye tracker by using infrared-transparent mirrors1. The setup is compatible with standard monitors and eye trackers, easy to implement, and affordable (on the order of US$1,000). Relative to existing methods it has the benefits of not requiring special equipment and posing few limits on the nature and quality of the visual stimulus. Here we provide a visual guide to the construction and use of our setup.

We recently proposed a method that allows dichoptic visual stimulus presentation and binocular eye tracking simultaneously1. The key is the combination of an infrared eye tracker and the corresponding infrared-transparent mirrors. This manuscript provides an in depth protocol for initial setup and everyday operation.

如何建立一个包括眼球跟踪器的 Dichoptic 演示系统

The presentation of different stimuli to the two eyes, dichoptic presentation, is essential for studies involving 3D vision and interocular suppression. ...

Central and Divided Visual Field Presentation of Emotional Images to Measure Hemispheric Differences in Motivated Attention

Two dominant theories on lateralized processing of emotional information exist in the literature. One theory posits that unpleasant emotions are processed by right frontal regions, while pleasant emotions are processed by left frontal regions. The other theory posits that the right hemisphere is more specialized for the processing of emotional information overall, particularly in posterior regions.
Assessing the different roles of the cerebral hemispheres in processing emotional information can be difficult without the use of neuroimaging methodologies, which are not accessible or affordable to all scientists. Divided visual field presentation of stimuli can allow for the investigation of lateralized processing of information without the use of neuroimaging technology. 
This study compared central versus divided visual field presentations of emotional images to assess differences in motivated attention between the two hemispheres. The late positive potential (LPP) was recorded using electroencephalography (EEG) and event-related potentials (ERPs) methodologies to assess motivated attention. Future work will pair this paradigm with a more active behavioral task to explore the behavioral impacts on the attentional differences found.

This study compared central versus divided visual field presentations of emotional images to assess differences in motivated attention between the two hemispheres. The late positive potential (LPP) was recorded using electroencephalography (EEG) and event-related potentials (ERPs) methodologies to assess motivated attention.

中央和分割的视觉场表现的情绪图像, 以测量半球的差异, 激发注意

Two dominant theories on lateralized processing of emotional information exist in the literature. One theory posits that unpleasant emotions are processed ...

Use of a Video Scoring Anchor for Rapid Serial Assessment of Social Communication in Toddlers

Reciprocal social behavior (RSB), an early-emerging capacity to engage in social contingency&#8212;which is foundational for both social learning and social competency&#8212;is hypothesized to be disrupted in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The ability to quantify the full range of RSB during the toddler period, when core symptoms of ASD often arise, is pivotal for evaluating early risk for ASD, characterizing social development, and tracking response to early interventions. However, important parameters of variation in RSB&#8212;especially prior to the development of verbal language&#8212;can be nuanced and difficult to characterize using questionnaire-based methods. To address this challenge, we developed a system for measuring quantitative variation in RSB in toddlers (ages 18 - 30 months) that incorporated not only standard questionnaire data from caregivers but also a novel set of video-referenced items, through which a respondent compares the behavior of a subject to that observed in a short video of a young child manifesting a highly competent level of social communication. Testing of this measure in a general population sample of twins confirmed that both the video-referenced items and the RSB Total Score (video-referenced items plus non-video-referenced items) displayed unimodal, continuous distributions, strong internal consistency, marked preservation of individual differences, and extremely high heritability. In addition, video-referenced items were particularly sensitive to quantifying incremental changes in social communication, a major element of RSB, over the course of early childhood development. Scores on the vrRSB clearly differentiated children with and without ASD and these data comprise an initial validation of this promising method for quantifying early RSB&#8212;cross-sectionally, over time, and as a function of early intervention.

Here we present a protocol for administration of the video-referenced rating of reciprocal social behavior (vrRSB) using a paper or online version. This survey quantifies RSB, a prerequisite for social competence, in toddlers through &#34;video-referenced&#34; items whereby a subject is compared to a reference child shown in a three-minute video.

视频评分锚在幼儿社会交往快速评估中的应用

Reciprocal social behavior (RSB), an early-emerging capacity to engage in social contingency&#8212;which is foundational for both social learning and ...

Olfactory Context Dependent Memory: Direct Presentation of Odorants

Information is retrieved more effectively when the retrieval occurs in the same context as that in which the information was first encoded. This is termed context dependent memory (CDM). One category of cues that have been shown to effectively produce CDM effects are odors. However, it is unclear what the boundary conditions of these CDM effects are. In particular, given that olfaction has been called an implicit sense, it is possible that odors are only effective mnemonic cues when they are presented in the background. This assertion seems even more likely given that previous research has shown odors to be poor cues during paired associate memory tests, where odors are in the focus of attention as mnemonic cues for other information. In order to determine whether odors are only effective contextual mnemonic cues when presented outside the central focus of an observer, an olfactory CDM experiment was performed in which odorants were presented directly, rather than ambiently. Direct presentation was accomplished with the aid of an olfactometer. The olfactometer not only allows for direct presentation of odorants, but provides other methodological benefits, including the allowance of trial by trial manipulations of odorant presentations and, relatedly, time-specific releases of odorants. The presence of the same odor during both encoding and retrieval enhanced memory performance, regardless of whether the odor was presented ambiently or directly. This finding can serve as a basis for future olfactory CDM research which can utilize the benefits of direct presentation.

The use of an olfactometer for directly presenting odorants opens exciting opportunities for researchers of olfactory memory. The current paper discusses issues related to this methodology as related to a previously published experiment on olfactory context dependent memory.

嗅觉语境依赖性记忆: 气味的直接表现

Information is retrieved more effectively when the retrieval occurs in the same context as that in which the information was first encoded. This is termed ...