Unterstützt durch Mittel aus dem University of Illinois at Chicago sowie Inselzell Resource Center NIH (RFA-RR 05 bis 003), der Christopher-Stiftung, die Efroymson Foundation, und die Tellabs-Stiftung.

1. Facility-Setup <ol><li> Menschliche Insel Isolation ist ein zeitkritischer Vorgang, dass Teamarbeit beinhaltet, und damit vier Personen werden benötigt, um dieses Verfahren durchzuführen. Das Team wird von den Chirurgen, wer und seziert cannulates der Bauchspeicheldrüse. </li><li> Das Inselchen Isolation beginnt die Minute das Team in die UIC Insel absperrbar. Team-Mitglieder zu gewährleisten, dass alle notwendigen Instrumente, wie die Zentrifuge, wird geprüft und eingeschaltet ist. Sie machen auch sicher, dass alle Hauben und Flächen desinfizieren. </li><li> Zwei Personen richtet die Kanülierung Tisch, Matsch-Maschine, die Verdauung Schaltung, Perfusion Einheit, COBE Reinigung Maschine und OP-Tische. </li><li> Gleichzeitig werden zwei weitere Team-Mitglieder bereiten die Medien, die bei der Isolierung benötigt wird. </li><li> Als nächstes werden die Bakteriologie Röhrchen (Flaschen, Rohre, Form und Tasche), die Probenahme-Röhrchen (mit Wasch-Fertigspritze) und Beurteilung Rohren und Platten hergestellt. </li><li> Bereiten Sie die Reinigung Rohr wie folgt festgelegt: Der 1. Tube leer und markierte bei 150 ml, Röhrchen 2-12 Jahren mit 200 ml M199 Medium mit humanem Albumin (Waschlösung) ergänzt gefüllt und markierte bei 230 ml, und schließlich eine 50 ml konischen Rohr gefüllt mit 50 ml Waschlösung. Sobald diese vorbereitenden Schritte abgeschlossen sind wir bereit sind, beginnt die Vorbereitung und Perfusion des Pankreas. </li></ol> 2. Pancreas Vorbereitung und Perfusion <ol><li> Zu Beginn der Zubereitung und Perfusion des Pankreas entfernt ein Bediener die Orgel aus der Verpackung mit sterilem Technik. Der Chirurg wird in der Bauchspeicheldrüse die Dekontamination Tabelle zu übertragen. </li><li> Der Chirurg wird eine 60 ml Spritze mit der ursprünglichen Bauchspeicheldrüse Konservierungslösung und geben es an einen Betreiber, die es benutzen werden, um vorbereitet &quot;Procurement&quot; Bakteriologie Flaschen füllen zu füllen. </li><li> Nach einer Sichtkontrolle zu prüfen, ob die Orgel geeignet für kleine Insel-Isolierung (Wenn die Bauchspeicheldrüse bei der Beschaffung beschädigt oder anatomisch abnormal, sie dürfen nicht für Insel Isolierung verwendet werden), wird der Chirurg bitten, die Kollagenase vorzubereiten. Denken Sie daran, dass Resuspension Zeit zwischen verschiedenen Enzym Marken und viel variiert. </li><li> Wenn der Chirurg fertig ist, bringen die Dekontaminationslösungen (Betadine, Fungizone / Cefazolin und HBSS), die Dekontamination Tisch und gießt sie in die entsprechenden Container. Chirurg führt Bauchspeicheldrüse Dekontamination Waschen für eine Minute der Bauchspeicheldrüse in jedem der Dekontaminationslösung. Die Bauchspeicheldrüse ist dann in einem kleinen sterilen Glas, in dem sie gewogen werden gestellt. Nach dem Gewicht in die Batch eingetragen ist, ist die Bauchspeicheldrüse in die Kanülierung Pfanne mit etwas Erhaltung Lösung gegeben. </li><li> Der Chirurg wird ausgesetzt und teilweise incise den Hauptkanal und kanülieren jeweils die Hälfte der Bauchspeicheldrüse mit einer Kanüle. Die Kanüle wird durch Naht gesichert werden. Um perfuse der Bauchspeicheldrüse, bewegen sie die Durchblutung Einheit und gießen Sie die Enzymlösung in das Becken. Insgesamt Perfusion beträgt ca. 10 Minuten, bei 80 mmHg für 5 Minuten, dann bei 180 mmHg für 5 Minuten. Pancreas aufgetrieben nach Perfusion. </li><li> Bewegen Sie den perfundierten Pankreas der Kanülierung pan, wo das Fettgewebe aus der Bauchspeicheldrüse getrimmt wird sorgfältig. Dann schneiden Sie die Pankreas in 10-12 Stück und Transfer zum Ricordi Kammer für die Verdauung. </li></ol> 3. Pankreas Verdauung <ol><li> Zu Beginn der Verdauung Schritt übertragen die Bauchspeicheldrüse an, die leeren Ricordi Kammer, fügen Sie eine 2,5 ml-Fläschchen von Pulmozyme, auf dem Bildschirm put (Vermeidung großes Stück Gewebe Block der Kammer), in der Nähe der Kammer, und füllen Sie das System. </li><li> Starten Sie pumpt die Lösung für 5 Minuten. Schütteln Sie die Kammer gleichmäßig verteilen warme Lösung über. Nach fünf Minuten schütteln die Kammer für die gesamte Verdauung Phase. Pflegen Sie die Temperatur bei 37 ˚ C. </li><li> Rock the Kammer leicht, bis die Temperatur erreicht 37 °, dann schütteln die Kammer. Nehmen Sie eine Probe alle zwei Minuten und erkennen, ob freie Inselchen in den Anwendungsbereich zu finden sind. Notieren Sie sich den Inselzellen Evaluation Informationen bei der Verdauung Tisch des Chargenprotokolls. Fahren Sie mit dem Prozentsatz der Inseln überwachen, bis es 50% von ihnen frei schwebend und isoliert in der Lösung sind. </li></ol> 4. Tissue-Sammlung <ol><li> Sobald 50% der Inseln zu finden sind kostenlos in den Proben, die Verdauung durch Zugabe von kaltem RPMI Verdünnungslösung in den Kreis gestoppt. Das Gewebe wird in 500 ml konische Röhrchen mit 30 ml Humanalbumin vorgefüllten gesammelt. Nachdem die Rohre sind gesponnen, Absaugen des Überstandes und Waschen des Pellets mit kalter Waschlösung. Drehen Sie das konische Röhrchen bei 1100 RPM (Umdrehungen pro Minute) für 1 Minute, 4 ˚ C. </li><li> Kombinieren Sie alle Sammelröhrchen mit verdaut Pankreasgewebe in einer Einzeldosis von 500 ml konische ausgesetzt. Wenn ein Rohr voller gewaschen Gewebe, Spin und wiederholen Sie den Waschvorgang bis alle Gewebe hat mehrfach gewaschen worden. Spin dieses Rohr und den Transfer des Gewebes in einem 250 ml konischen Rohr. Bringen Sie das Volumen bis zu 250 ml mitM199 Waschlösung mit HA ergänzt und vorbereitet für die Probenahme. </li><li> Nehmen Sie eine 1 ml Probe mit einer Pipette und hinzufügen, um eine 15 ml konische Röhrchen mit 9 ml Waschlösung vorgefüllt. Dann durch vorsichtiges Umdrehen des 15 ml konischen Rohr und aus dieser Mischung, Probe aus 1 ml direkt in ein Raster Zählschale. Zählen Sie die Zellen, und berechnen Sie die Anzahl der Zellen mit einem Verdünnungsfaktor von 2500 (10x250). </li><li> Drehen Sie das 250 ml konischen Rohr, und fügen Sie 150 ml UW (University of Wisconsin)-Lösung, die normalerweise für die Organkonservierung verwenden. Wenn UW hinzugefügt wird, mischen die Zellsuspension gründlich mit der Pipette. Record und kommunizieren, um die Reinigung Betreiber der Startzeit in UW. Verlassen Sie die Röhre (n) auf Eis und Strudel gelegentlich. Jetzt den Inseln kann weiter gereinigt werden. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Shapiro, A. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Islet+transplantation+in+seven+patients+with+type+1+diabetes+mellitus+using+a+glucocorticoid-free+immunosuppressive+regimen.">Islet transplantation in seven patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus using a glucocorticoid-free immunosuppressive regimen.</a> N Engl J Med. 343, 230-238 (2000).</li><li>Nano, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Islet+isolation+for+allotransplantation:+variables+associated+with+successful+islet+yield+and+graft+function.">Islet isolation for allotransplantation: variables associated with successful islet yield and graft function.</a> Diabetologia. 48, 906-912 (2005).</li><li>Barbaro, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+human+pancreatic+islet+purification+with+the+refined+UIC-UB+density+gradient.">Improved human pancreatic islet purification with the refined UIC-UB density gradient.</a> Transplantation. 84, 1200-1203 (2007).</li><li>Lakey, J. R., Rajotte, R. V., Warnock, G. L., Kneteman, N. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+pancreas+preservation+prior+to+islet+isolation.+Cold+ischemic+tolerance.">Human pancreas preservation prior to islet isolation. Cold ischemic tolerance.</a> Transplantation. 59, 689-694 (1995).</li><li>Fridell, J. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate+solution+and+University+of+Wisconsin+solution+for+organ+preservation+in+clinical+pancreas+transplantation.">Comparison of histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate solution and University of Wisconsin solution for organ preservation in clinical pancreas transplantation.</a> Transplantation. 77, 1304-1306 (2004).</li><li>Potdar, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Initial+experience+using+histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate+solution+in+clinical+pancreas+transplantation.">Initial experience using histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate solution in clinical pancreas transplantation.</a> Clin Transplant. 18, 661-665 (2004).</li><li>Salehi, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+islet+isolation+outcomes+from+pancreata+preserved+with+Histidine-Tryptophan+Ketoglutarate+versus+University+of+Wisconsin+solution.">Human islet isolation outcomes from pancreata preserved with Histidine-Tryptophan Ketoglutarate versus University of Wisconsin solution.</a> Transplantation. 82, 983-985 (2006).</li><li>Ricordi, C., Lacy, P. E., Scharp, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Automated+islet+isolation+from+human+pancreas.">Automated islet isolation from human pancreas.</a> Diabetes. 38, 140-142 (1989).</li><li>Hanley, S. C., Paraskevas, S., Rosenberg, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Donor+and+isolation+variables+predicting+human+islet+isolation+success.">Donor and isolation variables predicting human islet isolation success.</a> Transplantation. 85, 950-955 (2008).</li><li>Toso, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Factors+affecting+human+islet+of+Langerhans+isolation+yields.">Factors affecting human islet of Langerhans isolation yields.</a> Transplant Proc. 34, 826-827 (2002).</li></ol>

Es gibt eine Vielzahl von Faktoren, die die Isolierung Ergebnis 9,10. Unter ihnen spielt die Verdauung der Pankreasgewebe eine herausragende Rolle. Basierend auf unserer eigenen menschlichen Inselzellen isoliert Erfahrung, fassen wir folgende kritische Punkte, die potenziell beeinflussen könnten das Inselchen Ertrag und Qualität. <ol><li> Die Verdauung ist unterschiedlich, wenn verschiedene Arten von Enzymen genutzt werden. </li><li> Sobald 40-50% der Inseln komplett aus acinärem Gewebe getrennt, sollte die Verda...

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		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>Ice Slush Machine</td>
<td>equipment</td>
<td>Taylor Company</td>
<td>K4036546</td>
<td>make sterile ice</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Centrifuge</td>
<td>equipment</td>
<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
<td>424803</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>MZ6 Inverted Microscopy TLBD4.1</td>
<td>equipment</td>
<td>Leica Diagnostic Instrument Co</td>
<td>4103</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Cell Culture Dish with 2 mm Grid</td>
<td>equipment</td>
<td>Nunc Brand Products</td>
<td>174926</td>
<td>islet counting</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Digital Water Bath EX7</td>
<td>equipment</td>
<td>NesLab</td>
<td>105361058</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Thermometer</td>
<td>equipment</td>
<td>IBI:IR</td>
<td>60444</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>MonoBloc Balance AB 104-S</td>
<td>equipment</td>
<td>Metler Toledo</td>
<td>1119430864</td>
<td>measure pancreas weight</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MasterFlex II Speed Controller</td>
<td>equipment</td>
<td>Cole Parmer Instrument Co</td>
<td>J00006445</td>
<td>adjust flow speed during degestion</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Digital Sight DS L1</td>
<td>equipment</td>
<td>Nikon</td>
<td>217267</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Perfusion Unit</td>
<td>equipment</td>
<td>Custom Made/Swiss</td>
<td>n/a</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Cooler for perfusion unit</td>
<td>equipment</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>3013P</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Ricordi Chamber</td>
<td>equipment</td>
<td>University of Miami</td>
<td>n/a</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>RPMI dilution solution</td>
<td>reagent</td>
<td>Mediatech Inc</td>
<td>99783024</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>University of Wisconcin (UW) solution</td>
<td>reagent</td>
<td>DURAMED</td>
<td>1000-46-06</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Hank's Buffered Salt Solution (HBSS)</td>
<td>reagent</td>
<td>Mediatech Inc</td>
<td>99-597-CM</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>25% Human Albumin</td>
<td>reagent</td>
<td>GRIFOLS</td>
<td>NDC 61953-0002-2</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>M199 media (wash solution)</td>
<td>reagent</td>
<td>Mediatech Inc</td>
<td>99-784-CM</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Collagenase NB1 GMP grade</td>
<td>reagent</td>
<td>SERVA Electrophoresis</td>
<td>N0002937</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Neutral Protease NB1 GMP grade</td>
<td>reagent</td>
<td>SERVA Electrophoresis</td>
<td>N0002936</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Betadine</td>
<td>reagent</td>
<td>Cardinal Health</td>
<td>29906-004</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Cefazolin</td>
<td>reagent</td>
<td>West-Ward Pharmaceutical</td>
<td>NDC 0143-9924-90</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Dithizone</td>
<td>reagent</td>
<td>Sigma </td>
<td>D5130</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

human pancreatic islet isolation: part i: digestion and collection of pancreatic tissue

Management von Typ 1 Diabetes ist belastend, sowohl für den Einzelnen und die Gesellschaft, im Wert von über 100 Milliarden Dollar jährlich. Trotz der weit verbreiteten Verwendung von Glukose-Monitoring und neue Insulin-Formulierungen, viele Menschen immer noch zu entwickeln verheerenden Folgekomplikationen. Inselzellen der Bauchspeicheldrüse Transplantation kann bei normalen Blutzuckerspiegels bei Diabetes-Patienten wiederherstellen<sup&gt; 1</sup&gt;, Ohne das Risiko schwerer Hypoglykämien, die mit einer intensivierten Insulintherapie assoziiert sind. Die ausreichende Insel Masse ist für eine erfolgreiche Inseltransplantation wichtig. Allerdings wirken sich Spender charakteristischen, Orgel Beschaffung und Erhaltung der Isolation Ergebnis<sup&gt; 2</sup&gt;. An der University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC) haben wir eine erfolgreiche Isolierung Protokoll mit einer verbesserten Reinigung Gradienten entwickelt<sup&gt; 3</sup&gt;. Das Programm startete im Januar 2004, und mehr als 300 Isolierungen wurden bis November 2008 durchgeführt. Der Bauchspeicheldrüsen wurden in kaltem Konservierungslösungen geschickt (UW, University of Wisconsin-oder HTK, Histidin-Tryptophan Ketoglutarat)<sup&gt; 4-7</sup&gt; Zu den Cell Isolation Laboratory an UIC für Inselzellen isoliert. Langerhans-Inseln wurden isoliert mit der UIC-Methode, die eine modifizierte Version der Methode ursprünglich von Ricordi beschrieben wird<em&gt; Et al</em&gt;<sup&gt; 8</sup&gt;. Kurz gesagt, nach der Reinigung der Bauchspeicheldrüse aus dem umgebenden Gewebe wurde mit Enzym-Lösung (Serva Collagenase + Neutral Protease oder Sigma V Enzym) perfundiert. Die aufgetrieben Pankreas wurde dann auf die Verdauung Ricordi Kammer übertragen, verbunden mit einer modifizierten, geschlossenen Kreislauf Schlauchsystem und erwärmt auf 37 ° C. Während der Verdauung wurde die Kammer leicht geschüttelt. Die Proben wurden kontinuierlich die Verdauung Fortschritt zu überwachen genommen. Einmal frei Inseln unter dem Mikroskop erkannt wurden, die Verdauung wurde durch Spülen kalt gestoppt (4 ° C) RPMI Verdünnungslösung (Mediatech, Herndon, VA) in den Kreislauf, um das Enzym zu verdünnen. Nach gesammelt und gewaschen in M199 Medien mit Humanalbumin ergänzt wurde das Gewebe für die Vorreinigung zählen abgetastet und inkubiert mit UW-Lösung vor der Reinigung. Reinigung und Kultur der Menschenrechte Islets: Reinigung Prozess wird in Teil II beschrieben werden.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Human Pancreatic Islet Isolation: Part I: Digestion and Collection of Pancreatic Tissue at JoVE.com

Human Pancreatic Islet Isolation: Part I: Digestion and Collection of Pancreatic Tissue

Das Erreichen hoher Qualität und ausreichender Menge menschlicher Inselchen ist einer der führenden Voraussetzungen für eine erfolgreiche Inseltransplantation. In diesem Video, beschreiben wir Schritt für Schritt die Verfahren für die menschliche Inselzellen der Bauchspeicheldrüse Isolation (Teil I: Verdauung und Sammlung von Pankreasgewebe) mit einem modifizierten automatisierte Methode.

Menschliche Inselzellen der Bauchspeicheldrüse Isolation: Part I: Verdauung und Sammlung von Pankreasgewebe

Management of Type 1 diabetes is burdensome, both to the individual and society, costing over 100 billion dollars annually. Despite the widespread use of ...

human-pancreatic-islet-isolation-part-i-digestion-collection

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

19.2K Aufrufe.  University of Illinois, Chicago. Das Erreichen hoher Qualität und ausreichender Menge menschlicher Inselchen ist einer der führenden Voraussetzungen für eine erfolgreiche Inseltransplantation. In diesem Video, beschreiben wir Schritt für Schritt die Verfahren für die menschliche Inselzellen der Bauchspeicheldrüse Isolation (Teil I: Verdauung und Sammlung von Pankreasgewebe) mit einem modifizierten automatisierte Methode.

Serie: Human Pancreatic Islet Isolation: Part I: Digestion and Collection of Pancreatic Tissue

Murine Pancreatic Islet Isolation

Murine Inselzellen der Bauchspeicheldrüse Isolation

Forschung

Biologie

Human Pancreatic Islet Isolation: Part II: Purification and Culture of Human Islets

Management of Type 1 diabetes is burdensome, both to the individual and society, costing over 100 billion dollars annually. Despite the widespread use of glucose monitoring and new insulin formulations, many individuals still develop devastating secondary complications. Pancreatic islet transplantation can restore near normal glucose control in diabetic patients 1, without the risk of serious hypoglycemic episodes that are associated with intensive insulin therapy. Providing sufficient islet mass is important for successful islet transplantation. However, donor characteristics, organ procurement and preservation affect the isolation outcome 2. At University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC) we developed a successful isolation protocol with an improved purification gradient 3. The program started in January 2004 and more than 300 isolations were performed up to November 2008. The pancreata were sent in cold preservation solutions (UW, University of Wisconsin or HTK, Histidine-Tryptophan Ketoglutarate) 4-7 to the Cell Isolation Laboratory at UIC for islet isolation. Pancreatic islets were isolated using the UIC method, which is a modified version of the method originally described by Ricordi et al 8. As described in Part I: Digestion and Collection of Pancreatic Tissue, human pancreas was trimmed, cannulated, perfused, and digested. After collection and at least 30 minutes of incubation in UW solution, the tissue was loaded in the cell separator (COBE 2991, Cobe, Lakewood, CO) for purification 3. Following purification, islet yield (expressed as islet equivalents, IEQ), tissue volume, and purity was determined according to standard methods 9. Isolated islets were cultured in CMRL-1066 media (Mediatech, Herndon, VA), supplemented with 1.5% human albumin, 0.1% insulin-transferrin-selenium (ITS), 1 ml of Ciprofloxacin, 5 ml o f 1M HEPES, and 14.5 ml of 7.5% Sodium Bicarbonate in T175 flasks at 37&deg;C overnight culture before islets were transplanted or used for research.

Achieving high quality and appropriate quantity of human islets is one of the prominent prerequisites for successful islet transplantation. In this video, we describe step by step the procedures for human pancreatic islet isolation (part II: purification and culture of human islets) using a modified automated method.

Menschliche Inselzellen der Bauchspeicheldrüse Isolation: Part II: Reinigung und Kultur der Menschenrechte Islets

Isolation of Stem Cells from Human Pancreatic Cancer Xenografts

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been identified in a growing number of malignancies and are functionally defined by their ability to undergo self-renewal and produce differentiated progeny1. These properties allow CSCs to recapitulate the original tumor when injected into immunocompromised mice. CSCs within an epithelial malignancy were first described in breast cancer and found to display specific cell surface antigen expression (CD44+CD24low/-)2. Since then, CSCs have been identified in an increasing number of other human malignancies using CD44 and CD24 as well as a number of other surface antigens. Physiologic properties, including aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity, have also been used to isolate CSCs from malignant tissues3-5.
Recently, we and others identified CSCs from pancreatic adenocarcinoma based on
ALDH activity and the expression of the cell surface antigens CD44 and CD24, and CD1336-8. These highly tumorigenic populations may or may not be overlapping and display other functions. We found that ALDH+ and CD44+CD24+ pancreatic CSCs are similarly tumorigenic, but ALDH+ cells are relatively more invasive8. In this protocol we describe a method to isolate viable pancreatic CSCs from low-passage human
xenografts9. Xenografted tumors are harvested from mice and made into a single-cell suspension. Tissue debris and dead cells are separated from live cells and then stained using antibodies against CD44 and CD24 and using the ALDEFLUOR reagent,
a fluorescent substrate of ALDH10. CSCs are then isolated by fluorescence activated cell sorting. Isolated CSCs can then be used for analytical or functional assays requiring viable cells.

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been identified in a number of malignancies. In this protocol we describe a flow cytometric method utilizing aldehyde dehydrogenase activity and CD44 and CD24 expression to isolate CSCs from human pancreatic adenocarcinoma xenografts. These viable cells can then be used in functional and analytical studies.

Isolierung von Stammzellen aus menschlichen Bauchspeicheldrüsenkrebs Xenografts

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been identified in a growing number of malignancies and are functionally defined by their ability to undergo self-renewal ...

Computer-assisted Large-scale Visualization and Quantification of Pancreatic Islet Mass, Size Distribution and Architecture

The pancreatic islet is a unique micro-organ composed of several hormone secreting endocrine cells such as beta-cells (insulin), alpha-cells (glucagon), and delta-cells (somatostatin) that are embedded in the exocrine tissues and comprise 1-2% of the entire pancreas. There is a close correlation between body and pancreas weight. Total beta-cell mass also increases proportionately to compensate for the demand for insulin in the body. What escapes this proportionate expansion is the size distribution of islets. Large animals such as humans share similar islet size distributions with mice, suggesting that this micro-organ has a certain size limit to be functional. The inability of large animal pancreata to generate proportionately larger islets is compensated for by an increase in the number of islets and by an increase in the proportion of larger islets in their overall islet size distribution. Furthermore, islets exhibit a striking plasticity in cellular composition and architecture among different species and also within the same species under various pathophysiological conditions. In the present study, we describe novel approaches for the analysis of biological image data in order to facilitate the automation of analytic processes, which allow for the analysis of large and heterogeneous data collections in the study of such dynamic biological processes and complex structures. Such studies have been hampered due to technical difficulties of unbiased sampling and generating large-scale data sets to precisely capture the complexity of biological processes of islet biology. Here we show methods to collect unbiased "representative" data within the limited availability of samples (or to minimize the sample collection) and the standard experimental settings, and to precisely analyze the complex three-dimensional structure of the islet. Computer-assisted automation allows for the collection and analysis of large-scale data sets and also assures unbiased interpretation of the data. Furthermore, the precise quantification of islet size distribution and spatial coordinates (i.e. X, Y, Z-positions) not only leads to an accurate visualization of pancreatic islet structure and composition, but also allows us to identify patterns during development and adaptation to altering conditions through mathematical modeling. The methods developed in this study are applicable to studies of many other systems and organisms as well.

Novel computer-assisted methods of large-scale procurement and analysis of immunohistochemically stained pancreatic specimens are described: (1) Virtual Slice capture of the entire section; (2) Mass analysis of large-scale data; (3) Reconstruction of 2D Virtual Slices; (4) 3D islet mapping; and (5) Mathematical analysis.

Computer-assisted Großflächige Visualisierung und Quantifizierung der Inselzellen der Bauchspeicheldrüse Masse, Größenverteilung und Architektur

The pancreatic islet is a unique micro-organ composed of several hormone secreting endocrine cells such as beta-cells (insulin), alpha-cells (glucagon), ...

A Method for Mouse Pancreatic Islet Isolation and Intracellular cAMP Determination

Uncontrolled glycemia is a hallmark of diabetes mellitus and promotes morbidities like neuropathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy. With the increasing prevalence of diabetes, both immune-mediated type 1 and obesity-linked type 2, studies aimed at delineating diabetes pathophysiology and therapeutic mechanisms are of critical importance. The &#946;-cells of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans are responsible for appropriately secreting insulin in response to elevated blood glucose concentrations. In addition to glucose and other nutrients, the &#946;-cells are also stimulated by specific hormones, termed incretins, which are secreted from the gut in response to a meal and act on &#946;-cell receptors that increase the production of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Decreased &#946;-cell function, mass, and incretin responsiveness are well-understood to contribute to the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes, and are also being increasingly linked with type 1 diabetes. The present mouse islet isolation and cAMP determination protocol can be a tool to help delineate mechanisms promoting disease progression and therapeutic interventions, particularly those that are mediated by the incretin receptors or related receptors that act through modulation of intracellular cAMP production. While only cAMP measurements will be described, the described islet isolation protocol creates a clean preparation that also allows for many other downstream applications, including glucose stimulated insulin secretion, [3H]-thymidine incorporation, protein abundance, and mRNA expression.

Assaying in vitro &#946;-cell function using isolated mouse islets of Langerhans is an important component in the study of diabetes pathophysiology and therapeutics. While many&#160;downstream applications are available, this protocol specifically describes the measurement of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) as an essential parameter determining &#946;-cell function.

Eine Methode zur Maus-Inselzellen der Bauchspeicheldrüse Isolation und intrazellulären cAMP-Bestimmung

Uncontrolled glycemia is a hallmark of diabetes mellitus and promotes morbidities like neuropathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy. With the increasing ...

Isolation and Culture of Mouse Primary Pancreatic Acinar Cells

This protocol permits rapid isolation (in less than 1 hr) of murine pancreatic acini, making it possible to maintain them in culture for more than one week. More than 20 x 106 acinar cells can be obtained from a single murine pancreas. This protocol offers the possibility to independently process as many as 10 pancreases in parallel. Because it preserves acinar architecture, this model is well suited for studying the physiology of the exocrine pancreas in vitro in contrast to cell lines established from pancreatic tumors, which display many genetic alterations resulting in partial or total loss of their acinar differentiation.

In this publication, we describe a rapid and convenient procedure for isolating and culturing primary pancreatic acinar cells from the murine pancreas. This method constitutes a valuable approach to study the physiology of fresh primary normal/untransformed exocrine pancreatic cells.

Isolierung und Kultivierung von primären Maus Azinuszellen des Pankreas

This protocol permits rapid isolation (in less than 1 hr) of murine pancreatic acini, making it possible to maintain them in culture for more than one ...

A Simple High Efficiency Protocol for Pancreatic Islet Isolation from Mice

Pancreatic islets, also called the Islets of Langerhans, are a cluster of endocrine cells which produces hormones for glucose regulation and other important biological functions. The islets primarily consist of five types of hormone-secreting cells: &#945; cells secrete glucagon, &#946; cells secrete insulin, &#948; cells secrete somatostatin, &#949; cells secrete ghrelin, and PP cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide. Sixty to 80% of the cells in the islets are &#946; cells, which are the most important cell population to study insulin secretion. Pancreatic islets are a crucial model system to study ex vivo insulin secretion. Acquiring high quality islets is of great importance for diabetes research. Most islet isolation procedures require technically difficult to access site of collagenase injection, harsh and complex digestion procedures, and multiple density gradient purification steps. This paper features a simple high yield mouse islet isolation method with detailed descriptions and realistic demonstrations, showing the following specific steps: 1) injection of collagenase P at the ampulla of Vater, a small area joining the pancreatic duct and the common bile duct, 2) enzymatic digestion and mechanical separation of the exocrine pancreas, and 3) a single gradient purification step. The advantages of this method are the injection of digestive enzyme using the more accessible ampulla of Vater, more complete digestion using combination of enzymatic and mechanical approaches, and a simpler single gradient purification step. This protocol produces approximately 250&#8212;350 islets per mouse; and islets are suitable for various ex vivo studies. Possible caveats of this procedure are potentially damaged islets due to enzymatic digestion and/or prolonged gradient incubation, all of which can be largely avoided by careful ad justification of incubation time.

This islet isolation protocol described a novel route of collagenase injection to digest the exocrine tissue and a simplified gradient procedure to purify the islets from mice. It involves enzymatic digestion, gradient separation/purification, and islet hand-picking. Successful isolation can yield 250&#8211;350 high quality and fully functional islets per mouse.

Ein einfaches Hocheffizienzprotokoll für die Isolierung von Pankreas-Isleten von Mäusen

Pancreatic islets, also called the Islets of Langerhans, are a cluster of endocrine cells which produces hormones for glucose regulation and other ...

Pancreatic Islet Embedding for Paraffin Sections

Experiments using isolated pancreatic islets are important for diabetes research, but islets are expensive and of limited abundance. Islets contain a mixed cell population in a structured architecture that impacts function, and human islets are widely variable in cell type composition. Current frequently used methods to study cultured islets include molecular studies performed on whole islets, lumping disparate islet cell types together, or microscopy or molecular studies on dispersed islet cells, disrupting islet architecture. For in vivo islet studies, paraffin-embedded pancreas sectioning is a powerful technique to assess cell-specific outcomes in the native pancreatic environment. Studying post-culture islets by paraffin sectioning would offer several advantages: detection of multiple outcomes on the same islets (potentially even the exact-same islets, using serial sections), cell-type-specific measurements, and maintaining native islet cell-cell and cell-substratum interactions both during experimental exposure and for analysis. However, existing techniques for embedding isolated islets post-culture are inefficient, time consuming, prone to loss of material, and generally produce sections with inadequate islet numbers to be useful for quantifying outcomes. Clinical pathology laboratory cell block preparation facilities are inaccessible and impractical for basic research laboratories. We have developed an improved, simplified bench-top method that generates sections with robust yield and distribution of islets. Fixed islets are resuspended in warm histological agarose gel and pipetted into a flat disc on a standard glass slide, such that the islets are distributed in a plane. After standard dehydration and embedding, multiple (10+) 4 - 5 &#181;m sections can be cut from the same islet block. Using this method, histological&#160;and immunofluorescent analyses can be performed on mouse, rat, and human islets. This is an effective, inexpensive, time-saving approach to assess cell-type-specific, intact-architecture outcomes from cultured islets.

Ex vivo pancreatic islet studies are important for diabetes research. Existing techniques to study cultured islets in their native 3-dimensional architecture are time consuming, inefficient, and infrequently used. This work describes a new, simple, and efficient method for generating high-quality paraffin sections of whole cultured islets.

Pancreatic Islet Einbettung für Paraffin Abschnitte

Experiments using isolated pancreatic islets are important for diabetes research, but islets are expensive and of limited abundance. Islets contain a ...

Imaging Calcium Dynamics in Subpopulations of Mouse Pancreatic Islet Cells

Pancreatic islet hormones regulate blood glucose homeostasis. Changes in blood glucose induce oscillations of cytosolic calcium in pancreatic islet cells that trigger secretion of three main hormones: insulin (from &#946;-cells), glucagon (&#945;-cells) and somatostatin (&#948;-cells). &#946;-Cells, which make up the majority of islet cells and are electrically coupled to each other, respond to the glucose stimulus as one single entity. The excitability of the minor subpopulations, &#945;-cells and &#948;-cells (making up around 20% (30%) and 4% (10%) of the total rodent1 (human2) islet cell numbers, respectively) is less predictable and is therefore of special interest.
Calcium sensors are delivered into the peripheral layer of cells within the isolated islet. The islet or a group of islets is then immobilized and imaged using a fluorescence microscope. The choice of the imaging mode is between higher throughput (wide-field) and better spatial resolution (confocal). Conventionally, laser scanning confocal microscopy is used for imaging tissue, as it provides the best separation of the signal between the neighboring cells. A wide-field system can be utilized too, if the contaminating signal from the dominating population of &#946;-cells is minimized.
Once calcium dynamics in response to specific stimuli have been recorded, data are expressed in numerical form as fluorescence intensity vs. time, normalized to the initial fluorescence and baseline-corrected, to remove the effects linked to bleaching of the fluorophore. Changes in the spike frequency or partial area under the curve (pAUC) are computed vs. time, to quantify the observed effects. pAUC is more sensitive and quite robust whereas spiking frequency provides more information on the mechanism of calcium increase.
Minor cell subpopulations can be identified using functional responses to marker compounds, such as adrenaline and ghrelin, that induce changes in cytosolic calcium in a specific populations of islet cells.

Here, we present a protocol for imaging and quantifying calcium dynamics in heterogeneous cell populations, such as pancreatic islet cells. Fluorescent reporters are delivered into the peripheral layer of cells within the islet, which is then immobilized and imaged, and per-cell analysis of the dynamics of fluorescence intensity is performed.

Bildgebende Calciumdynamik in Subpopulationen von Maus-Pankreas-Islet-Zellen

Pancreatic islet hormones regulate blood glucose homeostasis. Changes in blood glucose induce oscillations of cytosolic calcium in pancreatic islet cells ...

Differenzierung humaner pluripotenter Stammzellen in Pankreas-β-Zellen

Optimized Protocol for Generating Functional Pancreatic Insulin-secreting Cells from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) can differentiate into any kind of cell, making them an excellent alternative source of human pancreatic &#946;-cells. hPSCs can either be embryonic stem cells (hESCs) derived from the blastocyst or induced pluripotent cells (hiPSCs) generated directly from somatic cells using a reprogramming process. Here a video-based protocol is presented to outline the optimal culture and passage conditions for hPSCs, prior to their differentiation and subsequent generation of insulin-producing pancreatic cells. This methodology follows the six-stage process for &#946;-cell directed differentiation, wherein hPSCs differentiate into definitive endoderm (DE), primitive gut tube, posterior foregut fate, pancreatic progenitors, pancreatic endocrine progenitors, and ultimately pancreatic &#946;-cells. It is noteworthy that this differentiation methodology takes a period of 27 days to generate human pancreatic &#946;-cells. The potential of insulin secretion was evaluated through two experiments, which included immunostaining and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion.

Autor im Rampenlicht: Fortschritte und Herausforderungen bei der Differenzierung von β-Zellen aus pluripotenten Stammzellen

This article presents a protocol for directed differentiation and functional analysis of &#946;-cell like cells. We describe optimal culture conditions and passages for human pluripotent stem cells before generating insulin-producing pancreatic cells. The six-stage differentiation progresses from definitive endoderm formation to functional &#946;-cell like cells secreting insulin in response to glucose.