Name: isolation and transcriptome analysis of plant cell types
Uploaded: 2023-04-07T12:40:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Transcriptome Analysis of Plant Cell Types at JoVE.com

We set up this protocol in the single-cell multi-omics facility of the School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, and were supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 32070608), the Shanghai Pujiang Program (Grant No. 20PJ1405800), and Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Grant Nos. Agri-X20200202, 2019TPB05).

The following protocol has been optimized for A. thaliana wild-type (WT) seeds with no fluorescence and fluorescent marker lines for the following root cell types: xylem-pole pericycle cells (J0121), lateral root initial cells, lateral root cap cells (J3411), endodermis and cortex&#160;cells&#160;(J0571) (Figure 1A). All the marker lines were obtained from a commercial source (see Table of Materials), except for the lateral root initiation cell marker line, which wa...

<ol>
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The Smart-seq2-based protocol can generate reliable sequencing libraries from several hundreds of cells8. The quality of the starting material is essential for the accuracy of the transcriptome analysis. FACS is a powerful tool for preparing cells of interest, but this procedure, especially the protoplasting step, must be optimized for plant applications. Laser capture microdissection (LCM) or manual dissected cells can also be used as input25,2...

Cells are the fundamental unit of all living organisms and perform structural and physiological functions. Although the cells in multicellular organisms show apparent synchronicity, cells of different types and individual cells present differences in their transcriptomes during development and environmental responses. High-throughput single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) provides unprecedented power for understanding cellular heterogeneity. Applying scRNA-seq in plant sciences has contributed to successfully constructing a plant cell atlas1, has been used to identify rare cellular taxa in plant tissues2, has provided insight into the composition of cell types in plant tissues, and has been used to identify cellular identity and important functions employed during plant development and differentiation. In addition, it is possible to infer spatiotemporal developmental trajectories in plant tissues1,2,3 to discover new marker genes4 and study the functions of important transcription factors5 using scRNA-seq in order to reveal the evolutionary conservation of the same cell type in different plants3. Abiotic stresses are among the most important environmental influences on plant growth and development. By exploring the changes in the composition of cell types in plant tissues under different treatment conditions through single-cell transcriptome sequencing, one can also resolve the abiotic stress response mechanism6.
The potential for resolving transcriptional heterogeneity between cell types using scRNA sequencing depends on the cell isolation method and sequencing platform. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) is a widely used technique for isolating a subpopulation of cells for scRNA-seq based on light scattering and the fluorescence properties of the cells. The development of fluorescent marker lines by transgenic technology has greatly improved the efficiency of cell isolation by FACS7. Conducting scRNA-seq using Smart-seq28 further enhances the ability to dissect the cellular heterogeneity. The Smart-seq2 method has good sensitivity for gene detection and can detect genes even with a low transcript input9. In addition to bulk cell type collection, modern cell sorters provide a single-cell index sorting format, allowing transcriptome analysis at single-cell resolution using Smart-seq210 or other multiplexed RNA-seq methods, such as CEL-seq211. Single-cell or cell-type sorting can be potentially used for many other downstream applications, such as parallel multi-omics studies12,13. Presented here is a robust and versatile protocol for isolating plant cell types, such as xylem-pole pericycle cells, lateral root cap cells, lateral root initial cells, cortex cells, and endodermal cells from the roots of Arabidopsis thaliana marker cell lines by FACS. The protocol further involves constructing the Smart-seq2 library for downstream transcriptome analysis.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>0.22 &#181;m strainer</td>
			<td>Sorfa&#160;</td>
			<td>622110</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agar</td>
			<td>Yeasen</td>
			<td>70101ES76</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agilent fragment analyzer</td>
			<td>Aglient</td>
			<td>Aglient 5200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agilent high-sensitivity DNA kit</td>
			<td>Aglient</td>
			<td>DNF-474-0500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ampure XP beads</td>
			<td>BECKMAN</td>
			<td>A63881</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Betaine</td>
			<td>yuanye</td>
			<td>S18046-100g</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bleach</td>
			<td>Mr Muscle</td>
			<td>FnBn83BK</td>
			<td>20% (v/v) bleach</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BSA</td>
			<td>sigma</td>
			<td>9048-46-8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CaCl2</td>
			<td>yuanye</td>
			<td>S24109-500g</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cellulase R10</td>
			<td>Yakult (Japan)</td>
			<td>9012-54-8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cellulase RS</td>
			<td>Yakult (Japan)</td>
			<td>9012-54-8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge tube (1.5 mL)</td>
			<td>Eppendolf</td>
			<td>30121589</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNase, RNase, DNA and RNA Away Surface Decontaminants</td>
			<td>Beyotime</td>
			<td>R0127</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dNTPs (10 mM)</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>N0447S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DTT (0.1 M)</td>
			<td> 
			invitrogen</td>
			<td>18090050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol</td>
			<td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>100092680</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FACS</td>
			<td>BD FACS Melody</td>
			<td>BD-65745</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FACS</td>
			<td>Sony</td>
			<td>SH800S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter tip&#160; (1000 &#181;L)</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>TF112-1000-Q</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter tip&#160; (200 &#181;L)</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>TF140-200-Q</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter tip (10 &#181;L)</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>TF104-10-Q</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter tip (100 &#181;L)</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>TF113-100-Q</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorescent microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>Eclipse Ni-E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Four-Dimensional Rotating Mixer</td>
			<td>Kylin -Bell</td>
			<td>BE-1100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hemicellulase</td>
			<td>sigma</td>
			<td>9025-56-3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IS PCR primer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>5&#39;-AAGCAGTGGTATCAACGCAGAG 
			T-3&#39;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KAPA HiFi HotStart ReadyMix(2X)</td>
			<td>Roche&#160;</td>
			<td>7958935001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KCl</td>
			<td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>7447-40-7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Macerozyme R10</td>
			<td>Yakult (Japan)</td>
			<td>9032-75-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnetic separation stand</td>
			<td>invitrogen</td>
			<td>12321D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mannitol</td>
			<td>aladdin</td>
			<td>69-65-8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MES</td>
			<td>aladdin</td>
			<td>145224948</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgCl2&#160;</td>
			<td>yuanye</td>
			<td>R21455-500ml</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microcentrifuges</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>Centrifuge 5425</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro-mini-centrifuge</td>
			<td>Titan</td>
			<td>Timi-10k</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MS</td>
			<td>Phytotech</td>
			<td>M519</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nextera XT DNA Library Preparation Kit</td>
			<td>illumina</td>
			<td>FC-131-1024</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>oligo-dT30VN primer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>5&#39;-AAGCAGTGGTATCAACGCAGAG 
			TACTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT 
			TTTTTTTTTTVN-3&#39;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PCR instrument</td>
			<td>Thermal cycler</td>
			<td>A24811</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pectolyase</td>
			<td>Yakult (Japan)</td>
			<td>9033-35-6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plant marker lines</td>
			<td>Nottingham Arabidopsis Stock Centre (NASC)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Qubit 1x dsDNA HS Assay Kit</td>
			<td>invitrogen</td>
			<td>Q33231</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Qubit 2.0 fluorometer</td>
			<td>invitrogen</td>
			<td>Q32866</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNase inhibitor&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>EO0382</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNase-free water</td>
			<td>invitrogen</td>
			<td>10977023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Solution A</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>400 mM mannitol, 0.05 % BSA , 20 mM MES (pH5.7), 10 mM CaCl2, 20 mM KCl</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Solution B</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1 % (w/v)cellulase R10, 1 % (w/v) cellulase RS, 1 %&#160; (w/v)hemicellulase, 0.5 %&#160; (w/v)pectolyase and 1 %&#160; (w/v) Macerozyme R10 of in a fresh aliquot of solution A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile pestle</td>
			<td>BIOTREAT</td>
			<td>453463</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Strainer (40 &#181;m )</td>
			<td>Sorfa&#160;</td>
			<td>251100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Superscript enzyme (200 U/&#181;L)</td>
			<td>invitrogen</td>
			<td>18090050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SuperScript VI buffer (5x)</td>
			<td>invitrogen</td>
			<td>18090050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T0est tube (5 mL)</td>
			<td>BD Falcon</td>
			<td>352052</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thin-walled PCR tubes with caps (0.5 mL)</td>
			<td>AXYGEN</td>
			<td>PCR-05-C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>A600198-0500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TSO primer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>5&#39;-AAGCAGTGGTATCAACGCAGAG 
			TACATrGrG+G-3&#39;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vortex</td>
			<td>Titan</td>
			<td>VM-T2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation and transcriptome analysis of plant cell types

In multicellular organisms, developmental programming and environmental responses can be highly divergent in different cell types or even within cells, which is known as cellular heterogeneity. In recent years, single-cell and cell-type isolation combined with next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques have become important tools for studying biological processes at single-cell resolution. However, isolating plant cells is relatively more difficult due to the presence of plant cell walls, which limits the application of single-cell approaches in plants. This protocol describes a robust procedure for fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)-based single-cell and cell-type isolation with plant cells, which is suitable for downstream multi-omics analysis and other studies. Using Arabidopsis root fluorescent marker lines, we demonstrate how particular cell types, such as xylem-pole pericycle cells, lateral root initial cells, lateral root cap cells, cortex cells, and endodermal cells, are isolated. Furthermore, an effective downstream transcriptome analysis method using Smart-seq2 is also provided. The cell isolation method and transcriptome analysis techniques can be adapted to other cell types and plant species and have broad application potential in plant science.

Protoplast isolation 
This protocol is effective for the protoplast sorting of fluorescent A. thaliana root marker lines. These markers lines have been developed by the fusion of fluorescent proteins with genes expressed specifically in target cell types, or using enhancer trap lines (Figure 1). Numerous tissues and organs have been dissected into cell types expressing specific fluorescent markers in model plants and crops.
F...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Transcriptome Analysis of Plant Cell Types at JoVE.com

Isolation and Transcriptome Analysis of Plant Cell Types

The feasibility and effectiveness of high-throughput scRNA-seq methods herald a single-cell era in plant research. Presented here is a robust and complete procedure for isolating specific Arabidopsis thaliana root cell types and subsequent transcriptome library construction and analysis.

In multicellular organisms, developmental programming and environmental responses can be highly divergent in different cell types or even within cells, ...

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