Name: establishing human lung organoids and proximal differentiation to generate mature airway organoids
Uploaded: 2022-03-23T14:15:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Establishing Human Lung Organoids and Proximal Differentiation to Generate Mature Airway Organoids at JoVE.com

We thank the Center of PanorOmic Sciences and Electron Microscope Unit, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, for assistance in confocal imaging and flow cytometry. This work was partly supported by funding from Health and Medical Research Fund (HMRF, 17161272 and 19180392) of the Food and Health Bureau; General Research Fund (GRF, 17105420) of the Research Grants Council; and Health@InnoHK, Innovation and Technology Commission, the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.

All experimentation using human tissues described herein was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Hong Kong/Hospital Authority Hong Kong West Cluster (UW13-364 and UW21-695). Informed consent was obtained from patients before tissue collection.
1. Derivation of human lung organoid
<ol>
	<li>Preparation of experimental materials
	<ol>
		<li>Prepare basal medium by supplementing advanced DMEM/F12 medium with 2 mM glutamine, 10 mM HEPES, 100 U/mL of p...

<ol>
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The human airways are lined with the airway epithelium, also known as the pseudostratified ciliated epithelium. The major cell types of the upper airway epithelium are ciliated cells that enable the coordinated movement of their apical cilia to expel mucus and inhaled particles from the airways, goblet cells that produce and secrete mucus, and basal cells that line the basement membrane and are implicated in regeneration. In the small airway such as bronchioles, the cuboidal airway epithelium contains secretory club cell...

Organoids have become a robust and universal tool for in vitro modeling of organ development and studying biology and disease. When cultured in a growth factor-defined culture medium, adult stem cells (ASC) from a variety of organs can be expanded in 3-dimension (3D) and self-assembled into organ-like cellular clusters composed of multiple cell types, termed organoids. Clevers&#39; laboratory reported the derivation of the first ASC-derived organoid, human intestinal organoid, in 20091,2. Afterward, ASC-derived organoids have been established for a variety of human organs and tissues, including prostate3,4, liver5,6, stomach7,8,9, pancreas10, mammary gland11, and lung 12,13. These ASC-derived organoids retained the critical cellular, structural, and functional properties of the native organ and maintained genetic and phenotypic stability in long-term expansion culture14,15.
Organoids can also be derived from pluripotent stem cell (PSC), including embryonic stem (ES) cells and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell16. While PSC-derived organoids exploit the mechanisms of organ development for their establishment, ASCs can be coerced to form organoids by rebuilding conditions that mimic the stem cell niche during physiological tissue self-renewal or tissue repair. PSC-derived organoids are favorable models to explore development and organogenesis, albeit unable to reach the comparable maturation level of ASC-derived organoids. The fetal-like maturation status of PSC-derived organoids, and complexity for establishing these organoids substantially prevent their broad applications for studying biology and pathology in mature tissues.
The human respiratory tract, from nose to terminal bronchiole, is lined with the airway epithelium, also called the pseudostratified ciliated epithelium, which consists of four major cell types, i.e., ciliated cell, goblet cell, basal cell, and club cell. We established the ASC-derived human lung organoid from human lung tissues in collaboration with Clevers&#39; lab12,13. These lung organoids are consecutively expanded in the expansion medium for over a year; the precise duration varies among different organoid lines obtained from different donors. However, compared to the native airway epithelium, these long-term expandable lung organoids are not mature enough since ciliated cells, the major cell population in the human airway, are under-represented in these lung organoids. Thus, we developed a proximal differentiation protocol and generated 3D and 2D airway organoids that morphologically and functionally phenocopy the airway epithelium to a near-physiological level.
Here we provide a video protocol to derive human lung organoids from the primary lung tissues, expand the lung organoids and induce proximal differentiation to generate 3D and 2D airway organoids.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Reagents for lung organoid culture</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Advanced DMEM/F12</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>12634010</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>A8301</td>
			<td>Tocris</td>
			<td>2939</td>
			<td>500nM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B27 supplement</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>17504-044</td>
			<td>1x</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cultrex Reduced Growth Factor Basement Membrane Matrix, Type 2 (BME 2)</td>
			<td>Trevigen</td>
			<td>3533-010-0</td>
			<td>70-80%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FGF-10</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>100-26</td>
			<td>20 ng/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FGF-7</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>100-19</td>
			<td>5 ng/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GlutaMAX (glutamine)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>35050061</td>
			<td>1x</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES 1M</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15630-056</td>
			<td>10 mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heregulin &#946;-1</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>100-03</td>
			<td>5 nM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N-Acetylcysteine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A9165</td>
			<td>1.25 mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nicotinamide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>N0636</td>
			<td>10 mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Noggin (conditional medium)</td>
			<td>home made</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>10x</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin (10,000 U/mL)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15140-122</td>
			<td>1x</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Primocin</td>
			<td>Invivogen</td>
			<td>ant-pm-1</td>
			<td>100 &#181;g/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rspondin1 (conditional medium)</td>
			<td>home made</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>10x</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SB202190</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S7067</td>
			<td>1 &#181;M</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Y-27632</td>
			<td>Tocris</td>
			<td>1254</td>
			<td>5 &#181;M</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Proximal differentiation medium</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DAPT</td>
			<td>Tocris</td>
			<td>2634</td>
			<td>10 &#181;M</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heparin Solution</td>
			<td>StemCell Technology</td>
			<td>7980</td>
			<td>4 &#181;g/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrocortisone Stock Solution</td>
			<td>StemCell Technology</td>
			<td>7925</td>
			<td>1 &#181;M</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PneumaCult-ALI 10X Supplement</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>air liquid interface supplement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PneumaCult-ALI Basal Medium</td>
			<td>StemCell Technology</td>
			<td>05001</td>
			<td>air liquid interface basal medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PneumaCult-ALI Maintenance Supplement</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>air liquid interface maintenance supplement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Y-27632</td>
			<td>Tocris</td>
			<td>1254</td>
			<td>10 &#181;M</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biological safety cabinet</td>
			<td>Baker</td>
			<td>1-800-992-2537</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carl Zeiss LSM 780 or 800</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>confocal microscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CO2 Incubator</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>42093483</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereo-microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus Corporation</td>
			<td>CKX31SF</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>5418BG040397</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Serological pipettor</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micropipette</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ZEN black or ZEN blue software</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>analysis software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Consumables</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>12mm Trans-well</td>
			<td>StemCell Technology</td>
			<td>#38023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>12-well cell culture plate</td>
			<td>Cellstar</td>
			<td>665970</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15- and 50 ml conical tubes</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>L6BF5Z8118</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>24-well cell culture plate</td>
			<td>Cellstar</td>
			<td>662160</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6.5mm Trans-well</td>
			<td>StemCell Technology</td>
			<td>#38024</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Medical Syringe Filter Unit, 0.22 &#181;m</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>SLGPR33RB</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microfuge tubes</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micropipette tips</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>TFLR140-200-Q21190531</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pasteur pipette glass</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>22-378893</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Serological pipettes(5ml, 10ml, 25ml)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BA08003, 08004, 08005</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antibodies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat Anti-Mouse Alexa Fluor 594</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A11005</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat Anti-Mouse, Alexa Fluor 488</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A11001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat Anti-Rabbit Alexa Fluor 488</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A11034</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat Anti-Rabbit Alexa Fluor 594</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A11037</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat Anti-Rat Alexa Fluor 594</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A11007</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse Anti-Cytokeratin 5</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab128190</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse Anti-FOX J1</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>14-9965-82</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse Anti-Mucin 5AC</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab3649</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse Anti-&#946;-tubulin 4</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T7941</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rabbit Anti-p63</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab124762</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rat Anti-Uteroglobin/CC-10</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>MAB4218-SP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Other reagent</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TrypLE Select Enzyme (10X)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A1217701</td>
			<td>dissociation enzyme</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

establishing human lung organoids and proximal differentiation to generate mature airway organoids

The lack of a robust in vitro model of the human respiratory epithelium hinders the understanding of the biology and pathology of the respiratory system. We describe a defined protocol to derive human lung organoids from adult stem cells in the lung tissue and induce proximal differentiation to generate mature airway organoids. The lung organoids are then consecutively expanded for over 1 year with high stability, while the differentiated airway organoids are used to morphologically and functionally simulate human airway epithelium to a near-physiological level. Thus, we establish a robust organoid model of the human airway epithelium. The long-term expansion of lung organoids and differentiated airway organoids generates a stable and renewable source, enabling scientists to reconstruct and expand the human airway epithelial cells in culture dishes. The human lung organoid system provides a unique and physiologically active in vitro model for various applications, including studying virus-host interaction, drug testing, and disease modeling.

This protocol enables the derivation of human lung organoids with a high success rate. Fresh human lung tissue is minced into small pieces, and then decomposed with collagenase. The resultant single cells are embedded in the basement matrix and incubated in the lung organoid expansion medium supplemented with a cocktail of niche factors for the outgrowth of epithelial stem cells (step 1.1.2). Figure 1 shows the microphotograph of freshly isolated lung cells embedded in reduced growth factor ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Establishing Human Lung Organoids and Proximal Differentiation to Generate Mature Airway Organoids at JoVE.com

Establishing Human Lung Organoids and Proximal Differentiation to Generate Mature Airway Organoids

The protocol presents a method to derive human lung organoids from primary lung tissues, expand the lung organoids and induce proximal differentiation to generate 3D and 2D airway organoids that faithfully phenocopy the human airway epithelium.

The lack of a robust in vitro model of the human respiratory epithelium hinders the understanding of the biology and pathology of the respiratory system. ...

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